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This paper investigates the economic development within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from two perspectives--spatial pattern and influencing factors--to promote coordinated development across the area. This paper employs Moran's I test and local Getis-Ord G statistic from spatial statistics. Furthermore, it constructs a hierarchical spatial econometric model to facilitate empirical investigation. It is found that the overall economic development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area exhibits a "mountain-shaped" spatial pattern of the high-level homogeneous regions with "high-high correlation" and the low-level homogeneous regions with "low-low correlation." The internal difference in economic density is moderate, with an obvious trend of decrease year by year. Economic density shows a significant spatial positive correlation, with the expansion of the scope of areas exhibiting "high-high correlation." The differences in economic density between hotspots and sub-hotspots have decreased, but the economic density of cold spots has failed to keep up with the development of other regions. The difference in factor input density among the influencing factors explains most of the differences in economic density among different regions. The results from the R&D capital investment coefficient indicate that in recent years, the effect of investments in urban scientific and technological innovation factors has been more extensive and uniform among the regions under its jurisdiction, but the spatial spillover effect of innovation factors at both layers is not significantly positive. Apart from the city's location within the Greater Bay Area, the relative location of the jurisdictions within the city equally influences the economic development configuration of the Greater Bay Area. Although economic density in regions adjacent to cities outside the Greater Bay Area is notably lower than in other regions, their growth rate and production efficiency remain on par with other regions. T-test and model results underscore the rapid development of the areas encircling the bay. The coefficient of location dummy variables in areas adjacent to cities in the Greater Bay Area varies among cities. At a particular factor input density, some cities have higher output efficiency in areas contiguous to cities in the Greater Bay Area. This study uniquely adopts low-level city jurisdictions and high-level cities to shape a two-tiered hierarchical dataset with nested geographic units. This innovative approach fully leverages insights from distinct layers, delving into spatial interdependence and interplay across layers. This paper aims to explore the spatial pattern and influencing factors steering economic development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. In doing so, it aims to identify problems and present pertinent policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of an increasingly complex and unstable external development environment, enhancing economic resilience has become a key task in the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This paper analyzes the changes in the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area and its constituent cities after the 2008 global financial crisis by virtue of the regional economic resilience assessment method proposed by Martin et al. It constructs an economic connection network for the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Macao Greater Bay Area using the data from corporate headquarters and branches of A-share listed companies to analyze its impact on the economic resilience of the Area. The study reveals the three following conclusions. Firstly, the economic resilience of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area generally outperforms the national average level, seeing a rapid boost over the recent years and exceeding the level witnessed during the 2008 financial crisis. However, there are marked disparities in the economic resilience of various cities within the Greater Bay Area, with Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Dongguan emerging as the most robust in this regard. Secondly, the economic connection network has a positive impact on the economic resilience of the cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Specifically, there is a positive correlation between a city's economic resilience and its centrality in the economic connection network. Such centrality exerts a positive spillover effect on the economic resilience of surrounding cities. Thirdly, from the perspective of industry-specific networks, circulation and service industry networks are more conducive to improving the economic resilience of a city. Given the significant role of the economic connection network in shaping regional and urban economic resilience, it is imperative for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to prioritize ensuring economic development security and enhancing economic resilience, promote the development of the economic connection network, and enhance the network centrality of its constituent cities. This can improve the economic resilience of itself and its constituent cities in an effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affected by the new coronavirus pneumonia from the year 2019 to 2022, the economic development of the tourism industry was bleak. According to data released by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, domestic tourism revenue in 2019 was 5.73 trillion yuan. In 2020, under the impact of the epidemic, the domestic tourism market has entered a low stage, with annual domestic tourism revenue of 2.23 trillion yuan, down 61.07 % year-on-year. Judging from the situation of people's travel in recent years, the development of tourism is growing. Under the epidemic, the tourism industry was pressed the pause button and the expected recovery is full of uncertainty. The epidemic has brought great challenges to the tourism industry, but it is not impossible to break through. This will be a good time for transformation and upgrading. If the tourism industry wants to make more stable and better pace of development, more intelligent information construction services need to be created into it in order to achieve breakthrough and develop characteristic products. In the era of marine economy in the 21st century, island tourism is an important part of the marine industry group. It is favored because it gives tourists a psychological feeling of staying away from the hustle and bustle of the city and returning to nature completely. The island has become a popular attraction in the world. In view of this, it is of great significance to summarize the research on island tourism. Taking Nan'ao Island in Guangdong as an example, this paper analyzes the existing problems of island tourism and formulates corresponding marketing strategies, aiming at improving its competitiveness in the travel industry and forming differentiated competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2020, China has been dedicated to the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" in the international community, demonstrating its commitment to energy conservation and emissions control. In 2021, in response to the guidance of the State Council, all provinces in China included the creation of a low-carbon economic system as one of their key development goals. This paper aims at investigating the low-carbon economic development efficiency and the redundancy of inefficient areas of Guangdong Province by using the three-stage DEA-Malmquist index model. Panel data of 21 cities from 2011 to 2020 in Guangdong Province were selected. Results revealed that the low-carbon economic development