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Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen as the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global ecological crises outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally and Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. By contrast, oil-dependent industrial society has exerted ecological crises. Agrobased society, in which almost all demands of human can be supported by agriculture, might be the ultimate solution industrial society facing ecological crises, in which there is a paradigm shift from the general and unlimited economic growth pursued by virtue of oil dependence to agrobased growth. The substitution of agrobased society for industrial society is an evolutionary result of Negation, it is a negation of materialized industrial society. The core feature of agriculture is to use organisms as production objects and rely on life processes to achieve production goals. The substitution of agrobased society for industrial society is the precondition for a sustainable carbon cycle, breaking through resource shortage, alleviating the environmental pressure of economic development. Meanwhile, it is feasible for the substitution of an agro-based society for an industrial society associated with the development of bio technologies and environmental awareness.

La constante creación tecnológica y la cultura del consumismo hacen que las personas cada vez más quieran sustituir los aparatos electrónicos que utilizan por otros más avanzados, contribuyendo a que cada año la basura electrónica aumente. Se busca que los residuos electrónicos, no terminen en un vertedero o incinerador, y que más países se unan al buen manejo y tratamiento final a través de la economía circular. La irrupción de la Revolución Científico Técnica y el proceso de internacionalización y de liberalización mundial, ha sido el suceso que ha originado nuevos desafíos políticos, económicos, culturales y sociales a los Estados. Ha traído consigo de forma lenta los paradigmas que caracterizaban a la sociedad industrial, y han ido cambiando al ritmo que ha marcado las continuas irrupciones en la innovación, apoyadas en la tecnología computacional y en la telemática en la 4ta Revolución Industrial. Surgen nuevos productos, nuevos servicios públicos, nuevos modelos de negocios, nuevas necesidades, nuevos retos que en definitiva cuestionan el formato y las claves competitivas de la industria del futuro, en continua construcción y evolución en un mundo global en el siglo XXI, donde “lo verde vende”.

Over the past decades, in many countries of Europe and America, the concept of “archaeology of settlements” has been actively developed, which is based on the recognition of the enormous role of ancient settlements in the process of studying and reconstructing the socio-economic institutions of various diverse human groups and entire nations. This fully applies to the settlements of the south of Eastern Europe — first of all, to the territory of modern Ukraine — in medieval times. In this area, numerous cities, castles, open settlements have been recorded, the history of which in many cases has a centuries-old extent. First of all, it concerns urban centers, which is established on the basis of written and archaeological data. Many of them carry out archaeological research, but the volumes of modern field work, are clearly insufficient to obtain new information for further reconstruction of their development in space and time. Moreover, they are concentrated mainly only in areas of modern construction work, and not where it is necessary for a common understanding of life here over the centuries. At the same time, the issue of the interaction of composite structures in different territories and at different times remains relevant, which is especially important for explaining the effect of different mechanisms of functioning of all different-time state organisms: Kievan Rus, the Ukrainian Cossack State, or as a part of various foreign entities — the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitian, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, etc. However, in general, all available information convincingly confirms the feudal nature of social structures of the middle ages time among indigenous population under consideration, in this case, territory. In connection with the mentioned above, the clarification of the terminology currently used should undoubtedly be adjusted for its conformity with the new refined model of perception of a specific social structure, which has been constantly developing in a civilizational sense over the past many centuries under the conditions of an agricultural society, which undoubtedly left its mark on all social structures (including settlement) throughout the medieval period in the life of every nation. It is necessary to constantly remember and clarify for oneself the fundamental differences between agricultural and subsequent industrial societies, each of which had distinctive main features, although in some details both could overlap in some ways.

With the annexation of vast territories of Turkestan to the Russian Empire to Central and local administration took up the task of establishing the control region, ensuring the security in the light of the rivalry with Britain for influence in Inner Asia and its economic development to a new colony brought the Empire in the long term benefit not only military-strategic. A necessary condition for the consolidation of Russia in Turkestan and its modernization was to create a communications network that meet the requirements of the emerging industrial society: Railways, steamers, telegraph. At the same time, the railway construction in Turkestan, its pace, financing, road routes were determined by the priorities of Russia's policy in the region, among which military-strategic considerations clearly dominated over economic development. However, constructing the TransCaspian Railway, and then Tashkent Railway, the state, not with the beginning of the 20th century Turkestan economic development current strategy, acted as an actor of the region economic modernization. Railways became a means of economic binding of Turkestan to Russia, as well as one of the factors in the formation of the economic development strategy of the region in the metropolis interests, which consisted in its transformation into a cotton base for the needs of Russian industry., С присоединением к Российской империи обширных территорий Туркестана перед центральной и местной администрацией встали задачи налаживания управления регионом, обеспечения безопасности в свете соперничества с Великобританией за сферы влияния во Внутренней Азии, а также его экономического освоения, чтобы новая колония приносила империи в перспективе выгоду не только военно-стратегического характера. Необходимым условием закрепления России в Туркестане и его модернизации должно было стать создание сети коммуникаций, отвечающих требованиям формирующегося индустриального общества (железные дороги, пароходы, телеграф и др.). Вместе с тем железнодорожное строительство в Туркестане: его темпы, характер финансирования, маршруты дорог — было обусловлено приоритетами политики России в регионе, среди которых военно-стратегические соображения явно доминировали над экономическим развитием. Однако, построив Закаспийскую, а затем Ташкентскую железные дороги, государство, еще не имея к началу XX в. сложившейся стратегии экономического освоения Туркестана, выступило в роли актора экономической модернизации края. Дороги стали средством экономической привязки Туркестана к России, а также одним из факторов оформления стратегии экономического развития региона в интересах метрополии, превращении его в базу хлопководства для нужд российской промышленности.

