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The number of outlaw bikers is growing globally. Despite this, little research exists on these groups and their alleged violent tendencies. To address this, the current paper uses unique data to examine whether gang violence causes outlaw biker violence. The period examined runs from mid-2008 until early 2012 during which violent clashes occurred between outlaw bikers and street gang members involved in an alleged conflict in Copenhagen, Denmark. A precise description of each individual act of violence would make it possible to identify whether specific acts were carried out in furtherance of the alleged conflict. This would allow one to determine whether outlaw bikers commit violence on behalf of their club. However, such knowledge is unavailable. The paper therefore takes a different approach by examining whether acts of violence committed by the two groups are statistically associated. In other words, it considers whether one or more acts can be described as retaliatory during the observation periods. The sample consists of 640 individuals involved with the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club or with non-biker street gangs–both of which are present in Copenhagen. Statistical models are used to predict 143 violent events committed by 196 outlaw bikers. The results suggest that violence committed by gang members predicts violence committed by outlaw bikers. This indicates that violent acts committed by outlaw bikers are at least partly a form of retaliation carried out on behalf of their club. The paper expands the literature on the kinds of inter-group, micro-level processes that can lead to reciprocal violence by including outlaw bikers in a literature that has previously focused on non-biker street gangs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003 it became legal to carry out human embryonic stem (hES) cell research in Denmark using embryos that are considered 'spare' in connection with fertility treatment. The public debate preceding the change of the Fertility Act presented the 'spare' embryo as a biological fact and discussed whether it was possible and morally acceptable to connect a given stock of 'spare' embryos to the stem cell lab. This paper tells a different story. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a fertility clinic in Copenhagen and among stem cell researchers, we argue that 'spare' embryos are not straightforward biological facts. Rather, complex decision-making processes constitute embryos as 'spare' and thus as possible objects of exchange between couples in fertility treatment, stem cell researchers and future citizens in need of regenerative medicine. The ongoing fact-making of the 'spare' embryo in the fertility clinic reveals the network of relationships and conflicting responsibilities in which clinicians are positioned. Using the spatial metaphor of a moral landscape we explore how clinicians try out new moral pathways when seeking alternative ways to obtain and classify embryos as 'spare'. We argue that changing moral landscapes and 'spare' embryos are being co-produced in the development of hES cell research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze how adolescents in a Copenhagen school classify and systematically organize the different types of language they come across in their linguistic everyday. Furthermore, we analyse descriptions of how this metapragmatic system affect the adolescents' language use in their daily life. Our primary data consist of 74 essays on language and norms for its use made by a group of pupils at the age of 14-15. Our analyses show that the participants outline systematic metapragmatic organizations that generally can be described by using three parameters that roughly can be labelled as categorizations, style continua and personal attachment or detachment. Traditional accounts of "languages" as countable and coherent entities play a role in the system but cannot account for all the aspects. Therefore we suggest viewing the data through the lens of the languaging theory. We conclude that the adolescents' ways of organizing language reflect (and comment) the societal condition of superdiversity. At the same time the specific competences developed among the adolescents are not accepted or respected by mainstream society and the educational system and we discuss possible consequences of this discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partnership between the Museum of Copenhagen and the University College Copenhagen has investigated the potential of incorporating archaeology into pedagogical student practices in kindergartens. Through an interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeology, museology and pedagogy, the project has provided new knowledge as to how encounters between young children and archaeology can contribute to the development of learning abilities and the general formation of the children. Archaeological finds have an instant fascination and a great strength in that they are physically available due to their materiality. The project "Once upon a time ago" has shown new ways of addressing the access to cultural heritage and history to young children aged 2 to 5, and it has exposed the great potential of not only learning about archaeology, but learning through archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To implement and evaluate a simulation-based training program. Design. Descriptive. Study period: June 2003-June 2006. Setting. Obstetric Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Population. Two training sessions were provided for all health professionals including doctors, midwives, auxiliary nurses, and 147 out 156 participants (94%) took part in the first training session and 192 out possible 201 (96%) took part in the second session. Methods. An intervention study of the impact of simulation-based training in management of postpartum bleeding, shoulder dystocia, basic neonatal resuscitation, and severe preeclampsia. Main outcome measures. Before, just after and 9-15 months following the training, data were collected on the confidence and stress levels relating to the carrying out of certain procedures. In addition, a written objective test on basic neonatal resuscitation was administered. Data on any changes in work-routines experienced by the participants were obtained by open-ended questions. Registry data from the Danish Medical Birth Registry and from the hospital administration were included in the analysis. Results. Ninety-two percent of all respondents had a positive attitude toward the training program. They considered management of shoulder dystocia, preeclampsia, and neonatal resuscitation less stresful and less unpleasant to perform after training. Confidence scores for all the trained skills improved significantly. A significant association was found between confidence in neonatal resuscitation and numbers of correct answers in the objective test. More than 90% found the training to have had a positive influence on their work. The need for organizational changes in the department became evident and necessary changes were implemented. Sick leave amongst midwives diminished significantly during the study period. Conclusions. A comprehensive evaluation of a mandatory simulation-based program, implemented in a obstetric department, demonstrated a positive impact at individual and organizational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]