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Start Over Descriptor "INEQUALITY RESULTS" Topic economic review
3 results on '"INEQUALITY RESULTS"'

1. The Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa : The Inequality among All Africans

Author

Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah and Lakner, Christoph

Subjects
PRICE LEVELS, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, GROWTH RATES, REGIONAL MEDIAN, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, ANNUAL RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, MEASUREMENT, DECREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, POPULATION GROWTH, LAGS, INCOME, DATA SET, INFLATION RATE, BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY, POOR GROWTH, PER CAPITA INCOME, DISTRIBUTION, AVERAGE INCOMES, ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, LIVING STANDARDS, INCOME SHARE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, INCOMES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, LAND OWNERSHIP, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, GROWTH PROCESS, SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL, DEVELOPING WORLD, PURCHASING POWER, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NATIONAL INCOME, WELFARE, INCOME INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION, GDP PER CAPITA, THEORY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, RELATIVE PRICES, MEASURING POVERTY, TRADE, LOW INCOME, INCREASING SHARE, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, PER CAPITA INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, GROUP INEQUALITY, WEALTH, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC THEORY, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, AVERAGE INEQUALITY, PRODUCT, ECONOMIC REVIEW, INEQUALITY ESTIMATES, GDP, BASE YEAR, EXCHANGE, INEQUALITY COMPONENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, VALUE, POSITIVE EFFECTS, COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS, GROWTH SPELLS, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, ECONOMETRICS, BENCHMARK, AVERAGE INCOME, POVERTY ESTIMATES, REAL GROWTH, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION SHARE, MEASURING INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POLICY RESEARCH, INCREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION, GROWTH RATE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, REAL GDP, POVERTY HEADCOUNT, AVERAGE ANNUAL, INCOME CONVERGENCE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, INCOME GROUPS, LORENZ CURVE, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME, MEAN CONSUMPTION, POWER PARITY, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS, POVERTY LINE, NATURAL RESOURCES, INEQUALITY RESULTS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, MEAN INCOME, INEQUALITY MEASURE, LOGARITHMIC SCALE, MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, POVERTY RATE, RESIDUAL INEQUALITY, POSITIVE GROWTH, FALLING POVERTY
Abstract

This paper uses a set of national household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals during 1993 to 2008. The analysis puts the disparities in living standards that exist among persons in Africa into context with the disparities that exist within and between African countries. Regional interpersonal inequality has increased (from a Gini index of 52 percent in 1993 to 56 percent in 2008), driven by increasing disparities in living standards across countries, while there has been no systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the African distribution as a whole, growth of consumption expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (around 1 percent per year). This growth has been uneven and as a result the richest 5 percent of Africans received around 40 percent of the total gains, while the bottom third stagnated.

