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In Andean countries, the "pishtaco" is understood as a White-looking man that steals Indigenous people's organs for money. In contemporary Amazonia, the Shipibo-Konibo people describe the "pishtaco" as a high-tech murderer, equipped with a sophisticated laser gun that injects electricity inside a victim's body. This paper looks at this dystopia through Shipibo-Konibo children's drawings, presenting composite sketches of the "pishtaco" and maps of the village before and after an attack. Children portrayed White men with syringes and electric guns as weaponry, while discussing whether organ traffickers could also be mestizos nowadays. Meanwhile, the comparison of children's maps before and after the attack reveals that lit lampposts are paradoxically perceived as a protection at night. The paper examines changing features of "pishtacos" and the dual capacity of electricity present in children's drawings. It argues that children know about shifting racial dynamics in the village's history and recognise development's oxymoron: the same electricity that can be a weapon is also used as a shield.

Inspired by the commitment to address the environmental challenges in Peru under the UN Sustainable Development Goals 13 (Climate Action) and its implications by 2030, therefore, this study investigates the combined role of economic globalization, financial development, and fossil fuel intensity consumption using a combination of dynamic ARDL counterfactual simulation and kernel-based regularized least squares within the context of Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology over the period 1971-2017. This research output confirms the inverted-U-shaped hypothesis between economic growth and carbon emissions. In contrast, the kernel-based regularized least squares confirms the scale effect and fossil curse hypothesis in the relationship between financial development and carbon emission, and heterogeneous effects in economic integration and carbon emission. We further document that financial development, fossil fuel consumption, urban population, affluence (economic growth), and government final consumption expenditure spur environmental pollution while economic integration reduces it. This study recommends Peru to instill environmental justice through regulations and policies restricting inflows into an exploration of environmentally unsustainable projects within Peruvian metropolises or in the Peruvian Amazon. There is a need to revisit finance and investment laws and increase investment in low-carbon infrastructure within Peru., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The development of a global form of citizenship stands in a rather tense relation with the realities of vast numbers of marginalised citizens across the globe, to the extent that marginality appears to be the hidden other of global citizenship. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the development of a political economy of global citizenship by elaborating on some of these issues. The paper provides a critical discussion of the literature on global citizenship education using a theoretical approach that stems from political economy theories of globalisation. The notion of an emerging transnational class system will provide the starting point for understanding the processes and forces behind current forms of global structural marginalisation and their implications for the possibilities of a global citizenship. (Contains 1 note.)

For educators, the anti-globalization movement has created a literature of opposition which offers enhanced opportunities for teaching critical analysis of neo-liberal political economy. The movement also aids those who wish to teach how First World wealth and privilege is functionally related to Third World poverty and underdevelopment. The pedagogy of travel/service learning offers promising advantages in both areas. This paper outlines an innovative history course which has been successful in attaining these outcomes. The author's purpose is to present the course as a model to enhance conventional pedagogies. The course possesses a unique "rotating venue" design which in alternate years travels to Argentina, Peru, or Brazil, where students work in short-term community development projects. The author's underlying assumption is that with some caveats, what students learn in any of these countries can be applied to understanding the greater surrounding region. The author begins by describing the course, its methodologies, and the development of "adoption relationships" with Latin social agencies. He discusses some of the active learning techniques employed to link experiential with conceptual learning. Finally, the author offers a variation on Paulo Freire's theory of concientizacao (consciousness-raising) to explain how First World students can benefit from a travel/service learning experience. (Contains 1 table, 1 figure, and 23 notes.)