In this period, when “industrial society” has emerged as an “information society” by experiencing transformation with the effect of a revolution like Industry 4.0, the innovations of digital values in the new economy play an important role. It is inevitable that digital communication networks, bitcoin and blockchain technologies that will change the ways of communication between producer and consumer, will have effects in the transformation of tourism industries as in many industries. The shaping of the elements of change in the economy with the effect of digitalization makes the studies on the relation between economy and technology important in tourism sector as in many other sectors. In this context, a literature study was carried out on the use of blockchain technologies in tourism industries in order to demonstrate the economic policies that can be developed in the direction of transformation in tourism, the place of new technological-economic values in the tourism economy and their use in the field of economics. In this context, a literature study has been carried out on the economic policies that can be developed for the transformation of tourism, the place of new technological-economic values in the tourism economy and the usage of blockchain technologies in tourism industries. This study aims to examine the new values in the economy and the possible effects on the transformation in tourism at the conceptual level and to develop a perspective on the changes in the sector.

This chapter explores an anthropological perspective to contemporary forms of culinary enterprise in the ethnographic setting of a complex industrial society. It does so by way of examining fast-food restaurants in postsocialist Hungary and the Central Eastern Europe region, focusing on the early 1990s – the very highpoint of social ‘transition’. A range of quickly prepared yet traditional ‘fast’ foods can be made in the home as a response to the need for less complicated and labour-intensive sustenance. The modern commercial variant of such traditional ‘convenience’ food is dissimilar in several respects, being differentiated in terms of the scale of production, the existence of the employee-employer labour structure, the primacy of monetary profit at the heart of production, and other relations of commercial activity which are firmly entrenched in business culture, industrial society and its organization of the food cycle.

The history of women's roles in past societies is more than a matter of passing curiosity. Their experiences, and the social and economic patterns revealed, speak to the evolving structures in a modernizing world. Discovering the history of women's economic endeavours is not without challenges. Credit was indispensable to labouring men and women in pre-industrial and early industrial societies. The nature of early modern communities varied, and women directed their commercial activities to match the economic niches available. Common community patterns of lending and borrowing are revealed in the surviving records of a shopkeeper based in South London in the later seventeenth century. Risk reduction was a priority for Pope, and the guarantor played a pivotal role in the lending process, bridging the gap between lender and borrower. Over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries legal and structural changes in the economy also affected the organization of small-scale credit.

In pre-industrial societies – still the condition of most of the world today – the labor force is engaged overwhelmingly in the extractive industries: mining, fishing, forestry, agriculture. Industrial societies – principally those around the North Atlantic littoral plus the Soviet Union and Japan – are goods-producing societies. Manufacturing is still the single largest source of jobs in the economy. In 1980 the total manufacturing labor force will number about 22 million, or 22 percent of the labor force at that time. The central occupational category in the society today is the professional and technical. Growth in this category has outdistanced all other major occupational groups in recent decades. The German sociologists, and Mills, had been writing principally about managerial, administrative, and clerical personnel. The most serious efforts to apply Gorz's ideas to the American scene have been made by some radical young economists at Harvard, notably Herbert Gintis.

Supposedly emblematic of digital capitalism, the rise of the gig economy is frequently taken as a cipher for the developing deindustrialisation of western societies. It is tempting to interpret the shift of manufacturing jobs to the global south and their replacement with service sector jobs as a one-way street, leading to the demise of decent work and the rise of work characterized by precarity, low pay, low skill and a non-unionized workforce. However, the reality is inevitably more complex. In the first place, pessimism may be attributed to a rose-tinted view of the experience of former industrial employment in the global north resulting from a questionable assumption about the nature of the jobs that occupied most people in former industrial societies. Certainly, deindustrialisation is not leading to "de-working," that is, working less for the same money. With respect to gig work, autonomy and flexibility are central to labor inducement and hence labor control. Yet at the same time, and linked to the latter, we need to explore another deep-rooted phenomenon: the persistence of workspace collectivism. Our evidence derives from qualitative interviews with gig workers in the food delivery sector in a number of European countries. We highlight the extent to which couriers profess a variety of understandings of the character of platform economy labor processes. A range of narratives emerge including platform work as leisure, as economic opportunity, and as collectivist labor. Moreover, individuation, attendant upon the character of the physical labor process, did not lead in any straightforward way to individualism in social labor processes-contrary to our expectations, we in fact witnessed forms of collectivism. Collectivism is to be distinguished from "types of solidarity" described by Morgan and Pulignano (2020) whereby neo-liberalism has transformed a range of institutional forms of labor solidarities. By contrast, we are concerned with the persistence of the collective worker within the changing sociological structure of work. This echoes the earlier finding by Stephenson and Stewart (2001) that collectivism endures even when behaviourally absent and indeed even in the context of individualized working-termed "whispering shadow." Thus, the objective of the paper is to explore the forms of actor individualism and collectivism identified in our research. Given platform apps' external control, the gig economy spatially separates workers while at the same time requiring cognition of colleagues' collective work and labor process. Notwithstanding structural processes separating workers-in-work, platforms also witness the instantiation of forms of collectivism. Deindustrialisation is neither the end to collectivism nor trade unionism. Rather than post-work, then, we explore the problematics of plus work and variant collectivisms.

