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The article offers a review on the development of Indian dry ports as part of a national program to eradicate transportation bottlenecks, induce the economic development of different regions, and enhance transport efficiency. It compares the efficiency of dry ports private and public sector operation and examines the impacts of the government policy on the efficiency. The authors tested two hypotheses related to the port operations efficiency using data from their field interviews and study.

The present investigation was carried out in the hilly and plain areas of Uttarakhand to analyze the economic efficiency of two entirely different agro-ecosystems . Agriculture concentrated mainly between 1000-2000 m elevation belts has been studied and is the primary occupation of about 80% people of the state. The agriculture is practised as a mixed farming system where the crops, livestock, and forests are the integral part of this agro-ecosystem. The subsistence agriculture of this region is characterized by small land holding as small crop fields over rugged terrain with a limited scope for irrigation and mechanization . The input output analysis of various crops indicates that the cultivation of vegetables in both the agro-ecosystem is beneficial from economic point of view. However in hill agro- ecosystem vegetables and pseudocereals should be encouraged because both the crops are having maximum input. Moreover , these are organically produced crops and thus are eco-friendly in nature . this will help in improving the economy of the local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]