This discussion of satellite services for education and rural development in less developed countries emphasizes the importance of adequate telephone systems to support development programs. Programs in Peru, Indonesia, and the West Indies are highlighted, and current and future problems in planning satellite systems are reviewed. (LRW)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the location decisions and geographical expansion of microfinance institutions (MFIs) across Peru. To this end, econometric analyses are performed on a self-constructed dataset that covers MFI presence and expansion in the 1832 districts of Peru, and this for 39 MFIs and 13 commercial banks over the period 2001-2008. The paper shows that Peruvian MFIs have expanded considerably during the last decade. MFIs especially increase access in districts with higher levels of development and therefore seem to follow principally a commercial logic. Districts with banks have also a higher probability of an MFI opening. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using primary data from rural Peru and a novel econometric framework, this paper evaluates the effects of gendered land inheritance on women's relative power. We find limited evidence that increasing a woman's landholdings increases her power; while an increase in landholdings of men in her household decreases her power. A coincident increase in land for both has significant empowering effects. Thus, gender policies need to go beyond interventions that exclusively target women—empowering women also requires empowering men in specific ways. We also provide fresh insight into using women's empowerment for economic development by distinguishing power from the influence that women possess over specific household decisions because of their power. We characterize each influence (e.g., household expenditures) by two statistics—threshold (the level of empowerment required to awaken the influence) and sensitivity (the response of the influence to marginal increases in power). We find that different thresholds of power are required for women to influence different household decisions. Credit and land-rental require much greater power and are less sensitive than livestock, household-goods, or management of agricultural land. Distinguishing power from influence adds great value to the survey questions now used to create indices of women's power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the effects of the consistently enforced liberal policies in Chile of the last 40 years in comparison to the inconsistent policies of the Peruvian government during the same period. Tariff policy can be used as a representative indicator of the liberal/protective economic approach given how important openness is to trade in the long term development of small economies. The first section explains tariff and tariff policy. The second details the historical development of tariff policies in Chile and Peru and the third part contains a comparison of their current tariff structures. Both countries started at a similar point in the 1970s, both utilize comparable natural resources and have a similar GDP ratio. However, only Chile has become one of the most developed economies in the region while Peru, although progressing rapidly in the last decade, is still lagging 10 years behind due to inconsistent policies applied during the '70s and '80s. By turning to neoliberalism in the '90s, Peru laid the foundation for their current strong economic development and is now, in some ways, even more open than Chile with a few exceptions in the textile, coffee and beef industries to which Peru applies high tariff rates to protect the jobs these industries provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Figures from the last two agricultural censuses in Peru indicate significant changes in the presence of women conducting agricultural units. Altogether, women went from controlling 20% in 1994 to 31% of total agricultural units in 2012. In the conventional discourse, this is mostly assumed to be clear evidence for the "economic advance for women", linked mainly to the increased access to agricultural land. This trend, however, can also be associated with a process of impoverishment, especially if women control increasingly smaller and low productivity agricultural units, and face unsurmountable barriers for better education, financing of high value crops and cattle, formal titling and other key services. In this paper we use a panel of districts from these two censuses to disentangle the occurrence of both processes in the asset and market access dimensions. We find evidence of very different processes occurring for women with and without male partners. We conclude that more control of agricultural units by women does not necessarily imply greater economic progress, especially if there are not specific policies in place to offset gender biases in the access to key agricultural assets, rural institutions and markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the analysis of stochastic and β-convergence in the relative regional per capita outputs using different unit root tests both with and without structural breaks and using a further test that is robust to the presence of I(0) or I(1) errors. It allows robust inference on the estimates of the initial per capita output (intercepts) and the respective growth rates (slopes). The results of the application of unit root tests without structural breaks show the absence of stochastic convergence. However, by incorporating the presence of endogenous breaks, the results are reversed for all regions. In the case of β-convergence, the results of the robust test WRQF show that all regions have a structural break at some point during the period 1970-2010. We find different behavior for different regions. There is a catching-up process and a lagging-behind