The transition to a society of sustainable development is possible only when the priorities and values of the active part of society are changing. From the values of individualism, the weak ties of corporatism, the extensive growth of an industrial society to the values of networked solidarity, social justice, the strong ties of the information/digital society. The transition to a new level of civilizational development not only contributed to the transformation of the economy, politics and the social sphere under the influence of digital technologies, but played a significant role in the formation of Generation Z (born in the late 20th and early 21st centuries). The article contains study material that was carried out at the Ufa State Petroleum Technological University in the summer of 2020.

Interest in Industry 4.0 has grown significantly in both academic and industrial societies. However, there are still many challenges and barriers to move from concept to reality. This paper addresses this research-practice gap by analysing the development of Industry 4.0 within the German industry highlighting the main lessons learned.

A alimentação é um grande negócio no Brasil e em todo o mundo. A empresa brasileira 3G Capital, por exemplo, foi notícia por sua aquisição de marcas internacionais renomadas como Budweiser, Kraft-Heinz e Burger King. A liderança gerencial atual do Brasil marca uma mudança notável de sua posição histórica como exportador de commodities, apesar de dominante. No entanto, a escala não é a única medida da importância econômica da alimentação; nas sociedades industriais modernas, a produção e a venda de alimentos ainda fornecem subsistência básica para inúmeras pessoas, especialmente as mais marginalizadas, de catadores de açaí na Amazônia a vendedores de comida artesanal nas ruas de São Paulo. Entender o negócio da alimentação requer várias ferramentas analíticas atravessando fronteiras sociais e geográficas. Essa análise deve estar em sintonia com a multiplicidade de problemas de saúde pública e integração social que ainda permanecem e, em alguns casos, resultaram do sucesso do agronegócio moderno e do processamento industrial de alimentos. Esta edição especial visa a apresentar os métodos e resultados na área de Estudos sobre Alimentação aos leitores da RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas para estimular diálogos em nível internacional e interdisciplinar, levando a uma melhor compreensão e práticas inovadoras no sistema alimentar mundial.

Modern industrial society has transformed the textile sector. Brand-owning companies today seldom own the production process but instead rely on global supply chains consisting of a myriad of suppl ...

Drastic and inclusive technology progress is changing the economy of Russia and foreign countries. This progress significantly impacts production forces. . This paper analyzes theoretical and applied approaches to the investigation of production forces development. I reveal the role and importance of innovations in science and technology as well as their impact on various segments of the economy. I analyze the conceptual framework used for technological shifts. The paper describes the indicators showing the level of scientific and technological potential development in various countries and regions including the Urals. I define growth areas in technology and assess their contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The administrations and authorities at federal and regional levels impact the development of science, innovations, technologies and breakthrough areas. The development of these spheres leads to the increase in productivity of social activities, production and business activity. The paper reveals the impact of the technological breakthrough in such latest fields as the alternative energy sources, drones, electric car industry, storage and delivery of energy. This fields transform the economy and society. Furthermore, they change theoretical concepts of functional and institutional social structure. The development paradigm is to be modified from fuel and raw model to the innovative and technological one. The economic development and scientific and technological potential are interrelated. I discuss the reason of close attention to the development of science, technologies, innovations in the developed countries. as well as the measures to stimulate their development. The article studies the mechanism and tools of science and education funding in various regions of the world. The results of the research may be used for updating the strategy of scientific and technological development of Russia and its regions in the current situation as well as for choosing necessary conceptual approaches to the development of the economy.