efficiency in the whole province rises, but the growth rate has slowed down in the past three years. Pearl River Delta area is better-developed in low-carbon economy than others. It is recommended to improve the efficiency of scale, make use of environmental advantages and develop energy-saving and emission reduction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic development is the only way which must be passed and a key point to achieve high-quality economic development. This paper regards regional synergetic development as a composite system, builds up the evaluation indicator system, and calculates the level of economic synergetic development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Urban Agglomeration, by using the collaborative degree model of composite system. The results show that each subsystem of the composite system has a high degree of order from 2007 to 2019, but compared with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the level of economic collaborative development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration in 2008–2019 is relatively low and has large spatial differences. The main reason is that under the background of "one country, two systems" policy, the institutional differences between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao have not been effectively linked up and synergetic, Greater Bay Area urban agglomeration has not yet formed an organic whole, and the synergy effect of mutual support and promotion is relatively weak. Based on this, we should seize the great historical opportunity of the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, accelerate the construction of the mechanism for the synergetic economic development of the three areas, accelerate the establishment of an integrated market, build a reasonable division of labor system and collaborative innovation system, and jointly promote the synergetic economic development of Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's economy transitions from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, the concept of low-carbon and green economic development has gained increasing popularity. Mastering the regional differences and changing patterns of low-carbon economy and economic growth quality is an important prerequisite for further promoting low-carbon economic development and improving the quality of economic growth. Taking the data of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province from 2008 to 2019 as examples, we calculated the low-carbon economy and the quality index of economic growth, and analyzed the convergences between them through coefficient of variation analysis and a panel data convergence model with fixed effects. The results showed that: First, the convergence of low-carbon economy was better than the convergence of economic growth quality. Second, the low-carbon economy of Guangdong Province had σ convergence, and the imbalance between regions of low-carbon economy was alleviated, but the quality of economic growth of Guangdong Province did not have σ convergence. Third, there was absolute and conditional β convergence in the quality of low-carbon economy and economic growth in Guangdong Province. Fourth, the convergence rate of low-carbon economy in Guangdong Province showed "club difference"; the same was true of σ convergence, absolute β convergence, conditional β convergence, and dimensional convergence of economic growth quality in various regions of Guangdong Province. The exploration conducted in this article was conducive to better grasping the changing patterns of low-carbon economy and economic growth quality, enriching relevant research. The conclusions of this paper can provide decision-making basis for China to formulate urban and regional economic policies, achieve high-quality economic development, and "double carbon goal". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a young but vigorous international city cluster with a complete industrial system and is taking the lead in China's economic development. This paper analyzes the economic and industrial development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and measures the industrial agglomeration index and homogeneity index among different cities in the area. After our analysis, we found that the cities in the area showed apparent differences in their economic development levels. Therefore, this paper suggests improving the competitiveness of the Greater Bay Area through systematic division and collaboration of industries, further achieving rational industrial structure and high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mystery of China's economic growth has been widely concerned by the world. However, little attention has been paid to the transformation of the economic growth momentum of Guangdong Province, which has long occupied the top in China's economic growth. This paper analyzes the evolution and the transformation of the momentum source of economic growth in Guangdong Province from 1979 to 2019, using Total Factor Productivity Growth Decomposition method. The results show that capital investment contributes the most to economic growth, the contributions of total factor productivity, and labor input rank second and third, respectively; the change of the contribution of each momentum source to GDP growth mainly comes from the impact of the secondary industry. Both industrial capital productivity and capital allocation structure play a negative role in driving the overall capital productivity, and both industrial labor productivity and labor allocation structure play a positive role in driving the overall labor productivity. Industrial factor productivity and industrial factor allocation structure play a major positive role and a weak negative role in promoting economic growth, respectively. Our findings provide some ideas on how to maintain economic growth in the new era especially for the developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, people are facing enough challenges, either personally or technically, and some people do suffer from having to keep up with the current technological improvements. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHKMGBA) is one of the areas that has been highly managed for tourism with economic networks in it. Here, the exploitation results in underground spacing management automate the alleviation process using various methods. Apart from the characterization, it is one such mandatory consideration to create a master plan with the rise of utilization and urban underground spacing planned to be placed among large cities for tourism is considered. This paper focuses on the strategy to understand the concepts and popularisation of urban underground spacing. This matter is followed by a complementary approach with a supportive technical system. This research focuses on economic development in the cities of GHKMGBA, and the analysis is carried out with the implementation of the backpropagation neural network (BPNN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes energy consumption PM2.5 emission as research object, and quantitatively analyzes the PM2.5 emission level in Hunan and Guangdong provinces from 2012 to 2017. We build a PM2.5 emission decomposition model divided by five sectors, including industry, transportation, construction, resident, and other, and use attribution method and Tapio decoupling index to analyze the relationship between economic development and PM2.5 emission level. The results show that (1) the difference in PM2.5 emissions between the two provinces appeared in 2015; (2) the contribution rate of total PM2.5 emissions is 83.1%, and coal consumption is the determine factor of PM2.5 emissions; industry is the main source of sector contribution with rate of 