Published
2016

2. Global Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Agricultural Distortions

Author

Bussolo, Maurizio, De Hoyos, Rafael, and Medvedev, Denis

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, REAL INCOME, AGRICULTURAL REFORM, GLOBAL POVERTY, VALUE ADDED, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, SKILL LEVEL, POLICY REFORM, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMER PRICES, EXPORT MARKETS, NATIONAL ECONOMIES, INCOME, REAL WAGE, DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, COMPETITIVENESS, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, TARIFF RATE, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, POOR GROWTH, PER CAPITA INCOME, TRADE AGREEMENTS, AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS, MACROECONOMIC MODELS, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP, POLICY REFORMS, FARMERS, SKILLED WORKERS, PRICE INCREASES, IMPORT TARIFF, INCOME SHARE, HIGHER INEQUALITY, REAL WAGES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, PURCHASING POWER, TRADE BARRIERS, LABOUR EARNINGS, INCOME INEQUALITY, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, POVERTY REDUCTION, EXPORT, INCOME LEVELS, RELATIVE WAGES, PRICE CHANGES, IMPORT BARRIERS, MULTILATERAL TRADE, WAGE PREMIUM, WEALTH, AGRICULTURAL MARKET, CONSUMERS, AGRICULTURAL PRICE SUPPORTS, COMBINES, GEOGRAPHIC REGION, CONSUMPTION DATA, INCOME DATA, WTO, ECONOMIC REVIEW, GDP, UTILITY FUNCTION, BASE YEAR, POVERTY OUTCOMES, PRICE INDICES, EXPORTS, GDP DEFLATOR, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, FARM OUTPUT, POOR PEOPLE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, FARM PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL GOODS, URUGUAY ROUND, CARIBBEAN REGION, INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, GLOBAL MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, REAL GDP, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, INCREASED INEQUALITY, REGIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, TRADE NEGOTIATION, INEQUALITY COEFFICIENT, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC GOODS, AGRICULTURAL GROUPS, INEQUALITY RESULTS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA, INEQUALITY MEASURE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, EXOGENOUS CHANGES, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME, RATE QUOTAS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXCHANGE RATES, FARM, AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME, FARM LABOR, DOMESTIC MARKET, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, MEASUREMENT ERRORS, FOOD PRICES, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT, AGRICULTURAL WORKER, PRODUCTION COSTS, AGRICULTURAL MARKETS, GINI COEFFICIENT, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, CONSUMPTION INCREASES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, TRADE POLICY, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, AVERAGE INCOMES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, INCOME DISPARITIES, NEGATIVE SHOCK, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, DEVELOPING WORLD, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, WAGES, PRODUCER INCENTIVES, NATIONAL INCOME, LABOR MARKET, INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, REGIONAL PATTERN, ECONOMIC EXPANSION, RELATIVE PRICES, LOW INCOME, TRADE POLICIES, VOLUME, WELFARE INDICATOR, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, AGRICULTURE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC THEORY, AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES, AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, MEAN INCOMES, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, LOCAL FARMERS, AVERAGE INCOME, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, PROPORTIONAL IMPACT, REGIONAL PATTERNS, INCOME SOURCE, TRADE DISPUTES, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, LDCS, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, POLICY RESEARCH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, CONSUMER PREFERENCES, EMPIRICAL RESULTS, FOOD MARKETS, DEVELOPING REGIONS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOOD PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL POPULATIONS, POST-REFORM, FARM COMMODITIES, POWER PARITY, INCOME GAINS, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, REDISTRIBUTIVE EFFECTS, COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, POVERTY CHANGES
Abstract

This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agricultural and other trade distortions using a newly developed dataset and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalization of agriculture will increase global extreme poverty (US$1 a day) slightly and by almost 1 percent if other goods trade is also liberalized; but the number of people living on less than $2 a day will fall by almost 1 percent. Beneath these small aggregate changes, most countries witness a substantial reduction in poverty while South Asia where half of the world's poor reside will experience an increase in extreme (but not moderate) poverty incidence due to high rates of protection afforded to its unskilled labor-intensive agricultural sectors. The distributional changes also are projected to be mild, but again exhibit a strong regional pattern: inequality falls in Latin America, which is characterized by high initial inequality, and rises in South Asia, has relatively low income inequality.

