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Mainstream approaches in comparative education have paid more attention to trends in donors' priorities than to policy processes in recipient countries, overlooking the agency of national governments in the institutional configuration of vocational education and training (VET) in developing contexts. Drawing on constructivist political economy and historical institutionalist frameworks, the paper analyses the role played by global development paradigms and ideas in the VET policy reforms adopted in Chile during the period between 1964 and 2005. The study shows how the selective adoption of international development ideas in Chile was mediated by the ideological orientation of national government administrations in each historical period. It also shows how the main goals of VET policies evolved as the economy tertiarised and the demand for education grew among lower social classes. Finally, the paper identifies the military dictatorship as a path-shaping moment in the institutional configuration of VET in Chile, as it was able to impose a radical transformation of the system from central planning to decentralised market competition. This profound transformation generated institutional path-dependencies that restricted the capacity of future democratic governments to reverse the market model in VET.

This paper briefly reviews the historical development of the university system in Chile, and describes the current structure of funding, supply and demand for tertiary education, research and university services. Both public and private universities in Chile have expanded and restructured, access to tertiary education has improved, and universities have contributed to the country's national innovation system. However, steep challenges related to structure and performance in education and research remain, if universities are to meet the growing economy's demands for productivity and competitiveness. This paper outlines the principal areas which need improving: market access; quality of services; R&D and innovation spending; fiscal support; institution building and strategy co-ordination.

Chile is a developing country with a rapidly expanding economy and concomitant social and cultural changes. It is expected to become a developed country within 10 years. Chile is also characterized as being in an advanced demographic transition. Unique challenges are posed by the intersection of rapid economic development and an aging population, making Chile an intriguing case study for examining the impact of these societal-level trends on the aging experience. This paper highlights essential characteristics of this country for understanding its emerging aging society. It reveals that there is a fundamental lack of adequate and depthful epidemiologic and country-specific research from which to fully understand the aging experience and guide new policies in support of health and well-being.

Chile is rich in natural resources. Like many other resource-dependent nations, it has never made technology transfer a subject of intense focus. This article sheds light on the technological state of Chile today and its efforts to promote development, increase innovation and move towards a knowledge-based economy. The paper summarizes current market realities and barriers, reviews support by Chilean and world agencies alike, and examines innovation statistics and the prospects for improving the number of technologies transferred from the country. (Contains 1 note.)

This special issue explores the operationalization of the triple helix system in developing countries by examining the university-industry relationship and its implications for national and regional innovation systems. The five papers in this issue attempt to set in perspective the role of universities in capacity building in four developing countries (India, Mexico, Chile and Thailand). The papers are based on in-depth case studies drawing on system theories such as the national and regional systems of innovation, national innovative capacity, and the triple helix system. They draw useful lessons of policy import for university managers and higher education policy-makers, local government officials and regional industry associations. They also underline the importance of policy initiatives for networking and collaboration between industry, university and government agencies. The key factors that would need to be taken into account by policy-makers and university authorities in order to ensure continuing, effective, working relationships with industry are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the effect of financial development and renewable energy consumption on consumption‐based CO2 emissions in Chile while controlling for economic growth and electricity consumption. Based on the aim of the paper, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds with Kripfganz and Schneider's (2018) approximations, fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and gradual shift causality tests are applied in this study. The outcomes clearly reveal that while financial development and renewable energy consumption reduce the consumption‐based CO2 emissions in Chile, economic growth and electricity consumption increase consumption‐based carbon emissions. The gradual shift causality test provides consistent results with ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS estimators. Therefore, policymakers in Chile should dynamically encourage the research and development of low‐carbon technologies and renewable energy investments while imported nonrenewable energy sources level should be targeted, and especially those sectors which are more energy‐intensive and causing to increase in consumption‐based CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors comment on an article by Chang-Tai Hsieh and Jonathan A. Parker on the investment and economic growth in Chile as a result of a tax reform. One of the authors stated that credit constraints are completely binding but investment does not respond to taxes on retained earnings. He also argues that while it is plausible that more constrained firms react more to changes in taxes on retained earnings than less constrained ones, this is not necessarily the case.