70.91%; (3) Guangdong's pollution control capacity is much higher than that of Hunan, while Hunan's PM2.5 marginal emission-reduction potential is much higher than that of Guangdong; (4) economic growth is the first increasing emission reason of PM2.5 emission changes, while the intensity of industrial energy consumption is the first reduction emission reason; (5) there is a big difference between the economic development of the two provinces and the decoupling of PM2.5 pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper constructs an embodied carbon model in inter-provincial trade based on China's inter-provincial multi-regional input-output table. By analyzing the embodied carbon emissions for Guangdong with the forefront of economic development, this research reveals the impact of trade scale and structure between Guangdong Province and other provinces on embodied carbon emissions, and finds out key provinces and sectors for emission reduction. It can enable national and regional economic and environmental policies to be implemented into specific industries, guide capital flow to key sectors for emission reduction, provide comments for relevant national and provincial decision-making sectors to adjust trade structure, and play the role of inter-provincial trade in energy conservation and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many questions regarding local economic phenomena involve issues of spatial and temporal dependence and heterogeneity. One of the main ideas of the socialist market economic system which was set up in 1978 in China is 'those becoming rich earlier bring along other people, all achieving the common richer eventually'. However, after several decades, having performed a series of balanced development strategies and policies, is this purpose true or not? How about the outcome of regional level of planning strategies under the socialist-market system? This paper focus on the intra provincial development, and uses per capita GDP of Guangdong, one of the most developed provinces in China to analyse the economic development of prefecture-level cities from 1978 to 2013 with a new exploratory space-time method. Three conclusions can be drawn as follows: first, the degree of regional economic development is gradually deepening along with rapid economic development in Guangdong province and the per capita GDP difference is gradually widening between the Pearl River Delta region and the non-Pearl River Delta region. The core-periphery relation is clear within the provincial level's development. Second, the trend and position of space-time paths are different across regions. Third, the space-time paths have not intersected across poor and rich regions during the last 33 years. Widening uneven development is concealed by the 'fast growth' economic phenomenon. The macro-economic environment has had some effects on different regions, with the effect on fast growing areas, such as the core region of the Pearl River Delta the most obvious. There is a lag effect on other undeveloped areas. At the same time, under the socialist market economic system, the market is the main motivation behind regional discrepancies, and some policies and strategies aimed at narrowing the gap have had limited success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sci-tech innovation is an important measure for the Guangdong– Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area to achieve high-quality economic development. theoretically, there is a coupling coordination relationship between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development, and coordinating the relationship between the two is beneficial to building the Guangdong– Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area into an international innovation and technology hub and promoting high-quality economic development. At present, the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area has seen a year-on-year increase in both the level of sci-tech innovation and the level of high-quality economic development, with a sound development trend. Its coupling coordination degree between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development has steadily improved from a slightly uncoordinated stage to a primarily coordinated stage, but the overall degree of coordination is still not high, with some gaps from realizing the excellently coordinated stage. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the internal development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area is unbalanced, with obvious differences in development level and coupling coordination degree among cities. e convergence analysis shows that the differences in the coupling coordination degree among the cities in the Guangdong Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area have stabilized after narrowing during the study period. However, the difference among the cities with higher coupling coordination degrees tends to widen in recent years. therefore, necessary measures should be taken to promote the coordination between sci-tech innovation and high-quality economic development in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially targeted policies have been a crucial component of the development strategy pursued by the Chinese government. This paper provides novel empirical evidence in the debate on place-based policy by testing whether the presence of economic development zones is associated with higher values of industrial output and their impact is heterogeneous across territories in the counties/districts in Guangdong province during the period 2000–14. The results show that the level of industrial output is positively correlated with the presence of economic development zones and offer support to the idea that place-based policies have heterogeneous effects across territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the economic network patterns and their influencing factors of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMGBA) in China, considering population scale, economic development level, and land-resource endowment. By employing a modified gravity model and a social-network method, we quantitatively analyzed urban agglomeration integrity indices, such as network density, edge–core structure, cohesive-subgroup index, and urban individual index (e.g., centrality degree) of this region, encompassing nine cities in Guangdong Province and two special administrative regions. The results revealed significant changes in the economic network patterns within the GHMGBA over time. Furthermore, the quadratic assignment procedure correlation analysis index was used to identify the various factors affecting the strength of the economic interaction. The findings demonstrated an annual increase in the strength of economic interaction between cities and regions within the GHMGBA over the past 20 years, along with the emergence of a polycentric economic development pattern. The results also suggest that the spatial location and level of economic development are key determinants influencing the strength of economic linkages in this area. This study supports the conclusion that deepening exchanges and cooperation among core cities, bolstering economic development in sub-core cities, and facilitating the construction of an integrated regional transportation network will expedite the process of economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of economic development in 23 cities across Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Macau from 1990 to 2022. The results indicated a general growth trend in overall economic development, with substantial fluctuations in absolute differences and a significant reduction in relative differences. The economic development appeared to be balanced both