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[Display omitted] • Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract-based Ag NPs were synthesized and characterized. • Mycosynthesized Ag NPs were crystalline in nature, stable and polydispersed. • Mycosynthesized Ag NPs showed greater antimicrobial activity against human pathogens. • Mycosynthesized Ag NPs exhibited antioxidant activity and no significant cytotoxicity. This study aims to develop a novel biomaterial to combat microbial infections and oxidative stress without any adverse effects. Accordingly, a facile, eco-friendly, stable in time and non-toxic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized using the extract of edible mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The myco-synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential. Ag NPs formation was confirmed by the appearance of brown colour due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. UV–Vis spectroscopy exhibited a sharp absorbance peak at 430 nm. XRD reflected the presence of diffraction peaks at (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) planes of face centred cubic (fcc) of Ag NPs. HR-TEM have shown the presence of spherical shaped particles with an average size of 16 nm. EDX spectrum for myco-synthesized Ag NPs recorded strong major intense signal at 0.3 keV and 3 keV confirming the presence of pure silver in the prepared Ag NPs. In antibacterial assay, the myco-synthesized Ag NPs have shown inhibition size against six selected human pathogens viz., Streptococcus pyogenes (17.36 ± 0.45 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (18.00 ± 0.33 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.84 ± 0.4 mm), Shigella flexneri (18.67 ± 0.66 mm), Candida albicans (19.00 ± 0.66 mm) and Aspergillus fumigatus (18.48 ± 0.53 mm). The myco-synthesized Ag NPs exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activity and inhibited the free radicals up to 76.17 ± 0.01% with an IC 50 value of 12.5 µg mL−1. No significant toxicity of myco-synthesized Ag NPs on normal human dermal fibroblast cells were noticed (87.2 ± 0.01% at 100 µg mL−1). The present work concludes that myco-fabricated Ag NPs could be used as a potential drug to control microbial infections of skin without causing any adverse effects on normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, aqueous fungus extract from edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus was prepared and utilized as reducing and stabilizing agents towards a green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The biophysical characterization of Au NPs was done by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The mycosynthesized Au NPs were primarily confirmed by the color change from yellow to dark violet in 72 h of reaction due to the reduction of Au3+ ions to Au0. A sharp peak at 540 nm in the UV–Visible spectrum proved the synthesis of Au NPs. The different parameters viz., the concentration of gold chloride, ratio of gold chloride concentrations with a volume of a mushroom extract, pH, temperature, reaction mode, and the reaction time were optimized for the mycosynthesis of Au NPs. The stability of Au NPs was well proved in the in-vitro stability test under various conditions viz., 10 % NaCl; 0.2 M Cysteine; different pH; sterilized conditions (121 °C at 15 lbs for 20 min) and unsterilized. The mycosynthesized Au NPs have significantly inhibited the growth of clinically important pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes & Staphylococcus aureus); Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pnemoniae & Shigella flexneri) and pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans & Aspergillus fumigatus). This study suggests that the mycosynthesized Au NPs could be used as novel drug against various human pathogens and also a promising candidate for many biomedical applications. Overall scheme of the study for the mycosynthesis of Au NPs, and its evaluation of antimicrobial potential of selected human pathogens. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly fabrication of the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by using Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract. • Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract act as a bio-reductant, capping and stabilizing agent. • The Au NPs were stable for over 6 months at 4 °C and this property can be exploited for fabrication of drugs. • Au NPs were biophysical characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and HRTEM. • Significant antibacterial and antifungal activity exhibited by the mycosynthesized Au NPs against selected human pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the dietary nutrient levels of the edible mushroom, A. bisporus by biochemical analysis and evaluated their medicinal value in treating the human pathogenic microorganisms and free radical scavenging effects. A. bisporus mushroom exhibits a high amount of carbohydrates (41.6 ± 0.66 %) and crude proteins (39.84 ± 0.66 %). The crude fibre (8.6 ± 0.42 %), ash (8.23 ± 0.44 %), nitrogen (protein) contents (9.1 ± 0.44 %) were available at a significant level and also possessed a lesser amount of fat (1.73 ± 0.33 %). The quantitative determination of mycochemicals in A. bisporus reveals the presence of flavonoids (0.783 ± 0.03 g/100 g), phenolic content (0.441 ± 0.01 g/100 g), free amino acids (0.128 ± 0.12 g/100 g), saponin (0.121 ± 0.01 g/100 g), alkaloids (0.034 ± 0.01 g/100 g), tannins (0.027 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and vitamin C (12.8 ± 0.33 mg/g). Flame photometer and Inductivity Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) study reveals the presence of minerals viz., potassium (2925.14 ± 0.67 mg/100 g), phosphorus (1230 ± 0.67 mg/100 g), magnesium (115.05 ± 0.24 mg/100 g) and calcium (107.21 ± 0.34 mg/100 g) in A. bisporus mushroom. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum established the presence of possible biomolecules in A. bisporus mushroom. A greater antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (14.3 ± 0.24 mm) and Candida albicans (14.2 ± 0.12 mm) was observed compared to Streptococcus pyogenes (10.8 ± 0.12 mm), Shigella flexneri (10.8 ± 0.21 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1 ± 0.33 mm) and Aspergillus fumigatus (11.2 ± 0.33 mm). The mushroom extract of A. bisporus have an excellent radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 of 12.5 µg/mL against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). This investigation revealed that A. bisporus mushroom has great potential to be used as food supplement to fight against pathogens in the near future. [Display omitted] • Biochemical evaluation of dietary nutrients in A. bisporus were determined. • Functional mycochemicals in A. bisporus were confirmed by FTIR spectra. • bisporus showed antimicrobial effects against clinically important pathogens. • bisporus showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]