The article is dedicated to the core issues of three waves — Urals, Siberian and Far Eastern — of frontier imperial modernization of Asiatic Russia. Their preconditions, essence, character and significance are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that they were a response to the geopolitical and technological challenges of the epoch. They marked the transition of the country and the region from the traditional to industrial society, but did not complete it, and set the stage for the subsequent crucial socio-economic and cultural changes

This chapter presents the case study which addresses examples of a Transition Town, and a more successful town nearby that took an alternative approach. It examines the way that messages about sustainable food systems can have distinct cultural audiences. Transition Town initiatives stemmed from accelerated concerns about the twin effects of climate change and peak oil. The chapter describes sustainable food initiatives within historical and cultural contexts, and considers the relative uptake of ideas, designs, and pathways for more sustainable food, according to locally appropriate narratives and projects for change. The circulation of food commodities to support growing urban populations in early modern globalization created a rift between urban industrial economies, their geographical location, and the food commodity system that sustained them. The case study gives a context for how the Transition Town movement emerged in many parts of the United Kingdom beginning in 2006. The United Kingdom’s industrial society could be possible on the back of an agricultural revolution.

In 1975, the OECD created a research committee entitled ‘Interfutures. Research project into the development of the advanced industrial societies in harmony with the developing world’. The purpose of Interfutures was to examine how the new tools of futures research could be put to use in order to shape strategies for dealing with a new phenomenon of ‘interdependence’, and to set out a ‘long-term vision’ of the Western world. This article argues that Interfutures was appointed in order to draft an alternative image of the future to two radical visions of the early 1970s. The first was the so-called New International Economic Order. The second was the 1972 Club of Rome report,The limits to growth. As a response to these two visions, Interfutures presented a vision of globalization as a process oriented around an expanding world market, piloted by Western interests and continued resource extraction.

The chapter outlines the main developments in industrial sociology as the particularly influential sub-discipline of Sociology in West Germany since the end of World War Two divided in three sub-periods: the Fordist (1949–75), the transformation (1975–1990) and the globalisation (1990–2015) periods, the latter marked by the (re)unification. Industrial sociology in Germany implies a broader scope than Sociology of Work or Industrial Relations in Latin and Anglophone countries. The main focus is on how industrial work shapes modern industrial man and modern industrial society. Social research is centred on the impact of technological modernisation and rationalisation on working life and workers’ consciousness.

Conceptualizing urban parks as “the lungs of the city” is one of the parks field’s most enduring metaphors. Indeed, it is often uttered unthinkingly as a cliche. Its roots date back over 200 years. The reason it was so widely adopted in the nineteenth century is that it was unusually powerful and resonant in the context of the ubiquitous filth and stench in the industrial cities where it originated. This paper describes the conditions which fostered the metaphor; explains its private and public good dimensions; traces its genesis and diffusion, including its transition from England to the US and concludes with an assessment of its potency in contemporary society.

The article retraces the steps which marked the transformation of Sesto San Giovanni from a small agricultural centre in the vicinity of a great city such as Milan, to becoming one of the principal centres of Italian industry. Two preliminary questions, of notable importance, have been dealt with the definition of company town, as so considered by the most authorative historiography. Following that there is a brief resume of the diffusion of the company towns in Italy. The two premises serve to better comprehend the case of Sesto San Giovanni. Its uniqueness lies, however, in being the outcome of action by a plurality of businesses which contributed to building the ‘factory city’. From 1905, their choice of setting up their plants caused a sudden increase in the population, which was followed by an equally sharp increase in the demand for lodgings and social infrastructures. In the face of this necessity, the employers were forced to invest in building, at first with the intention of rapidly housing the workers and, then to proceed with a more rational planning of specific villages for the workforce. In the decades between the Wars, Sesto San Giovanni was provided with a wide range of services in the fields of health care, schooling and even leisure. These policies permitted the creation of solid, close-knit company communities, founded on the intense participation of the workforce in the functioning of the production activity. The social network, however, held together principally on the basis of the recognition of mutual obligations and responsibilities, rather than one mere subordination to a paternalistic domination.

During the second half of the 20th century, mining expanded globally and must be considered one of the dominant forms of human intervention into the environment. Metals are strategically important resources for industrialized and industrializing societies. In 2010, the five BRICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa) consumed 54% of the metals mined globally. The analysis of material flow data offers a biophysical perspective on mining as a resource frontier and allows for the identification of patterns in global metals extraction and trade. Since 1950, metal extraction has shifted from the early industrializing countries into the emerging economies. In 2010, only 6% of metals mined stemmed from Europe or North America while 76% were extracted in four countries (Australia, China, India, and Brazil). In the countries hosting large-scale mining operations, socio-ecological pressure ensues the so-called extractivist development path is common. High rates of metal deposit depletion mean that today's metal extractors and exporters may depend on imports of metal from anthropogenic deposits (stocks in buildings, infrastructure, and durable products) in the future. The extractivist path and the shifting of metals from natural to anthropogenic deposits are both associated with potential for conflict.