Published
2009

3. Spatial Inequality and Economic Development : Theories, Facts, and Policies

Author

Kim, Sukkoo

Subjects
EMPIRICAL SUPPORT, ECONOMIC FACTORS, REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION, RENT SEEKING, RURAL SECTOR, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS, REGIONAL INCOME, CONGESTION, ROAD, INEQUALITY MEASURES, CENTRAL REGION, EXTERNALITIES, TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP, ECONOMIC STRUCTURES, NEGATIVE CORRELATION, SPATIAL INEQUALITY, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, WAR, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES, FARMERS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, SKILLED WORKERS, BACKWARD REGIONS, NEOCLASSICAL MODEL, INHERITANCE, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, PATRONAGE, UNDERDEVELOPED REGIONS, REGIONAL ECONOMIES, PURCHASING POWER, TRADE BARRIERS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, OPTIMIZATION, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, RURAL MIGRANTS, RAIL, INCOME INEQUALITY, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MOTOR VEHICLES, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, POVERTY REDUCTION, INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, SPATIAL IMPACT, AUTOMOBILE, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, WAGE PREMIUM, CLIMATIC CHANGE, FOOD PROCESSING, RURAL POPULATION, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, CLIMATE CHANGE, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, TARGETING, CONSUMERS, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, FUTURE RESEARCH, RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS, ECONOMIC REVIEW, GDP, ACCIDENTS, POOR DATA, TAX SUBSIDIES, HIGH INEQUALITY, INTERREGIONAL TRADE, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, REGIONAL INCOMES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, ROADS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, EXPORTS, REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, REGIONAL DIVERGENCE, RURAL WORKER, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, DECENTRALIZATION, RURAL WAGES, DIVERSIFICATION, EMPIRICAL LITERATURE, FUELS, MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, SPATIAL DISPARITY, GROWING ECONOMY, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, HOUSING, URBAN CONGESTION, IMPERFECT COMPETITION, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, PUBLIC GOODS, SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, INEQUALITY RESULTS, TRANSPORT, CROSS-COUNTRY DATA, POPULATION DENSITY, EMPIRICAL RESEARCH, SPATIAL INEQUALITIES, FOREIGN TRADE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, RETURNS TO SCALE, POOR REGIONS, TAX, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPIRICAL FINDINGS, REGIONAL COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, NEOCLASSICAL MODELS, AIRCRAFT, POOR, POPULATION GROWTH, CONSUMER DEMAND, REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS, PERFECT COMPETITION, DATA SET, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, INTERREGIONAL CONVERGENCE, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, GNP PER CAPITA, GINI COEFFICIENT, HIGH TRANSPORTATION, ETHNIC CONFLICT, RAPID GROWTH, SPATIAL VARIATIONS, REGIONAL INCOME INEQUALITY, DECOMPOSITION IDENTITY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, HIGHWAY INVESTMENTS, CONSTANT RETURNS, POLLUTION, RURAL AREAS, POLITICAL ECONOMY CONSIDERATIONS, LAGGING REGIONS, LABOR MARKET, EMPIRICAL WORK, GDP PER CAPITA, RURAL HINTERLAND, CONGESTION COSTS, INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE, REGIONAL LEVEL, MOBILITY, NATIONAL SAMPLES, RURAL INCOMES, REGIONAL SCIENCE, AGRICULTURE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, INFANT MORTALITY, RURAL MARKETS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, REMOTE AREAS, REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAMINE, REGIONAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, SHARECROPPING, CENTRAL CITIES, MARKET IMPERFECTIONS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, REGIONAL LOCATION, EMPIRICAL WORKS, RAIL INVESTMENTS, DRIVING, HIGHWAY, POSITIVE EFFECT, EMPIRICAL ADVANCES, INFRASTRUCTURES, INSURANCE, DATA QUALITY, REGIONAL INEQUALITIES, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, ECONOMIC POWER, GNP, ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, REGIONAL COSTS, COMPETITIVE MARKET, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, FISCAL POLICIES, INCREASING RETURNS, NATURAL RESOURCES, LABOR FORCE, SAVINGS, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, REGIONAL UNITS, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES, INEQUALITY WILL INCREASE
Abstract

Spatial inequality is an important feature of many developing countries that seems to increase with economic growth and development. At the same time, there seems to be little consensus on the causes of spatial inequality and on a list of effective policy instruments that may foster or reduce spatial inequality. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical literature on spatial inequality to learn what we know and do not know about the causes of spatial inequality, to investigate what policies may or may not ameliorate spatial inequality, and to determine whether policy makers can identify and implement policies that promote or reduce spatial inequality.

Published
2008

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