within and between cities. Spatially, the study revealed an increasing agglomeration effect, evident polarization in economic levels, and a distinct core–periphery structure, with central cities in the Greater Bay Area exerting a growing influence on their peripheries. Nevertheless, the peripheral cities, despite their economic strides, necessitate augmented policy interventions and capital influx to bridge regional chasms. The study's outcomes serve as a foundational reference for sharpening policy decisions, fostering regional amalgamation, and invigorating urban blueprinting and city-to-city synergies. This research provides an in-depth analysis of economic development trends across 23 cities in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau over 32 years. For policymakers, urban planners, and business leaders, the findings present a clearer picture of the region's economic landscape. Notably, while central cities within the Greater Bay Area have become influential economic hubs, surrounding cities still face challenges. These insights suggest a need for more targeted policies and investments, especially in peripheral cities, to promote more uniform growth across the region. By understanding these dynamics, governments and businesses can make more informed decisions that foster city-to-city collaborations and develop better urban and regional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of the development of the logistics industry on economic growth based on panel data of 21 cities in Guangdong Province in China from 2007 to 2019. Using the overall entropy method, the comprehensive development index of the logistics industry is constructed to capture the performance of the logistics industry. On this basis, by using Moran's index, we measure the spatial agglomeration effect of the logistics industry. Furthermore, direct and spatial spillover effects are also obtained. The estimation results of the spatial Durbin model (SDM) reveal that the elasticity coefficient of the effect of the comprehensive development level of the logistics industry on economic growth is 0.2590, which is significant at the 1% level. In addition, the coefficient of the direct effect of the logistics industry on local economic growth is 0.4074, and the coefficient of the spatial spillover effect on the economic growth of the surrounding areas is 0.3596, which are both significant at the 1% level. These results indicate that the development of the logistics industry can not only improve local economic growth but also promote the economic growth of the surrounding regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'Industry's Going Upstairs (IGU)' represents an innovative usage of industrial land that transfers the enterprises' production to high-rise industrial buildings. It is emerging in the developed areas of eastern China. This study discusses IGU policies to promote local economic development and conducts an empirical test using Guangdong city-level data and a difference-in-differences model. Theoretical analysis shows that IGU can broaden the development space of enterprises and realise industrial and labour agglomeration under supporting policies provided by local governments. The empirical results demonstrate that IGU can improve land-use efficiency and promote local industrial development. IGU is a feasible approach for addressing the current shortage of industrial land in China and is worthy of promotion and replication in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the urbanization impacts on tourism development in four regions Guangdong province, using time-series data of Guangdong province in China in 1996–2011. Urbanization has been operationalized by population, economic, geographical landscape and social cultural dimensions. This study suggests that urbanization, though in general increases tourism development, does not affect different regions in Guangdong uniformly. Tourism development in different regions will receive different impacts from urbanization. Therefore, policy-makers, while promoting tourism development, should be aware of the different levels of impact of urbanization towards tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

China has high biodiversity and is rapidly urbanizing. However, there is limited understanding of how urban expansion in the country is likely to affect its habitats and biodiversity. In this study, we examine urban expansion patterns and their likely impacts on biodiversity in China by 2030. Our analysis shows that most provinces are expected to experience urban expansion either near their protected areas or in biodiversity hotspots. In a few provinces such as Guangdong in the south, urban expansion is likely to impinge on both protected areas and biodiversity hotspots. We show that policies that could facilitate the integration of natural resource protection into urban planning exist on paper, but the prevailing incentives and institutional arrangements between the central and local governments prevent this kind of integration. Removing these obstacles will be necessary in order to safeguard the country's rich biodiversity in light of the scale of urbanization underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since China's economic reforms began in 1978, rural–urban migration has accelerated urban growth and the consequential need for regional planning. In order to make effective strategic decisions on regional planning, it is essential to identify the determinants that promote or restrain urban growth. Based on the theoretical underpinnings of classical economics, spatial economics and sustainable development, this paper establishes a theoretical model of urban population growth and uses a case study of China's Guangdong Province to test a hypothesis. The driving force of urban population growth is derived from natural and mechanical increases that include original urban size, living environment, industrial agglomeration, and location. Regression results from the case study reveal that during the period 2000–2010, factor of dominant industry significantly and consistently impacted urban growth, whereas the influence of living conditions and location on urban growth varied from year to year. These findings imply that local government pays less attention to residents' livelihood and more to the effect of location on urban growth. The paper concludes by proposing some regional planning policies for sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Providing Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to rural areas often involves a complex interplay among economic development, bureaucratic systems, technical training and support. Nowhere are these dynamics more pronounced than in China, where a wide range of economic and institutional factors characterize the highly uneven state of informatization 2 [2] Defined as the transformation of an economy and society through the effective deployment of information and communication technologies in business, social, and public functions (Qiang, Bhavnani, Hanna, Kimura, & Sudan, 2009). This paper uses the terms informatization and ICT interchangeably depending on the context. throughout the country. Through a case study on Guangdong Province, China, this paper offers an in-depth examination of institutional issues in rolling out advanced information services (such as Internet) in rural China. The experiences from Guangdong help identify a number of systemic issues: (1) inefficient and wasteful spending resulting from interdepartmental rivalry (2) lack of policy continuity and institutional learning (3) lack of accountability and credible measurements (4) central planning resulting in gap between services and local needs. This paper calls for more emphasis on outcome assessment and