After the industrial “Big-Bang”, we can see only the devastating effects of a postindustrial “Big-Crunch”. The problems of the post-industrial cities are (with some differences like the geographical region, local culture, and the typology of the industry), universal and fundamental. We shall try to analyze what were the variable and invariable factors in the industrial society and how did the dual industry-community system worked, taking the mining city of Anina, from Romania as a case study. The more complex a system is, the more vulnerable it gets. Anina formed as a result of man's desire to effectively exploit nature. Extraction of the precious coal from underground created in successive stages certain needs and also imposed a model for generating the mono-industrial city. The locations of the mineral deposits, the regional infrastructure and the topography of the terrain were the physical invariants which all future urban developments were based on. However, the development of technology, the needs of the global market, the available workforce and the new syndicates were strong influences in the way mining assemblies were built. Industry represented the generative force of the city, and was also the skeleton on which the community was founded on. People represented the living component of the mineral universe of what later became a city of continuous technological evolution. Anina, a small city at the middle of the 19th century (about 2 000 inhabitants) was under the effects of a demographical explosion over a few decades. After people found out about the valuable coal deposits, they started coming to the city. By 1912 there were 15000 inhabitants. Such a big surplus of people gave birth to the worker's colonies. They represented an adequate model for managing the complex problems that appeared as a result of the constant demographical increase. What are the characteristics of the building assemblies, the advantages and disadvantages that came with them, how did they adapt to the evolving community and what were the effects on the long term in Anina are just a few of the questions raised in this study.

Climate activists use the term energy slave to provide a bodily referent to the vast quantities of mechanical labor that industrial societies derive from combusting fossil fuels. We speak, for instance, of North Americans relying on the labor of eighty-nine energy slaves to support their standard of living. This language of technological servitude is not sui generis but traces its origins back to the application of coal and steam to labor in the nineteenth century. And it has as its scientific context the emergence of a thermodynamic paradigm that redefined the meaning of work by erasing important distinctions between the labor performed by living bodies and that performed by so-called mechanical slaves (or inanimate prime movers) fueled primarily by coal and petroleum. This essay demonstrates that the tendency to equate fossil fuels to captive labor performs ideological work. It argues that the trope of energy as slave to humanity props up a faulty technological paradigm that underplays the persistence of sweated labor in the fossil economy; that distracts us from the class, race, gender, and international stratification of that economy; and that reproduces foundational errors about the ecological role (beyond fueling machines) that fossil fuels have played in precipitating today’s climate crisis.

Innovation has been very critical and central to the establishment of modern industrial societies. The transformation of former agrarian societies of Europe, United States of America in nineteenth and twentieth centuries and of recent, Asia was largely due to the development of National Systems of Innovation. In order to facilitate development, the State in these countries formulated public policies that prioritised investment in research and development with focus on innovation. In the United States of America for instance, investment in technology was initially focused on building military capability. Although such investments did not have commercial orientation as the overriding objective, they laid the foundation for the future industrial and technological innovations that the country has witnessed over the past two centuries (Moweri and Rosenberg 1993). Innovation has been defined as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations (OECD 2005, 2012).

This volume explores the economy and culture of those who lived through one of the earliest episodes of industrialisation. Two centuries before the cotton mills of Manchester, an early Industrial Revolution occurred on the coal field of north-east England: emerging in the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, maturing in the eighteenth century and providing the platform for everything that was to be built on the Great Northern Coal Field of the nineteenth century. Much of this industrial infrastructure would be dismantled in the later twentieth century. Yet, historically, the area was among the first industrial regions in the world, a vital node in the larger region of north-western Europe, in which the conditions for industrial society more generally took hold. This early industrial revolution was accompanied by agricultural and consumer revolutions – all of which turned upon the exploitation of coal. But explaining the region's economy and culture in terms of coal alone overlooks the complexity and changing character of activity between 1500 and 1800 and obscures the processes of change that forged the region. Historical preoccupations with the origins of the English working class and of organised labour can lead us to miss the cultural dynamics that initially created the conditions historians have denigrated and solidarities often still celebrated. In looking beyond coal and class, the essays collected here offer a series of perspectives on early modern north-east England. This introductory essay sets these studies in the context of regionalisation as a transformative force in early modern Europe. As part of the North-East England History Institute's ‘Regions and Regionalism in History’ series, this volume adds to the research presented in Regional Identities in North-East England 1300–2000 , edited by Green and Pollard. That study was focused on finding evidence for self-conscious regional identities and conclusively demonstrated that you can search too hard for something that was not there. Only with the advent of broadcasting in the twentieth century did the familiar articulation of a self-conscious ‘North-East’ appear, and only in the context of contemporary preoccupations with political devolution amid a broader cultural response to electronic communication at the turn of the twenty-first century did ‘identities’ suddenly become a pressing concern among regional historians. In a more face-to-face world, dominated by work rather than communication, identities did not require endless self-reflection. Before 1800, only the innovation of commercially printed newspapers provided a mechanism for anything like an imagined regional community.