process for different groups of regions towards more negative or more positive paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of tourism on total and extreme monetary poverty, in order to illuminate the debate surrounding the links between tourism and poverty. We apply fixed effects models to panel data on the Peruvian departments for the period 2001-2013. We also identify the key factors in the tourism model affecting the empirical results. Our findings show that tourism is important for the poor, but its benefits do not reach the extreme poor to the same extent, and its potential is not fully exploited. The weak macroenvironment and low community participation impede poverty reduction through tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method to measure competitiveness performance at the subnational level, with an application to Peruvian regions. For this, we propose a benefit-of-the-doubt composite index that summarizes the information of several indicators that characterize competitiveness. It is based on an optimization approach, using data enveloping analysis (DEA) techniques, so that each indicator is weighted in an endogenous way, and each unit is evaluated in the most favourable light. Our proposed index is a non-radial variant of the typical DEA scores, which avoids the traditional pitfalls of DEA-based composite indices, such as unreasonable weights. Additionally, we propose a meta-frontier approach in order to compare the competitiveness performances across different periods of evaluation. Our assessments of the Peruvian regions' competitiveness performance improve on the results of traditional DEA methods, which award high marks to regions with very heterogeneous performance (i.e., regions with very high scores in some indicators, and very poor in others). Additionally, the comparison of the performance across time shows a general decrease in the average competitiveness between 2008 and 2014 of the Peruvian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent efforts in Peru to boost financial inclusion, significant issues of exclusion persist, especially among vulnerable groups. This article aims to identify and analyze areas at risk of financial exclusion using a multifaceted methodology: the Financial Access Survey (FAS) for comparative analysis (Peru versus other countries and regions), geographical-distribution analysis, and the Access to Cash Index (ACI) methodology. Findings reveal that remote rural areas of Peru, particularly those inland, as well as mountainous or jungle regions, face higher risks of financial exclusion due to low digital literacy, limited digital banking usage, sparse branch and ATM networks, and inadequate transportation infrastructure. These insights can inform targeted public policies to enhance financial inclusion in Peru, as well as the development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Middle and lower-level managers play a significant role in the strategic management process, primarily in the execution stage. However, strategic diffusion - the extent to which a strategy is effectively executed and becomes an integral part of the organization - varies across organizations. This paper aims to examine the strategic diffusion process in two emerging economies, Mexico and Peru. Design/methodology/approach: Parnell's strategic diffusion scale (SDS) was adopted for this study. Respondents also completed Cook and Wall's nine-item organizational commitment instrument and a three-item scale measuring satisfaction with firm performance. Surveys were translated into Spanish and completed by 218 Mexican and 270 Peruvian managers. Findings: Strategic diffusion was linked to performance satisfaction among both Mexican and Peruvian managers. Overall, Mexican managers produced higher scores on the strategic diffusion scale (SDS) than did their Peruvian counterparts. The link between strategic diffusion and organizational commitment among middle and lower-level managers remains unclear. Research limitations/implications: This study supports the strategic diffusion construct and the SDS. Three items in the scale were problematic in certain instances, however. The present study linked strategic diffusion to performance satisfaction in both Mexico and Peru. As expected, Mexican managers exhibited higher SDS scores than did their Peruvian counterparts. The link between strategic diffusion and organizational commitment was not strong, however. Additional research is needed in this area. Practical implications: Middle and lower level managers in different countries have different views on the process of strategic diffusion. These distinctions are cause by a number of factors, including stages in the economic development cycle, organizational culture, and widely accepted management practices. Executives seeking to implement strategies should recognize the three key components of strategic diffusion - understanding, involvement, and commitment - and how they are influenced by national contexts. Originality/value: There is a dearth of research assessing management behaviors in emerging nations. It is also important to learn more about processes associated with strategy execution in different organizations. This paper addresses both needs by assessing strategic diffusion in Mexico and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses documents generated by the 1594–1595 composiciones de tierras in Cuzco, Peru, to discuss the economic transformation of the former heartland of the Inca Empire and the impact of Spanish administrative policies implemented in the early 1570s. The diverse social and environmental landscapes of rural areas lying to the west of Cuzco provide a range of local case studies that reveal how settlement and tribute policies of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo failed to produce sustainable colonial towns