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The study evaluates the connection amid public expenditure on education, health in relation with economic growth in South Africa. The data span across 1990-2020. The study employed VAR technique to analyse the data. The findings signify that domestic general government health expenditure had a negative influence on economic growth in the second period but a positive impact in the first and third periods. GEED has consistently had a favorable and substantial effect on economic expansion. Experience has a detrimental effect on the second period and a good one on the first and third. Imp has a comparable effect on economic growth to exports, contributing favorably to growth in the first and third periods and adversely to growth in the second. Essentially, national growth strategies need to be tailored to encourage expenditure on health and education for advancement of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines sustainable electricity consumption for economic growth in a small open and tourist economy. The energy-tourism nexus is evaluated for the relationship between sustainable electricity consumption and the international tourist arrival for the South African economy. The present study leverages on annual frequency data for South Africa from 1995 to 2019 for empirical analysis using the ARDL technique. Accordingly, empirical findings indicate a significant direct connection between the sustainable electricity consumption and the international tourism arrival; the study affirms that tourism-induced energy hypothesis is valid in South Africa. However, from a policy standpoint, alternative energy efficiency mechanisms such as renewable energy systems and emancipation of current energy management capabilities are recommended in South Africa. This is necessary for sustainable eco-friendly tourism that engenders clean energy consumption for the study area. More insights into policy caveats are presented in the concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]