Fil: Luna, Claudia Verónica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Luna, Claudia Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Los pueblos originarios tienen reconocidos, en el sistema legal de la República Argentina, sus derechos de propiedad sobre los territorios que tradicionalmente ocupan. A pesar de ello, se advierte una profunda diferencia entre la normativa y el goce y ejercicio efectivo de sus derechos. El objetivo de este trabajo es poner en conocimiento la situación actual de los pueblos originarios de la República Argentina, la relación entre el Estado, el sector privado y las comunidades indígenas; la intervención del Estado ante las denuncias por manejo irresponsable de los recursos forestales y las problemáticas que presentan con respecto a la transformación sufrida por los bosques nativos correspondientes para que se tome conciencia de un tema que ha ocasionado pérdidas irreparables de sus bienes naturales, culturales e históricos. En este contexto es un hecho que, para las comunidades indígenas que habitan los bosques nativos, los cambios tecnológicos de la sociedad industrial y las incursiones de los actores de la economía de mercado requieren de un continuo ajuste para poder sobrevivir. La limitada capacidad de adecuación a las demandas de la sociedad no-indígena hace que los cambios les afecten de forma especial. Por ello estos grupos se encuentran en una encrucijada que se ha agravado rápidamente por los cambios dramáticos de su medio ambiente durante los últimos años: la pérdida de la diversidad biológica erosiona su base material de sobrevivencia y la pérdida de tradiciones culturales debilita su base de valores y sus estructuras sociales. The native peoples have recognized, in the legal system of the Argentine Republic, their property rights over the territories they traditionally occupy. Despite this, there is a profound difference between the regulations and the effective enjoyment and exercise of their rights. The objective of this work is to bring to light the following aspects: the current situation of the native peoples in Argentine Republic; the relationship between the State, the private sector and the indigenous communities; the intervention of the State in the face of complaints of irresponsible management of forest resources and the problems raised with regard to the transformation suffered by the corresponding native forests in order to raise awareness of an issue that has caused irreparable losses of natural, cultural and historical assets of the indigenous peoples. In this context, it is a fact that, for the indigenous communities that inhabit the native forests, the technological changes of the industrial society and the incursions of the actors of the market economy require a continuous adjustment in order to survive. The limited capacity to adapt to the demands of the non-indigenous society makes the changes affect the native communities in a special way. That is why these groups are at a crossroad that has worsened rapidly by the dramatic changes of their environment in recent years: the loss of biological diversity erodes their material base for survival, and the loss of cultural traditions weakens their base of values and social structures.

In most industrial societies, the educational expansion and educational reforms in the last decades have fundamentally changed not only the character of the old clear-cut divisions between academic and vocational tracks in lower and upper secondary school but also the landscape of higher education (Benavot and Resnik, 2006). In this book, I studied how this expansion and these reforms are associated with changes in educational opportunities for women and men from different social origins in Germany. The analysis took a long-term historical perspective and compared two different political and economic systems in East and West Germany.

A sociedade industrial, caracterizada por fatores tradicionais de produção, foi substituída pela sociedade do conhecimento. Os recursos materiais da organização possuem importância relativa, porém o recurso vital para o desenvolvimento positivo no mercado é o conhecimento. A gestão do conhecimento tem se tornado uma ferramenta essencial por oferecer vantagem competitiva para as empresas. Diante de um mercado com uma concorrência acirrada, as micro e pequenas empresas exercem uma função importante por se adaptar facilmente as diversas situações, e pela capacidade de geração de renda. Daí a necessidade de verificar os processos de aquisição, conversão e utilização do conhecimento nas MPE’s. O presente estudo pode ser caracterizado como exploratório e quantitativo, no qual o instrumento foi aplicado junto aos trabalhadores das micro e pequenas empresas, com 150 respondentes. A pesquisa permitiu verificar que o processo de conversão do conhecimento é mais bem percebido pelas pessoas com maior formação. A gestão do conhecimento e suas variáveis de aquisição, conversão e utilização são percebidas pelas pessoas que recebem melhores salários.

This article traces the moral economy of provincial elites who contributed to economic societies that were active in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Northern Europe. Such societies aimed at improving economic conditions in their respective cities, regions, or countries by advocating progressive methods of agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce. The commitment of members of these societies was not explicitly motivated by economic gains, but by a more complex system of beliefs fueled by the love of their country and the promotion of the common good. The unselfish exploration of new means of production and commercial activity was at the heart of forming a moral economy of trust that guided cooperation within the societies. This moral economy was not subordinate to market rationality, but served as a foundation upon which trust between members was based. Especially in times of crises, as illustrated by the case of Carl Christian Bocker, secretary of the Finnish Economic Society, members could fall ...

In our attempt to study historical examples of the virtuous (or vicious) cycle of war and the economy, we have rejected abstract generalizations. This is because the economic systems and methods of war that we encounter vary with changes in the environment and historical periods. But neither do we intend to scrutinize each individual historical incident or to merge the findings of history, economics, and other disparate fields of study.

Whereas the Netherlands built the first system of expansive reinvestment in the early modern period, England overcame the Netherlands’ commercial advantage to set up an empire that spanned the globe. After weathering a political crisis in the mid-seventeenth century, England not only acquired the characteristics of a mature commercial society through heated commercial and military competition with the Netherlands and France but also succeeded at surmounting the limitations of commercial society and evolving into an industrial society through the simultaneous development of naval power and domestic manufacturing.