of Christian Indians. Detailed records of indigenous land repartition in the area show gender- and status-based patterns of individual allocations, as well as ecological differences in landholding between communities. The local records indicate the continuing importance of Inca-era community identities and local leadership for maintaining possession of community lands. By contrast, documents related to the composiciones among private landowners reveal vast inequalities in land access, as well as the rapid growth in the demand for indigenous labor to produce important agrarian commodities. We argue that Spanish administrative policies accelerated the transformation of the means of production in rural Cuzco, creating peasants instead of Christian Indian subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Taking advantage of economic opportunities has led to numerous conflicts between society and business in various geographies of the world. Companies have developed social responsibility programs to prevent and manage these types of problems. However, some authors comment that these programs lack a strategic vision. Starting with the Working with People model, created for the field of rural development planning, this paper proposes a methodology to prevent the generation of social conflicts from business strategy: the territorial dimension. The proposal emphasizes that local development support prevents the generation of social conflicts. Finally, an experience in Peru, a country that has been characterized in recent years by high economic growth and also by the presence of social conflicts that have stopped entrepreneurship is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collection costs of the recycling industry are higher in high-income countries than in middle-income countries. This is mainly due to the fact that in middleincome countries, recycling collection is handled by the informal sector, and these waste collectors do not adhere the prescribed health and safety conditions. In this paper, we use the Peruvian recycling industry as a case study of the recycling industry in a middle income country. The analysis of the structure of the recycling industry in Peru suggests that this industry faces a major challenge as the country continues its economic development. We show how variations in the technical, legal, and work regulations in Peru will modify the cost structure of plastics recycling operations. A forecast regarding the viability of the recycling industry in Peru in the coming years is made and based on this analysis. We propose that technification is needed for this industry to remain viable in middleincome countries. The analysis presented here can be easily extended to other middle income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines 19th-century Peruvian heights from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Analyzing male and female prisoner heights from the Lima penitentiary, we find that the physical stature of the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. In spite of the substantial profits generated by Peru's chief export product, guano, these revenues apparently did not filter down to benefit ordinary laborers., (2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper the linkages between archaeology, identity, and tourism in Peru are discussed in the context of economic and social development. The role of archaeologists in the heritage process ( patrimonialización) is shown to transcend the production of narratives and destinations pivotal to the touristic experience. Engagements beyond the material remains of the pre-Colonial past have been hampered by the complex role of the indigenous in the national mythology, as much as by the perceived mandate of the discipline. Promise and pitfalls of ethical practices leading to locally grounded strategies are explored in two case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la CEPAL is the property of United Nations Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peruvian jungle regions have remained relatively untouched by development projects, but recent sell-offs of more than 70% by President Alan García's government have caused controversy and violent protests that threaten to divide the developing nation. A look at Inca and colonial land rights can help us understand the communal land rights model that is currently preventing development projects. There are many obvious upsides to opening the native-owned lands to development like growth of the Peruvian economy and employment opportunities; however, the indigenous culture would also be under threat by national and multinational companies that have little regard for any native culture that stands in the way of profit. Some argue that improving indigenous land rights are the key to getting the communities organized and able to benefit from the imminent development. Others believe that these type of land rights will lead to "divide and conquer" tactics historically employed by big business. This paper seeks to understand the context of the controversy in order to determine a middle ground solution between both arguments that can deliver economic growth to Peru while simultaneously preserving indigenous culture, respecting human rights, and conserving the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a research paper related to Peruviansubcultural values in Peru. It reports that the research aimed at designing a value measurement tool in order to present an indigenous theory of cultural values. It informs that the research uses the instrument to develop the link between economic and social development within Peru. It discusses the findings of the research which states that Peruvians of various subcultural groups differ in perceptions for their cultural values which can be useful in achieving success in international business.