This paper summarises the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of promotion energy-efficient innovations by marketing, management and law supporting. The innovative development is considered to be an essential condition to provide a high level of social and economic development. Thus, energy-efficient innovations are considered to be among the most critical drivers of qualitative economic growth and increasing the country's competitiveness in the world market. Systematisation literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of promoting energy-efficient innovations indicated that government and scientists give the powerful punch in energyefficient development. In view of this, it is appropriate to do the bibliometric research on publication activity on energyefficient innovation from law aspect. The primary purpose of the study is to analyse the structure and dynamic of scientific publications in the field of energy-efficient legislation in the economic subject areas. The object of study is the chosen publications indexed in the Scopus database by keywords such as: «energy-efficient innovations», «energy law», «environmental legislation», «energy-efficient policy» in the category «title, abstract, keywords». The current study involved data from 1913 papers published on 13 languages in the subject area «Business. Management and Accounting» and «Economics, Econometrics, and Finance» from 2000 to 2019. Using VOSviewer, bibliometric analysis of publications on the issue of energy-efficient legislation was conducted from the view of the publication activity dynamic, considering the most impact articles, and countries in the issues of energy-efficient legislation researches. According to the obtained results, the increasing dynamic of publication activity from 2000 to 2019 was detected. Furthermore, it was visualised four clusters of countries' collaborations by co-authorship as follows: 1) between the USA, the EU countries (including the United Kingdom) and China; 2) the EU countries, as well as South American such as Brazil and Chile; 3) African countries and the EU countries; 4) between Asian and African countries. Furthermore, the authors highlighted the most influencing articles in the field of energy-efficient innovations that could be the basis for future investigations promoting innovative activity in the field of energy-efficient development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource for citizens' economic and social development. However, the uses to which it can be put often conflict. Possible solutions to mitigate disputes involve political options, scarce economic resources, and the search for mechanisms to ensure its adequate allocation. For over half a century, countries such as Australia, Spain, Chile, and the western states of the United States have been considering the possibility of using markets for rights of use. They are defined as formal or informal trading exchanges of rights, whose aim is to improve efficiency, ensure security of supply, and make allocations more flexible. In this context, the aim of this article is to show a current picture of the scientific production related to Water Markets using the comparative bibliometric study of the documents indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases as a tool. The advanced search of relevant terms resulted in the retrieval of 261 papers from WoS and 305 from Scopus, with a time limit of 2020, which make up the ad hoc basis of the analysis. From this basis, it can be deduced that the subject of the Water Market has been present in the scientific literature on a more or less regular basis since the beginning of the 1990s. However, it has emerged as a topical issue in recent years, being in a phase of exponential growth, which means that interest in the area is likely to continue in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a methodology for the assessment of the short-run effects of lockdown policies on economic activity. The methodology combines labor market data with simulation of an agent-based model. We apply our methodology to the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. We recover the model parameters from observed data, taking into account the recurring policy adjustments that characterized the study window. The model is used to build counterfactual scenarios. We estimate an 8 percent output loss in the first 5 months of the pandemic from the policy that was put in place, achieving a 56 percent reduction in the total number of infections. During this period, with an output loss to 10.5 percent of GDP, the infection rate would have decreased 92 percent, significantly delaying the spread of COVID and spike in infections. Our methodology applied to real data provided results that could be valuable in guiding policies in other lockdown situations in times of disaster, pandemics or social upheaval., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

This paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth by using an innovative econometric methodology to study the direction of causality between the two variables. We apply our methodology, based on the Toda-Yamamoto test for causality, to time-series data covering the period 1969–2000 for three developing countries, namely Chile, Malaysia and Thailand, all of them major recipients of FDI with a different history of macroeconomic episodes, policy regimes and growth patterns. Our empirical findings clearly suggest that it is GDP that causes FDI in the case of Chile and not vice versa, while for both Malaysia and Thailand, there is a strong evidence of a bi-directional causality between the two variables. The robustness of the above findings is confirmed by the use of a bootstrap test employed to test the validity of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence on a rise and fall in income inequality in Chile during the past two decades. We show that income inequality rises from 1990 to 2000 and then falls from 2000 to 2011. We perform simple but informative decompositions to figure out the contributing factors behind that dissimilarity in the behavior of inequality across those two subperiods. Our results are consistent with a story in which economic growth increases the demand for more educated