In 1851, the Great Exhibition—the first world’s fair in history—was held at Hyde Park in London. The fair made it manifestly clear that Britain was the “workshop of the world.” On display were 100,000 items submitted by no fewer than 14,000 companies, with support provided by around 300 regional committees that had been organized voluntarily.

Hunter-gatherers are commonly seen as having a fundamentally different sociometabolic regime from agrarian and industrial societies because they are thought to directly appropriate the products of natural ecosystems without modifying those systems in order to enhance their productivity. However, ethnographic and archeological evidence reveals that many hunter-gatherers extensively employed fire to manage their ecosystems so as to increase production of desirable wild resources, thus engaging in “colonization of nature” that is not qualitatively different from that practiced by other types of society. They systematically burned wild vegetation in order to increase populations of edible wild plants consumed by humans and promote growth of forage for game animals. Deliberate ecosystem burning by Australian Aborigines represented an energy expenditure of 1,512 gigajoules per capita per year (GJ/capita/yr), a level of energy use that is more than three times higher than the United States (445 GJ/capita/yr). It is their profligate consumption of biomass energy that explains why the quality of life of many hunter-gatherers was often better than that of traditional settled peasant farmers. Hence, the extent to which hunter-gatherers have a distinct type of sociometabiolic regime is called into question. It can be argued that in the course of social evolution, there have been only two sociometabolic regimes. In one type, which includes hunter-gatherers, swidden agriculturalists, and industrial societies, extrasomatic energy does most of the productive work, whereas in the other type, that of premodern settled agriculturalists, production is largely dependent on human muscle power.

The development of a weekend with a central focus on Saturday and Sunday, punctuating the working week, was a key element in the rise of British industrial society, with repercussions across the developed and developing worlds. It became a distinguishing feature of the balance between work and leisure which underpinned the mature British industrial economy between the 1880s and the 1960s, giving a distinctive shape and structure to the working week and reinforcing the disciplined apportionment of industrial time. This article charts the trajectory of this neglected phenomenon in British popular culture from the early decades of the Industrial Revolution to its apogee in the 1960s. It examines the changing roles of Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Monday in the making of the weekend, and concludes with some tentative suggestions about post-industrial fragmentation and decline. The article is primarily an exercise in historiography, and its originality lies in the construction of a new synthesis from a distinct...

The factors that make a society sustainable, or vulnerable to collapse, can rarely be discerned within a human lifetime. Sustainability challenges develop over periods of decades, generations, or centuries. Sustainability must therefore be a historical science. A major challenge of the IHOPE program is how to draw valid comparisons among different kinds of societies, existing at different times, that can clarify our contemporary problems of sustainability. This paper develops and illustrates a theory for understanding sustainability and collapse that has cross-cultural applicability. Illustrating the theory by the collapse of the Western Roman Empire yields new insights into what it means to be a sustainable society. Comparison to the Maya reveals that, despite many differences, the Roman Empire and Maya polities underwent similar patterns of cultural evolution, and developed similar vulnerabilities. Comparison of both historical cases to the sustainability challenges of today demonstrates that contemporary industrial societies face evolutionary processes similar to those experienced by the Romans and the Maya. This analysis yields several points that are worthwhile for policy makers to understand.

This paper examines international influences of the Western welfare state on social policy ideas, institutions and reforms in the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. It identifies three types of Eastern reactions to or interactions with the West: “condemnation” of various “bourgeois” conceptions of social welfare; “competition” or increased attention to redistribution and social needs of the population stemming from the demonstrable successes of Western welfare states; and “creative learning” or implicit acknowledgment that every industrial society, including the Soviet style centrally planned economies, had to adopt at least some elements of modernized social welfare models or policy originally developed in the West. Paradoxically, first the explicit and later more implicit rejection of the Western welfare state, including the social-democratic and various “third way” models, eventually led to the rise of neoliberal and anti-welfare attitudes among many Eastern social policy reformers during the last decade of communist rule and beyond, after 1989.

Social scientists have conceptualized several stages of sociocultural transformation as societal development. One version modified in this article constitutes a typology of preindustrial and industrial societies which consists of one, hunting & gathering societies; two, pastoral societies; three, village agrarian societies; four, advanced traditional agrarian societies; and five, industrial societies; and six, postindustrial societies. To analyse the sociocultural transformation which happens in the Indonesian society, one has to observe and consider the long historical background which produces social heterogeneity. Thus, the direction and ideals of sociocultural transformation can be identified and conceptualized.