Copyright of Antípoda is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liberal structural reforms associated to changes in the export product composition may affect economic growth, and at the same time, may yield biases in the official standard trade index numbers from developing countries and error measures in the real rate of economic and exports growth. This paper proposes a set of index numbers which incorporates the export product composition in a standard export index in such a way that changes in the current export value can be decomposed into: price changes; quantity changes, and product composition changes. In the applications of those indexes for the Peruvian case, it is found that the estimated overvaluations in the official annual average rate of growth of the real exports value and the GDP, were, respectively 3% and 0.6%, for the period 1993-2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the experience of economic growth in Peru during the last five decades. It describes its principal characteristics, explains the changes along the period and predicts its future path. The methodological approach consists in a combination of accounting and econometric techniques, both based in comparisons between countries and periods of time. The study discovers that the most important turning points of the economic growth were caused by changes in the productivity of all inputs, instead of the simple accumulation of capital. Specifically, the paper finds out that the recover of the economic growth in Peru during the 1990's was caused by the process of structural reforms and stabilization and lasts until now. The future growth of the economy depends on the continuation and deepness of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitation of institutional models from industrialized nations is disfunctional for the developing nation. The imported model often does not fit the needs of the host culture. Furthermore, the model is a product of particular historical circumstances in the exporting country. Members of that institution would not recreate it in its present form if they were free to build anew. Industrialized countries are also characterized by a high degree of specialization and by complex problems of coordination of specialties. The developing nation can progress best as it pursues an innovative strategy with an emphasis upon the integration among specialties. The argument is illustrated with cases drawn primarily from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to update and synthesise the current body of knowledge on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Peru. Proper management of marine and coastal areas and their ecosystems is of the upmost importance in this country. Almost 60% of the population and a substantial segment of the economy are concentrated on coastal territory, which barely accounts for 13% of the surface area of the country. In addition, this is the natural region with less water resources but has generated the majority of recent economic growth. Artisanal fishing stands out as one of the predominant economic activities for management consideration. This study is comprised of ten key elements that have been chosen in order to analyse national coastal management: Policy, Normative, Institutions, Strategies, Instruments, Information, Education, Resources, Managers and Participation. The results obtained are of great interest due to important advances that have been found in a number of these management elements (normative and instruments). Other results point to opportunities that could potentially have a great impact in the future (policy and institutions). However, deficiencies have also been detected and consequently it is recommended that they be corrected urgently (managers, resources and participation). Peru is currently working with other international institutions with the aim of advancing the definition of its National Policy in Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and its corresponding National Programme. Important decisions related with the contribution of regional and local scale to national efforts are key decisions in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper published in the journal "Population Studies," sociologist J.M. Stycos has shown that fertility is lower in the economically underdeveloped Indian-speaking parts of Peru than in the more prosperous Spanish-speaking parts. The relationship is of theoretical significance because it has usually been assumed that there is an inverse relation between fertility and economic development. In the present paper it is shown that this relation holds not only for Peru, but for Ecuador and Bolivia as well. Stycos had concluded that the reason for the fertility difference in Peru was the greater marital instability of the Indian speakers, which decreased their total exposure to the risk of conception. Such an explanation implies that the fertility difference in question is unintended. In the present paper data are introduced which question the adequacy of Stycos' interpretation and suggest that possibly the fertility difference is due to voluntary causes. Specifically, it is shown that the Indian areas are also areas with a high proportion of females in the labor force and it is suggested that women in these areas may therefore be motivated to control their fertility to some extent possibly by means of abortion or infanticide.