workers, initially increasing inequality. However, those higher returns to education encourage agents to invest in higher education, producing a subsequent human capital deepening that reduces inequality at later stages of the development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been considerable excitement about the economic potential of the 'developmental network state'-decentralized government policies that successfully accelerated growth in several high- and medium-income countries. The question remains whether such a strategy could be successful in less-developed nations whose scientific and technological resources were relatively limited. This paper analyzes the trajectory of Chile, a Southern country which, despite adverse conditions, managed to produce something akin to an economic miracle during the last few decades. Our argument is that Chile's success was based on the developmental network state strategy. Moreover, we highlight the centrality to understanding the Chilean experience of the concept of 'network failures'-a common phenomenon that occurs when domestic production would be best served by network forms of organization but for a variety of reasons, these networks either fail to materialize or fail to take hold (Schrank and Whitford ). Over and over again, we see that the logic behind the actions of the Chilean state was to provide resources that reduced the likelihood of network failures. We examine three case studies of successful export sectors: salmon; wine; and fruit and vegetables. The paper outlines some of the challenges faced by the Chilean model and assesses its long-term viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between infrastructure and total factor productivity (TFP) in the four major Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – The authors hypothesise that an increase in infrastructure has an indirect effect on output by raising productivity. To assess this theory, the traditional Johansen methodology was used for testing the cointegration between TFP and physical measures of infrastructure stock, such as energy, roads, and telephones. The Lütkepohl, Saikkonen and Trenkler Test, which considers a possible level shift in the series and has better small sample properties, was applied to the same data set and the two tests were compared. Findings – The results do not support a robust long-term relationship between the series; the authors do not find strong evidence that cuts in infrastructure investment in some Latin American countries were the main reason for the fall in TFP during the 1970s and 1980s. Originality/value – The present paper addresses the empirical relationship between infrastructure and economic growth for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico between 1950 and 2000, using new time series econometric methods finding new evidences on this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the first macroeconomic textbook based on modern monetary theory (MMT) written by Mitchell, Watts and Wray. MMT is a heterodox theory that a government need not worry about budget and monetary constraints and excessive inflation until a country achieves its goals of full employment, first-class healthcare for all citizens, and other desirable policies. Their textbook, Macroeconomics, leaves out major sections that are standard in macroeconomic textbooks, such as AS-AD analysis and economic growth theory. I argue that MMT is a dangerous theory that can lead to a bloated government, runaway inflation, and slow growth. Furthermore, MMT is unnecessary given that many advanced economies have moved in the opposite direction and achieved full-employment growth without adopting MMT, such as Sweden, Canada, Singapore, and Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between growth, education, health status, and poverty in Chile. A comparative analysis with four countries is also undertaken. It is argued that long government involvement in social services has been a key factor in enabling many sectors of the population to increase their human capital, making it possible for them to take advantage of the opportunities given by growth to escape poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the emergence of new clusters, this paper departs from traditional research focused on established clusters and enriches recent studies on their development dynamics. The analysis of two successful clusters in Chile, one in agroindustry and the other in salmon aquaculture, highlights interactions between the state, local firms and multinationals, and the conditions enhancing collective firm learning. The argument is that the emergence of dynamic clusters depends on building institutions that enable coordinated learning among firms to improve capabilities processes and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the effects of the consistently enforced liberal policies in Chile of the last 40 years in comparison to the inconsistent policies of the Peruvian government during the same period. Tariff policy can be used as a representative indicator of the liberal/protective economic approach given how important openness is to trade in the long term development of small economies. The first section explains tariff and tariff policy. The second details the historical development of tariff policies in Chile and Peru and the third part contains a comparison of their current tariff structures. Both countries started at a similar point in the 1970s, both utilize comparable natural resources and have a similar GDP ratio. However, only Chile has become one of the most developed economies in the region while Peru, although progressing rapidly in the last decade, is still lagging 10 years behind due to inconsistent policies applied during the '70s and '80s. By turning to neoliberalism in the '90s, Peru laid the foundation for their current strong economic development and is now, in some ways, even more open than Chile with a few exceptions in the textile, coffee and beef industries to which Peru applies high tariff rates to protect the jobs these industries provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a simple statistical approach to combine nighttime light data with official national income growth figures. The suggested procedure arises from a