coordination. First of all, in order to reduce waste and more fully exploit the benefits of system-wide reform, the incorporation of better assessment methods into policy measures should precede large-scale network rollout. Meanwhile, high level officials should be appointed to coordinate various departments and legislation may help to achieve coordination and policy continuity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Because of climate change and the popularity of air travel, the issue of low-carbon economy of air transportation industry is no longer ignorable. However, there is no standard measurable indicator to evaluate low-carbon economy, especially for air transportation industry. To fill in the blank of this area, this paper firstly discusses general indicators of low-carbon economy for air transportation industry. Secondly, it explores measurable indicators to assess the level of low-carbon aviation based on generally published data. Finally, it takes Shenzhen aviation as a case to discuss the evaluation of its low-carbon economy with the established measurable indicators. This paper not only provides indicators for low-carbon economy of air transportation with practical measurement effectiveness, but also opens up a new direction for the study of low-carbon air transportation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Shenzhen is not only one of the fastest-growing urban agglomerations in mainland China, Shenzhen also stands for a unique, most rapid and successful transformation into an urban market economy. How important are personal characteristics, social norms and policy-related discriminatory factors for income determination in such an extraordinary city? This paper estimates the income effect of non-productivity-related discriminatory factors (like personal characteristics, social norms and policies), compared with productivity-related returns on human capital. The design of the Shenzhen Household Survey 2005 enables the inclusion of a large set of discriminating factors in a Mincer Becker type of income model, together with a unique look at the migrant population in this urban centre. The results show that the human capital approach holds. Strong evidence is also found of a significant influence of social norms and policies, which is particularly relevant in a developing and transitional economy, even in such an exceptional city. The most important discriminating factor appears to be the hukou registration system. The on-going existence of these non-productivity-related discriminating factors can be regarded as indicative of an on-going process of transition towards a fully functioning market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mangrove wetlands have been rapidly diminishing because of human pressures worldwide. The Guangdong Province in South China, which has the largest area of mangrove wetlands in the nation, is under severe threat as a result of rapid urbanization and economic development. In this paper, comparisons were made between optical Landsat TM images and Radarsat fine-mode images for estimating wetland biomass. Regression and analytical models were used to establish the relationships between remote sensing data and wetland biomass. The optimal parameter values for the analytical model were determined using genetic algorithms. Experiments indicate that the models using Radarsat fine-mode images have significant accuracy improvement in terms of Root Mean-Square Error (RMSE) whereas the use of the single Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) may produce serious errors in biomass estimation. The Radarsat images can obtain more accurate trunk information about mangrove forests because of higher resolution and side-looking geometry. The use of genetic algorithms can help to decompose backscatter into vegetation and soil backscattering, which is very useful for ecological modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns over the effects of globalisation and liberalisation have intensified the debates over the trajectories and underlying sources of regional inequality. This paper attempts to link macro studies of regional inequality to micro studies of local development and to expand the research on intraprovincial inequality in China to Guangdong Province. First, substantial evidence has been provided to illustrate the extent of polarisation between the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and the periphery, especially since the early 1990s. Second, it has been found that new economic spaces centred on exoproduction centres, high-tech zones, university clusters, and entrepreneurial spaces driven by the domestication of globalisation and the growth of the knowledge economy have emerged as new engines of regional growth. The orthodox notion of the PRD development as externally driven has become obsolete, and a new conceptualisation centred on the knowledge economy and integrated development better explains regional development and polarisation in Guangdong. Finally, the theoretical and policy implications of the research are discussed. The emerging form of regional development in the PRD represents an effort to make the knowledge economy the new engine of regional development and indicates that developing countries such as China are attempting to move beyond being a manufacturing assembler. The emergence of the knowledge economy in the PRD also has important implications for the recent efforts to develop the Greater Pearl River Delta, which needs to pay more attention to global networks for innovation and creativity. Moreover, the emergence of the knowledge economy makes the development of the periphery even more challenging due to the effects of self-reinforcing agglomeration and the constraints of geographical barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences worldwide indicate that the relationship between energy consumption and economic development is complex. Guangdong Province has experienced a more than threefold increase in GDP since 2005, but it is not clear whether rapid economic growth is at the cost of a large amount of energy consumption. In this study, we employ spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analysis to discover the spatial agglomeration of GDP per capita and energy intensity in Guangdong, China, from 2005 to 2018. Furthermore, panel vector autoregression coupled with a system generalized method of moments is performed to examine the dynamic causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth under the framework of the Cobb–Douglas production function. We used a multivariate model and grouped studies based on the differences in regional economic development and the results with similar research. The results show that the GDP per capita of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is significantly higher than that of the peripheral municipalities. However, energy intensity shows an entirely different spatial distribution. The development of the regional economy depends on its own "assembling effect". In regions with significant differences in economic development, it is necessary to conduct grouping studies; otherwise, the overall results will not represent partial results. GDP explains approximately 68.3% of the total variation in energy consumption in the PRD but only approximately 34.5% of that in the peripheral municipalities. We do not confirm Granger causality between energy consumption and economic development. Guangdong can decrease its energy consumption growth without substantially sacrificing its economic growth. The contribution of this study is to propose an analytical framework of the relationship between energy consumption and economic development that integrates time and space perspectives to account for spatial effects in panel analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guangdong Province enjoys a very high economic status in China especially in terms of port construction. In response to the port development directions in China, the Guangdong government released a policy about the construction of Guangdong ports in the next 15 years. Based on the policy, this study proposes to evaluate the port efficiency of major ports in Guangdong Province during 2011–2020 using the Super-efficiency EBM-DEA model that considers undesirable outputs, and the spatial effect of port efficiency and its influencing factors is further analyzed using the spatial Durbin model. The empirical results shows that the overall port efficiency in Guangdong Province is not high and varies widely among port clusters, thereby lacking synergistic development. The results of the spatial Durbin model show that port efficiency is positively correlated with the level of economic development, port-city relationship and transportation structure, as well as negatively correlated with the efficiency of neighboring ports. The findings have a far-reaching impact on the development of port construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the case of 21 cities of Guangdong Province, China, this study uses the Harken model to evaluate the level of regional economic synergistic development from 2000 to 2019 and three economic synergistic development drivers, including comparative advantage, economic linkage, and industry. The study finds that the regional industrial division of labor is the main regional economic synergistic development driver in Guangdong. It also finds that the overall level of synergistic development has evolved from an intermediate diffusion stage to an advanced, symbiotic one. However, apparent differences exist in the gradient of the East Guangdong – West Guangdong – North Guangdong – Pearl River Delta. The results of this study and their implications are also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately grasping the structural characteristics and influencing factors of green development spatial association are significant for green coordinated development and ecological civilization construction in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). This study evaluates the GBA's green development performance from 2015 to 2019 based on duality theory, and uses social network analysis to explore the structural characteristics and evolution of the green development spatial association network, and then uses the exponential random graph model to reveal the influencing factors of network formation. we find that: (1) the GBA's green development is steady. Its spatial association network became increasingly complex, and tends to be tight. (2) As important hubs, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong have the dominant positions in the GBA's green development spatial association network. Huizhou, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, and Macao are at the edge of the network, and their interoperability with other cities is relatively weak. (3) Four subgroups exist in the GBA during different periods, with obvious gradient characteristics between them, and the multilevel transmission mechanism of the green development network gradually forms. (4) Economic development and urbanization level, ecological environment endowment, and geographical, institutional, and industrial proximity all have significant impacts on the formation of the GBA's green development spatial association network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of aggravating environmental problems, the concept of green economy, advocated by policies introduced to solve such problems, is being increasingly recognized and emphasized. In addition, digital technologies, represented by the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence, are constantly integrating with economic and social fields, gradually becoming an important driving force for economic and social development, and also bringing certain positive environmental effects. This study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the green economy of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in the past three decades (1987-2018) under the background of administrative division adjustment and artificial intelligence development. First, the overall green economic development level of the GBA from 1987 to 2018 was analyzed using the superefficiency slack-based measure model. Then, the spatial pattern evolution characteristics and regional differences of green economy in the GBA in this period were assessed by the exploratory spatial data analysis model. According to the results of this study, (1) the green economic development levels of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong in the GBA always followed an increasing trend from 1987 to 2018. To be specific, Foshan, Zhongshan, Hong Kong, and Macao ranked among the top areas in the GBA in terms of average green economic development level; moreover, a strong positive correlation was found between economic strength and green economic development. (2) The overall green economic development level of the GBA roughly followed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, fluctuating around 0.45 on average. (3) Clearly, the green economy of various cities in the GBA showed certain correlations in 1987-2005, but with great fluctuations. However, no spatial correlation was observed after 2006. On the whole, in the GBA, the spatial agglomeration of green economy was weak. (4) There was a general lack of obvious spatial agglomeration in the overall green economic development of the GBA, especially in western Guangdong. In contrast, spatial agglomeration was obvious in eastern Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the angle of view of industrial agglomeration, this paper discusses the influence of industry space layout on e-conomic growth, the conclusions of empiral study on Guangdong Case are as following: At first, both industrial agglomeration and services agglomeration have positive influences on economic growth. Secondly, the influence coefficients of industrial agglomeration on economic development has not remarkable area features, but those of services agglomeration has remarkable area features. Thirdly, the influence coefficients of services agglomeration are greater than those of industrial agglomeration in most of high influence coefficients of services agglomeration region, and lesser in other regions. Therefore, China should make use of differentiated strategy to develop regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Drawing upon the perspective of state rescaling in city-region governance, this paper explores the transformation of cross-boundary governance in the Greater Pearl River Delta (GPRD), a cross-boundary region on the South China coast consisting of the PRD under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province, and Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions (SARs). Based on updated field investigation and in-depth interviews between 2008 and 2012, the study argues that the Greater PRD has undergone dramatic restructuring of regional governance since mid 2000s, reflected by rescaling attempts initiated by Guangdong provincial government and bottom-up resistance from local residents in Hong Kong. The interaction of the rescaling dynamics has engendered the contested geopolitics of the cross-boundary governance as the regional integration intensified. Notably, the complexity of cross-boundary governance has been heightened by emerging conflicts, resulted from the increasing number of mainlanders as ‘individual visitors’ to Hong Kong since the implementation of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), the