The research's aim was to comparatively evaluate regional development in Peru in the period 2015-2019, through the multidimensional elaboration of a Regional Development Index (RDI) that involves the four interdependent components of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental and institutional). For this, it has been rigorously followed the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Jenks Natural Breaks method, the sigma convergence and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The results show that certain regions (Callao, Ica, Moquegua, Lima) triple the development of others (Cajamarca, Huancavelica, Puno, Loreto), despite the fact that the latter have large sources of development; one reason is due to the low progress in the institutional dimension. In hierarchical order, the dimensions with the greatest contribution to the RDI (degree of association of the dimensions with respect to the RDI) are social (95.20%), environmental (95.98%), economic (84.78%) and institutional (49.42%). In addition, the results show the existence of a regional sigma convergence, which indicates that regional disparities decreased in the 2015-2019 period. Likewise, Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (0.90) reports the existence of internal reliability in the methodology used. Finally, the design of a web platform prototype that iteratively shows Peru regional development is included, using intelligent algorithms, big data, web scraping and geospatial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1998 to 2012, the Peruvian economy exhibited rapid growth. Moreover, the composition of the labor force improved in terms of education and experience, two variables that are typically associated to higher human capital. The average worker in 2012 had a higher level of education and was one and a half years older than in 1998, reflecting the impact of the demographic transition. However, the average real wage was roughly constant. We show that a decline in the wage premium for education, and to a minor extent for experience, is responsible for the lack of growth in the average real wage. Had these two premia remained constant throughout the period of analysis, average labor earnings would have increased by about 2.6% per year, of which 0.7 percentage points are accounted for by the changes in the composition of the labor force in terms of age and education. We explore the role of the relative supply of workers with different levels of human capital as an explanation for the decline in the wage premium for education. Finally, we analyze the implications of these findings for some macroeconomic variables, as earnings and wage inequality, the labor share and total factor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The pressure on irrigation is increasing worldwide, not only because of – perceived or real – high water consumption in the irrigated sector, but also because an increased world population puts stress on food production. Numerous irrigated areas around the world face similar issues of water scarcity, disparity in water distribution and deficient infrastructure. As a result, farmers are typically restricted in their production strategies. A general strategy in the irrigation sector is the introduction of so-called modern techniques in existing irrigation systems, with the aim to increase agricultural production. This paper discusses such a modernization effort in the sub-basin of Yarabamba, Arequipa, Peru, in which a reservoir is being constructed to improve water use and stimulate economic development. Based on fieldwork, including interviews and scenario modeling with WEAP, the relationships between water users, their irrigation systems and the water balances in the basin were studied. Scenario studies showed that the reservoir might alleviate the current water shortages in the sub-basin, but that restrictions in the current infrastructure and management of irrigation may be of more importance than the reservoir. Especially existing interests and actions of upstream and downstream areas appear to be important factors; these will not be automatically solved with the new reservoir. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Globalization, characterized by economic liberalization, has resulted in the growing power of corporate capital and MNCs. However, it has also provided opportunities for previously marginalized groups, such as indigenous peoples, to rescale their political claims and gain international support and legitimacy. This paper explores the double-edged sword of globalization for indigenous peoples in their struggle against mining companies in Peru, and the changing nature of their resistance: employing a collective identity, partnerships with international actors, and litigation. It concludes that the struggle actually provides indigenous peoples in Peru with a platform on which to voice their concerns on a global scale, which has ultimately given them more political power at the domestic level. As well, the role of the Peruvian state is analyzed in ignoring or suppressing indigenous rights through the endorsement of an economic development strategy, which starkly contrasts the sustainable and participatory development view advocated by indigenous communities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, successive Governments in Peru have sought to expand the exploration and production of the country's oil and gas resources. This economic agenda poses significant opportunities and risks which are usually considered at the macro-level and framed by debates regarding the so-called 'natural resource curse'. While risks such as 'Dutch disease' are important to consider, a worrying set of short-term issues surrounds the impacts of rapid changes brought on by oil and gas industrial development at the micro-level, namely, those that affect local communities and the environment. In the case of Peru, this is especially relevant to the vast areas of ecologically sensitive and previously under-developed Amazonia that are now under concession to oil and gas companies. Low