signal-plus-noise model for official growth along with a constant elasticity relation between observed night lights and income. The methodology implemented in this paper differs from the approach based on panel data for several countries at once that uses World Bank ratings of income data quality for the countries under study to produce an estimate of true economic growth. The new approach: (a) leads to a relatively simple and robust statistical method based only on time series data pertaining to the country under study and (b) does not require the use of quality ratings of official income statistics. For illustrative purposes, some empirical applications are made for Mexico, China and Chile. The results show that during the period of study there was underestimation of economic growth for both Mexico and Chile, while official figures of China over-estimated true economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the innovation and development literature, natural resources ( NR) are generally viewed as a curse for developing nations and NR-based industries as having little potential to innovate and drive long-term growth. This has led policy and development experts to opt for strategies to induce a shift in the pattern of specialization towards other sectors. This paper proposes a different approach. By exploring recent evidence from the Argentinean agricultural sector and the mining industry in Chile, it points to the window of opportunity that NR industries offer as a platform to develop knowledge intensive industries with which to support economic development in resource-endowed countries. The lessons drawn from these findings suggest that development strategies can also promote more innovative knowledge intensive NR-based industries rather than moving away from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the cost of a policy to restrict water trades to mining firms in northern Chile in order to protect riparian ecosystems and indigenous agriculture. In response to the policy, mining firms have developed high-cost desalination and pumping facilities to secure adequate water supplies. We develop a methodology and estimate the cost of market transactions that fail to occur due to the policy. Lost trade surplus is estimated at US$52 million per year. Without trade restrictions, around 86 per cent of the remaining agricultural water in the region would be transferred to mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study the causal impact of export growth on Chilean local economic development during 2000-2006 by exploiting spatial and temporal variations in local exposure stemming from the interaction of past differences in industry specialization across local labor markets and the evolution of tariffs cuts and exports across industries. We find that growing exports implied a significant reduction in labor informality and labor income gains in more exposed local markets, driven by job creation and wage growth in the formal sector. These effects concentrate on senior skilled workers. Exposed locations also exhibit a greater relative decline in the poverty rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we examine herding across asset classes and industry levels. We also study what incentives managers at various layers of the financial industry face when investing. To do so, we use unique and detailed monthly portfolios between 1996 and 2005 from pension funds in Chile, a pioneer in pension-fund reform. The results show that pension funds herd more in assets that have more risk and for which pension funds have less market information. Furthermore, the results show that herding is more prevalent for funds that narrowly compete with each other, namely, when comparing funds of the same type across pension fund administrators (PFAs). There is much less herding across PFAs as a whole and in individual pension funds within PFAs. These herding patterns are consistent with incentives for managers to be close to industry benchmarks, and might be also driven by market forces and partly by regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the favourable export trajectories for Chilean wine to global markets in general and the UK market in particular are partly due to the nature of the insertion of wine producing firms into global value chains. Much of the data in this paper comes from a two-year British Academy research project (2005-07) which examined the impacts of globalization on export-oriented wine firms in Chile's Colchagua Valley and the record of collaboration between these firms and key purchasing companies within the UK market. The paper examines the political economy of value chains in agro-industry, retail concentration in core economy markets and the relevance of convention theory to value chains in the wine sector. The paper then analyses how value chains give context to the nature of upgrading within the Chilean wine sector by focusing on: the strategic example of the lead firm; firm upgrading as a response to the demands of and knowledge flows from retailers; and firm upgrading through the flying winemaker model. The paper will conclude by assessing the relevance of the Chilean experience for other countries wishing to rapidly expand their wine exports, such as those in S. E. Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews experience in advancing Human Development (HD) since 1970 by investigating behaviour among countries that made the largest improvement in HD and those that made the least improvement. The paper provides evidence on a range of indicators for the three best (and worst) performers among high, medium and low HD countries. It identifies alternative combinations of variables associated with success and failure. It then reviews performance on a range of other dimensions of Human Development, including political rights, gender empowerment, societal stability and environmental sustainability and shows these are only weakly associated with performance on the Human Development Index (HDI). To illuminate historical, political and institutional factors associated with success and failure, the performance of six countries (four successful and two weak performers) are briefly reviewed—Bangladesh, Chile, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Laos and Zambia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GiulianiE. Role of technological gatekeepers in the growth of industrial clusters: evidence from Chile,Regional Studies. Industrial clusters are often associated with innovative success. However, there is very little research on what types of organizational models apply to clusters as they grow. This paper uses longitudinal micro-level data for a wine cluster in Chile. It shows that the most advanced firms in the cluster behave as technological gatekeepers – that is, they acquire knowledge outside cluster boundaries and contribute to diffusing knowledge to other local firms – and do so persistently over time. The results are explained by combining three theoretical perspectives: evolutionary economics theory; business studies on communities of practice and knowledge workers' know-how trade; and embeddedness theory. GiulianiE. 