first bilateral free trade agreement between Hong Kong and China effective from 2004. By examining the Greater PRD as a salient mega city-region, the present study enriches the growing literature on state rescaling and cross-border governance in contemporary globalization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Due to insufficient understanding of human-water interaction, many water-related problems arise in watersheds, posing severe threats to the sustainability of watershed development. Although water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) is a powerful tool to support sustainable development of watersheds, few studies considered aquatic ecological factors and uncertainty in indicator values, leading to losses of sample information in the evaluation of WECC. This paper developed a systematic framework for comprehensive WECC assessment that included the indicator system and a novel variable fuzzy pattern recognition (VFPR) approach. The WECC index system incorporated aquatic ecological factors, and addressed uncertainties associated with the indicator values. The proposed VFPR-based assessment model could realize successive evaluation to retain more original information of the sample and distinguish similar result values by treating the sample as having a continuous degree of membership instead of the traditional point form. In addition, it could be more adaptable to various circumstances including extreme cases, and closely reflect the impacts of indicator changes on the results. The established evaluation framework has been applied to Dongjiang River Basin in Guangdong Province. The spatial differences and main influencing factors of WECC in the study area were analyzed. Results show that 50% and 16.7% of the sub-regions in the study area would be subject to a poor level of WECC under pessimistic and optimistic circumstances, respectively. WECCs in the upper and lower reaches are the best and worst, respectively, which is in line with the levels of economic development in the Dongjiang River Basin. The proposed method can also be applicable to many other problems involving numerous indicators. • Traditional VFPR model was improved from both model structure and model parameters. • A systematic framework was proposed for continuous and comprehensive evaluation of WECC. • Water ecology and the uncertainty in indicator values were considered in the index system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The exploitative intensity evaluation of bays is meaningful for the ecological conservation, future utilization and integrated management of bays in China; especially for the regions where the economic development is depending on the coastal exploitation. Nevertheless, the complexity of morphology and structure of bays make the study a little bit difficult. A physical impulse-based approach to evaluate the exploitative intensity of bay was put forward in this paper. First of all, the differentiation in morphological, spatial location and structure of bays were analyzed, and the bay was separated into geographical elements of axes and areas accordingly; secondly, the exploitation and utilization process was abstracted and assumed using physical principles; Thirdly, physical Impulse-based Model of exploitative intensity evaluation was build according to the Law of Momentum which can convert the process variable to state variable. Daya Bay of Guangdong province in China was taken as a case study, four key time indicating the construction of large coastal engineering near Daya Bay coast were selected, namely year 1986, 1991, 2001 and 2004. The exploitative intensities of each spatial element of Daya Bay during 1986–1991, 1991–2001, and 2001–2004 were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the exploitative intensity of intertidal flat in Daya Bay during the study time spans is highest. The potential applications, current limitations, and future challenges of the approach were discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between water pollution and economic growth in four cities of Guangdong Province in China based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, using urban data over 1990–2009. Waste water is used as the environmental indicator and per capita GDP is used as the economic indicator. Cubic function is used to formulate the relationship, with quadratic function and logarithmic function as comparison. The results show that the relationship between waste water and per capita GDP of Guangzhou city is inverse U-shaped, those of Shenzhen, Heyuan and Huizhou are not inverse U-shaped until 2009. Several reasons are listed for the phenomenon, among which the change of industrial structure is analyzed in detail. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The enactment and implementation of the 2003 EIA Law in China institutionalised the role of plan environmental impact assessment (PEIA). While the philosophy, methodology and mechanisms of PEIA have gradually permeated through the various levels of government with a positive effect on the process and outcome of urban planning, only a few cities in China have so far carried out PEIA as a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)-type procedure. One such case is the southern city of Shenzhen. During the past three decades, Shenzhen has grown from a small town to a large and booming city as China has successfully and rapidly developed its economy by adopting the “reform and open door” policy. In response to the challenges arising from the generally divergent processes of rapid urbanisation, economic transformation and environment protection, Shenzhen has incrementally adopted the SEA concept in developing the city''s Master Urban Plan. As such, this paper reviews the effectiveness of PEIA in three ways: [•] as a tool and process for achieving more sustainable and strategic planning; [•] to determine the level of integration of SEA within the planning system; and, [•] its effectiveness vis-à-vis implementation. The implementation of PEIA within Shenzhen''s Master Urban Plan offers important insights into the emergence of innovative practices in undertaking PEIA as well as theoretical contributions to the field, especially in exploring the relationship between PEIA and SEA and highlighting the central role of local governing institutions in SEA development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper uses two methods LMDI and Laspeyres to analysis the influences the industrial structure has on energy consumption,including how much the three industries have contribution to energy intensity .The results we conclude are:1) Economy has a strong stimulating effect on energy consumption;2)The effect of improving energy efficiency by using science and technology is significant in Guangdong province, especially in the secondary industry; 3) The secondary industry plays a positive role in reducing energy intensity, and the advantages of the tertiary industry isn’t displayed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to determine a suitable outlet location of wastewater marine discharge engineering in the Maogang economic development zone of Maoming city, Guangdong, the paper analyzed the hydrological conditions, marine environmental function zoning, sensitivity degree and economic cost near the Maogang district and initially identified two optional outlets: the industrial discharge area of the district (outlet A) and the Shuidong bay port area (outlet B).Then the marine numerical model ECOMSED was applied to simulate the physical self-purification ability of the waters and the seawater exchange capacity of the outlet A and outlet B, respectively. Before the application of the ECOMSED model, it was validated with the hydrological data of the Shuidong bay and its neayby waters provided by the estuarine and coastal institute of Sun Yat-sen university. The simulation result shows that the physical serf-purification ability of the outlet A is stronger than that of the outlet B under the most unfavourable situation, with smaller influencing scope for the outlet A when the concentration increment of CODMn is bigger than O.Olmg/L. In terms of seawater exchange capacity, the outlet A also turns to be better than B, with the water residence of the outlet B 2.7 times as much as that of the outlet A. Between the two schemes of outlet location of the engineering, the best outlet location was determined to be A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a growth accounting exercise to uncover the sources of spectacular growth in the Guangdong Province in China, the so called `Fifth Dragon' in Asia. Brief overview of the economic growth performance of Guangdong; Construction of Guangdong's capital stock series; Analysis of the large fraction of output growth in Guangdong.