levels of industry transparency combined with a lack of uniform free, prior and informed consent are exacerbating community-level grievances, and the conflicts to which they can lead. As the oil and gas industry expands in the Peruvian Amazon, the risk of conflict is likely to prove far harder to minimize or ameliorate than are the challenges of managing industry revenues and the risk of currency appreciation most often associated with the natural resource curse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show the balance of knowledge deficit in Peru compared to the surplus of its trade balance and the necessity to transform the structure and technological coefficients of exports to close this knowledge gap. We analyze major economic policies that could help in closing the gap, especially industrial and technological innovation policies, rethinking intellectual property rights and impelling the forces that propagate the economic system as a whole. "Openness" and the "good management of macroeconomic fundamentals" are necessary but not sufficient conditions to transform the economy, which for better performance need the strategic "will and wit" of adding value and a better balance between external and national interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to think about the dynamics between social labour relationships and the religious believes in Peruvian mining on the basis of anthropological analysis of data collected among Julcani miners (Huancavelica) and Canta artisanal miners (Sierra of Lima) . Julcani miners are observed in two different socioeconomic contexts, one of modernization and technological development, and another of mine closure. Canta artisanal miners are also observed in two different periods, one before and the other after the installation in the zone of a mineral trade company. It can be stated that the apparition of «evil» believes in miner's religious system corresponds to the expansion and intensification of capitalist labour relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with Viceroy Toledo's governing plan and the modern concepts of development. It is a review of Viceroy Toledo's plan genesis from 1568's Junta Magna, the Toledo's trip over the Andes and the final establishment of his two main economic policy pillars: the mita and the technological process --using mercury for extracting silver from the ore--. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003 the Peruvian government launched a second wave of decentralization and devolution initiatives to the sub-national governments. The move aimed at fostering development, economic growth and job creation with a strong focus on small companies. However, evidence shows these efforts failed because properly planned policies linked to development objectives were lacking. A reference framework is proposed to design local policies that will add economic momentum, relate the local business network to external systems, and create wellbeing by fostering small business competitiveness. To help identify several types of development measures, the paper proposes to take account of the relation between the business activity and its territory, the key factors of success of innovative companies, and the business's life cycle as related to the potential for innovation and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the effects of military expenditure on growth in Peru in the period from 1970 to 1996. By using a Deger-type Simultaneous Equations Model it is possible to break up the net effect into supply- and demand-side influences. The former consist of positive externalities of defence activities on the other sectors of the economy, while the latter can be described as crowding-out of civilian investment. Estimations find the supply-side effects to be insignificantly different from zero, while the crowding-out effect of defence spending is significant and substantial. It is thereby established that defence expenditure has a negative overall effect on economic growth in Peru. Although several caveats - including specification problems of the Deger model, the quality of the data used, a relatively small sample and the presence of autocorrelation in the estimations - must be considered, these results turn out to be quite robust with respect to estimation methods (3SLS, 2SLS, OLS) and slight modifications to the model. They are also consistent with previous empirical findings from other countries and cross sectional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes why some Latin American countries have succeeded in implementing laws that protect the rights of LGBT people, while other countries have not. To address this question, the article focuses on LGBT rights in Peru as a negative case study. Peru has enjoyed economic growth over many years, which is considered one of the key factors for increasing tolerance of the LGBT community by heterosexual people. In addition, some LGBT legislators and parties are fighting to legalize civil unions and same-sex marriage. Nonetheless, the Peruvian Congress rejected the civil union bill despite the struggle of the LGBT Community and their supporters. Since the progressive left-wing party is weak in Peru, the right-wing party does not try to capture leftist followers who tend to show more tolerance for LGBT. The lack of consensus between left-wing politicians has divided and weakened their share of the vote. Therefore, the weakness of progressive left-wing politicians allows right-wing politicians to ignore the rights of LGBT. On the other hand, most of the rigid left-wing politicians receive support from rural areas where modernization has partially permeated, and they must prioritize economic issues rather than sexual ones. Therefore, the gap between urban and rural areas and the stagnation of gender issues allows the rigid leftist and right-wing politicians to ignore sexual diversity. This article concludes that the growth gap between urban and rural areas and strong veto players prevent Congress from approving LGBT people's rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]