技术守门者在产业集群增长过程中的作用：来自智利的相关证据，区域研究。产业集群常常与创新成功相联系。然而，鲜有研究着重于分析组织模型在集群增长中的应用。本文利用纵向微观数据对智利的白酒产业集群进行了分析。研究表明，产业集群中最高等级的公司扮演着技术门卫的作用，即上述公司持续地在产业领域之外对所需相关知识进行了定义，同时也为知识向地方公司进行传播做出贡献。通过整合分析三个理论观点本研究对结果进行了解释：演进经济理论、针对实践型及知识型工人的“如何进行贸易”社团的商业研究，以及嵌入理论。 产业集群 技术守门者 知识网络 白酒产业 智利 GiulianiE. Le rôle des gardiens technologiques dans le développement des clusters industriels: des preuves provenant du Chili,Regional Studies. Les clusters industriels se rapportent souvent au succès de l'innovation. Cependant, rares sont les recherches sur les modèles organisationnels qui s'appliquent aux clusters au fur et à mesure de leur développement. Cet article emploie des données microéconomiques longitudinales relatives à un cluster vinicole situé au Chili. On montre que les entreprises les plus avancées du cluster se comportent en gardiens technologiques – autrement dit, elles acquièrent des connaissances au-delà des frontières du cluster et contribuent à la diffusion des connaissances à d'autres entreprises locales – ce qui continue dans le temps. On explique les résultats à partir d'une conjonction de trois facteurs théoriques; à savoir, la théorie de l'économie évolutionnaire; des études commerciales des communautés de pratique et du savoir-faire des travailleurs de la connaissance; et la théorie de l'intégration. Clusters industriels Gardiens technologiques Réseaux de connaissances Industrie vinicole Chili GiulianiE. Die Rolle von technologischen Gatekeepern für das Wachstum von Branchenclustern: Belege aus Chile,Regional Studies. Branchencluster werden oft mit innovativem Erfolg in Verbindung gebracht. Allerdings wurde bisher nur sehr wenig erforscht, welche Arten von Organisationsmodellen für im Wachstum befindliche Cluster gelten. In diesem Beitrag werden longitudinale Daten auf Mikroebene für einen Weinbau-Cluster in Chile genutzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die fortgeschrittensten Firmen des Clusters als technologische Gatekeeper wirken: Sie verschaffen sich außerhalb der Clustergrenzen Wissen und tragen zur Weitergabe von Wissen an andere Firmen vor Ort bei – und zwar konsequent über längere Zeit hinweg. Die Ergebnisse werden durch eine Kombination aus drei theoretischen Perspektiven erklärt: evolutionäre Wirtschaftstheorie, eine betriebswirtschaftliche Untersuchung über Praxisgemeinschaften und den Wissenshandel durch Kopfarbeiter sowie die Theorie der Eingebettetheit. Branchencluster Technologische Gatekeeper Wissensnetzwerke Weinindustrie Chile GiulianiE. Papel de los guardianes tecnológicos en el crecimiento de las aglomeraciones industriales: el ejemplo de Chile,Regional Studies. Las aglomeraciones industriales se asocian con frecuencia con innovaciones fructíferas. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios sobre qué tipos de modelos organizativos se aplican en las aglomeraciones en crecimiento. En este artículo utilizamos datos longitudinales a nivel micro para una aglomeración vinícola en Chile. Demostramos que las empresas más avanzadas en la aglomeración se comportan como guardianes tecnológicos: adquieren conocimientos fuera de los límites de la aglomeración y contribuyen a difundir el conocimiento a otras empresas locales, y funcionan así continuamente con el paso del tiempo. Explicamos los resultados combinando tres perspectivas teóricas: la teoría de la economía evolucionaria, los estudios comerciales sobre las comunidades de práctica y el comercio del conocimiento de trabajadores intelectuales así como la teoría de integración. Aglomeraciones industriales Guardianes tecnológicos Redes de conocimiento Industria vinícola Chile [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on theoretical debate and empirical evidence, both raised in the context of State Reform and Modernization of Public Management processes, this paper proposes a model of synthesis and analysis that allows characterizing such processes. Using a case study methodology, this research demonstrates the usefulness of such a model to the Chilean case, during the 1990-2006 period. There is evidence of particular features of these processes of reform and modernization in the Chilean experience. Said conclusion is based on data collected through the application and analysis of 37 interviews to key actors involved in those processes as well as the collection and analysis of official documents. This article identifies, describes and explains the variables that define the Policy of Modernization of Public Management in the Chilean experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a contingent valuation study concerning landscape impacts generated by the construction of one dam (Baker 1) of the HIDROAYSEN hydropower project located in the Chilean Patagonia. A survey was used to collect information about citizens' opinions towards the hydropower project in four major cities in Chile. Specifically, a One-and-One-Half-Bound (OOHB) willingness to pay eliciting format was applied to capture citizens' WTP. The economic loss, associated to the landscape impacts for people living in urban areas of the country, is found to be approximately US$ 205 million, which is nearly 28% of the total investment. Our results also show that the cities' distance from the dam affects citizens' willingness to pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the policy-making approach taken in Chile in the past three decades as a move away from unsatisfactory