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Background: Clonorchiasis caused by ingesting improperly prepared fish ranks among the most important but still neglected food-borne parasitic diseases, especially in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China). To promote the implementation of interventions efficiently, the demonstration of an epidemiological profile of Clonorchis sinensis infection is essential in hyper-epidemic areas. Methods: In one community with higher levels of economic development in Guangdong province, P.R. China, villagers were motivated to provide stool samples for examining helminth eggs. Then, those infected with C. sinensis completed the structured questionnaire including demographical characteristics, knowledge and behavior. Results: A total of 293 villagers infected with C. sinensis participated in questionnaire investigation. Among them, 94.54% were adult and 93.17% were indigenous. The geometric mean of C. sinensis eggs per gram of feces in the children, adult females and adult males was 58, 291 and 443, respectively. The divergence between knowledge and behavior in the adults, especially the adult males, was shown. Out of 228 persons eating raw fish, 160 did it more frequently at restaurants, the proportion of which varied in different populations, showing 25.00%, 54.88% and 80.28% in the children, adult females and adult males, respectively. Conclusions: Different interventions need to be adopted in different populations. Chemotherapy should be prioritized in the adults, especially the adult males. In addition, health education targeting the children, is essential and may play a crucial role in controlling clonorchiasis in the long term. In order to successfully control clonorchiasis, intervention in the restaurant should not be overlooked in some endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact which the city of Hong Kong, China has had on manufacturing industries in mainland China, particularly in the province of Guangdong. Hong Kong is said to have played a leading role in the modernization of Chinese manufacturing. The city's evolution from a trading port to an inexpensive manufacturing location to a locus of service providers is analyzed. Hong Kong's financial industry and supply chain services are emphasized. The ways in which technological developments have affected Chinese industrial policy are also discussed.

An analysis of data mainly from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses and 2005 mini-census shows how fertility decline between 1975 and 2005 in the province of Guangdong has been influenced by both fertility policy and economic and social development. Guangdong's development since 1975 has been very rapid and has attracted huge numbers of migrants from other provinces. The analysis of the province's fertility trend from 1975 shows clearly the influence of fertility policy on the trend. The analysis also shows that economic development has brought about large changes in population composition by urban/rural residence, education, occupation, and migration status, which, together with large fertility differentials by these characteristics, have contributed substantially to Guangdong's fertility decline, in large part through changes in proportions currently married. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the link between knowledge and production. Education is advantageous for industrial development, and there is no doubt that this proposition is confined to generalities to some extent. But in reality, the relationship between education and development does not appear to be linear. It is not sufficient to have more education to obtain more development, and some teaching may even turn out to be counterproductive. The word "knowledge" is a deceptive one because it gives the impression of the existence of objective truths, and that it is enough to know them in order to succeed in mastering the world. The industrial world is a competitive world. In order to succeed, it is not enough to act like the rest, because in this case, one is behind them; you have to do better, that is, differently. I propose here to assemble the data collected on the relationship between "knowledge" and "employment" in Guangdong's private factories to sustain the consideration about the knowledge that is useful for development. As we will see, education promotes and prevents industrial development. Everything must be understood case by case, individual by individual, situation by situation-the distinctive situation in which one finds oneself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on the abundant research carried out in villages in shenzhen, primarily analyzes the economic-activity types of villages in china with dominant economic characteristics such as limited interest cooperation and informal economies, and proceeds to outline the reasons why the policies instituted by the local government failed. the authors recommend effective measures for improving the reconstruction of shenzhen villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, X., 2020. Position enhancement and development strategies of Zhuhai's economy in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater bay area. In: Al-Tarawneh, O. and Megahed, A. (eds.), Recent Developments of Port, Marine, and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 110, pp. 201–205. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The economic circle of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has an important impact on China's economic development and surrounding economic cooperation. Zhuhai plays a non-negligible position in the economic construction of the GBA. To build the GBA into a global advanced economic center, it's important to promote Zhuhai's economic position in the GBA. For this, the authors attempt to systematically study the position enhancement and development strategies of Zhuhai in the GBA. First the position of GBA in the global integrated economy was analyzed. Then, it discusses about the economic development trend of Zhuhai, and proposes corresponding economic development countermeasures and industrial structure optimization methods. The study found that compared with other cities in the GBA, Zhuhai has a relatively higher economic growth rate, a better investment environment, and greater potentials for development; the proportions of the secondary and tertiary industries in Zhuhai are almost the same; to maintain long-term economic development, Zhuhai needs to increase the proportion of the primary industry and optimize the industrial structure. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for Zhuhai's economic development and position enhancement in the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]