This paper aims to contribute toward improved understanding of complex ecological distribution conflicts at the commodity frontiers, where increasing metabolism in industrial societies is leading to increased environmental destruction in resource-rich countries throughout the world. The focus of this paper is the Conga gold mine project in northern Peru, where there have been violent clashes between the Minera Yanacocha mining company and the local population, represented mainly by campesinos that live in the highlands of the Andes–Amazon region. We do this by using the flow/fund model developed by Georgescu-Roegen and extended by Giampietro and Mayumi, to help us trace the anatomy of this conflict, using simplified representations of the central economic processes involved: gold mining and milk production. By complementing the concept of Ricardian land—an indestructible fund—with the concept of land materials, which is susceptible to qualitative change, and therefore can be either a fund or a flow element of the economic process, we illustrate that the gold extraction process, which treats this land material as a flow, stands in conflict with the milk production process, at least in part, because that process is using these land materials as a fund, i.e., in order to make production possible. The paper employs the concept of environmental valuation triadics, developed by Farrell, in order to explore how the boundaries—physical frontiers and temporal durations—of a specified economic process are related to flow/fund element identities. We conclude with some reflections on potential future applications for the methods employed and on the implications of our analytical results.

This review discusses the methodology and some findings underlying four types of biological measures used by economic historians: mortality rates, stature, body mass index, and skeletal remains. Economic historians examine a variety of sources to learn when, why, and where modern industrial societies became rich and healthy. Monetary measures, such as income and wages, are highly desirable but usually unavailable to cover the time periods and countries over which modern societies evolved. Donning interdisciplinary lenses, these historians search archives, libraries, and archaeological sources for scraps of information, often assembled for other purposes, to construct a story of the evolution of humanity’s well-being. Biological measures have the advantage of comparability across time and culture; life expectancy, for example, means about the same today as in ancient Egypt, but the same cannot be said for the purchasing power of income, wages, or wealth.

In industrial societies, dominant mechanic rhythmicalities were treated by critical thinkers and artists as forces of dehumanization and alienation. Organic rhythmicalities (bodily or cosmic ones) were alternatively explored in an effort to create a possible harmonious synthesis of nature and machine civilization. Rehumanizing the city-machine has, however, ceased to be a meaningful venture in post-industrial societies. Contemporary post-industrial cities are characterized by site-specific rhythms which create a multifaceted urban normality. Each urban enclave has its specific rules and rhythms of use, and is controlled through a localized ‘state of exception’ in which certain general laws and rights are suspended. Contesting contemporary rhythmicalities might thus mean contesting the rhythmicalities of exception which establish spatiotemporal separations and discriminations. Profiting from an ongoing discussion about the inventive tactics of the weak and the dispossessed, this paper focuses on the ‘squares movement’ in order to discover exemplary acts of such a possible ‘polyrhythmical’ resistance. In the occupied squares people have devised ways to escape the imposed normality of urban ‘enclavism’ in search of polyrhythmical spaces and practices of commoning.

The hypothesis of this paper is that a detailed history of a specific location and period is more effective for isolating the important characteristics of institutions than studies which span multiple millennia across the globe. To illustrate this hypothesis, I examine three Italian city-states in the period between eleventh and sixteenth centuries. This was a time when the "commercial revolution" was underway in these city-states. As a result, there were institutional innovations in settlement patterns, work organization, and self-governing institutions to help provide for mutual defense and for the internalization of gains from long-distance trade. I contrast this case study with the methodology and findings employed by Douglass C. North, John J. Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast (2009) in Violence and Social Orders. Rather than analyze the importance of beliefs and the protection of property rights as in prior work of theirs, the authors here focus on the "Schumpeterian competition" between impersonal organizations as an effective institutional form to control violence. Moreover, the timeframe of their book extends to "all recorded human history." In contrast to North, Wallis, and Weingast's approach, I concentrate on Genoa, Florence, and Venice in an effort to explain more effectively the emergence of the public/private divide and the relationship between politics and economics in modern industrial society. Experimentation in medieval Italy in mediating conflict between newly emerging classes, innovating in public finance to support the military, and focusing on broad civic participation in the political process had a lasting impact on the development of the state as an institution.

This article analyses the nature and development of a grassroots popular culture of countryside appreciation, based on rural walking and access to unenclosed land, in northern England, covering the period between the emergence of footpath preservation societies in the 1820s and the controversies over access to Kinder Scout in the1930s. It has particular reference to Lancashire and the ‘Dark Peak’ in north Derbyshire, where activities of this sort were particularly widespread, especially on the upland moors. It examines the relationships between rural walking, enjoyment of open spaces and the freedom of the ‘open air’, popular science, political meetings and traditions, and campaigns to safeguard and extend access to uncultivated land. These themes are set in the context of the Lancashire ‘cotton towns’, especially but not exclusively, as the ‘first industrial society’ and the birthplace of modern commercial leisure, and the article pulls together evidence from a variety of primary and secondary sources to...

Peak oil theory predicts that oil production will soon start a terminal decline. Most authors imply that no adequate alternate resource and technology will be available to replace oil as the backbone resource of industrial society. This article uses historical cases from countries that have gone through a similar experience as the best available analytical strategy to understand what will happen if the predictions of peak oil theorists are right. The author is not committed to a particular version of peak oil theory, but deems the issue important enough to explore how various parts of the world should be expected to react. From the historical record he is able to identify predatory militarism, totalitarian retrenchment, and socioeconomic adaptation as three possible trajectories.