import substitution industrialisation (ISI), and as an affirmative response to the rule of free trade and globalisation. After many years of successful economic growth, Chile seems to be at a turning point. Indeed, the country's position in the new globalised market–like that of other small countries–appears weak compared to stronger competitors, such as China and other East Asian countries. This is rooted in the neoliberal policies that have been pursued for many years (although in a less orthodox way in the last decade) and that have had a significant impact on the economic structure of the country. The main effect of these policies has been a split between a small sector driven by modern, technologically advanced, large firms, and a larger sector of traditional, labour-intensive, micro and small enterprises. The divergence between the two sectors in terms of their economic characteristics and their relative performance prevents them from establishing any kind of linkages. Therefore, the capacity of the system to respond to international competition shrinks. The implicit practical adjustments in policy-making implemented by the main national development organisation(s) are not enough to surmount the present difficulties. A different kind of answer is needed, namely, industrial development strategies that are voluntarily and collectively organised, and that aim to reconnect the national production system, overcoming tendencies to fragmentation and making the country more competitive internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread agreement exists on the broad outlines of the concept of sustainable development for developing countries. This calls for a development model capable of meeting basic needs without depleting natural resources at a rate that robs future generations of their use. In this regard, citizen participation is also considered key to legitimise such policy choices. However, there is considerable disagreement over the substance and meaning of the major components of the concept and the relationship between them. This paper argues that positions in policy disputes over the sustainable development of the forest cluster in two distinct approaches: market-friendly initiatives and grassroots development. Since market economies prevail almost everywhere, the question that is posed concerns the conditions under which the grassroots development approach is included as a significant complement to market-friendly initiatives. This is a political question, requiring an examination of actors, interests and power resources. The paper thus applies a political economy framework to a paired comparison of Mexico, where grassroots development approaches (community forestry) had notable successes, and Chile, where market-friendly forest policy crowded out alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contrasts whether the sectors with a GDP close to the average contribute more to the economic system through their employment multipliers and/or dispersion effects than those with a higher GDP. To achieve this, an 11-year horizon (2008-2018) and the 11 main centers of Chile's macro territories [Norte Chico (6) and Patagonia (5)] are used as a reference. The input-output matrices are used as source of information from which the variables GDP, employment multiplier and dispersion coefficients are obtained, the latter understood as those that allow quantifying the scope of the repercussions of an economic activity, by means of its direct and/or indirect effects. The results allow us to conclude that economic activities with a GDP close to the average, such as that of the education sector, show diffused effects that support the idea of facilitating development through changes in their production versus others that, with high GDPs, show concentrated effects that therefore limit their contribution in terms of interaction. These results will contribute to the establishment of economic development policies according to the particularities of each territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the relationship between economic development and household welfare, banks' stock returns and the banking industry of Chile.

The way that water is entangled with broader social relations has become a prominent concern in political ecology, geography and beyond. Employing the concept of the hydro-social cycle highlights how water is produced by, and simultaneously constitutes, social and power relations. Applying and expanding the hydro-social cycle as an analytical lens, this paper explores the contestation of different discourses of water. Looking at the conflict over the construction of a proposed dam in Chile, we examine different meanings given to water to understand how these produce uneven power relations with material and symbolic implications. By teasing out the workings and contestations of this conflict as a hydro-social cycle, we aim to highlight the diverse range of elements enlisted in it beyond water, to expose its complexity and to search for more just and inclusive alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between fiscal and monetary policy coordination and fiscal multipliers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. To do so, we first look at the theoretical framework of the New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM), and then analyze the trends in the four countries for variables including consumption, investment, government spending, and interest rates. Finally, we present an estimate of the spending and monetary multipliers with proxy variables. The contribution of this paper consists of one, showing the inexistence of the crowding out effect, and two, quantifying the multipliers for the aforementioned countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the emergence of evidence-based practice medicine (EBP) has allowed a change in the integration of knowledge with policy making and health service development, and Chile has been influenced by EBP with no exemption. In this paper, we will describe the impact of the EBP model at different levels of the Chilean health system, including the development of national clinical guidelines, medical training and inpatient involvement in health awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]