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For many years, education researchers have grouped students into categories based on their skills and abilities. This research can help teachers and curriculum developers to understand the transition through the overlapping stages of reading acquisition, and can provide opportunities for appropriate instruction and targeted interventions for students who are struggling with certain aspects of reading acquisition. Using Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) data on a nationally representative sample of second grade students in Indonesia, we have developed a new approach for categorizing students into learning profiles, which are directly tied to their particular instructional needs. We divided students into five learning profiles based on their reading ability (Grade 3 Ready, Fluent, Instructional, Beginner, and Nonreader) and then examined the relationship among these profiles and their reading skills on a variety of EGRA subtasks in order to determine the instructional need required to promote students from one profile to the next. Although the exact cuts points will differ by orthography, the framework laid out in this paper is tied directly to two EGRA subtasks in order for it to be easily adjusted for use regardless of the language or country. Accordingly, this approach significantly increases the value of EGRA results in terms of their practical implications and can be used to provide clear guidance to researchers, ministry officials, aid organizations and policy makers aiming to address educational shortcomings and improve student performance across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of KKNI curriculum in Indonesia requires meaningful learning-so does the biochemistry learning. In the mean time, biochemistry learning is constrained by the fact that its implementation and assessment have yet to be integrated with classroom learning and laboratory works. The Orientation/Decision/Do/Discuss/Reflect (OD3R) method seeks to integrate the elements and makes biochemistry learning meaningful. The implementation of the OD3R method in 4 universities in Indonesia (N = 216) shows that this method can help students to integrate information obtained from lectures by writing good laboratory reports, improve practical skills, and improving students' scientific attitudes. Each stage in the OD3R method meets cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains in the biochemistry learning. More details on the OD3R method and its assessment are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes lessons learned from mental health workers who participated in Capacity Building for Child and Adolescent Mental Health in Disaster Areas (CAMHD) training of trainers in Jakarta. This training module was developed by the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division of the Department of Psychiatry of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and partners, in collaboration with the Institute of Mental Health Singapore and supported by Temasek Foundation, Singapore. Mixed methods research was conducted to evaluate the training and to learn from the participants’ experiences. Data were collected from the training participants in the form of pre and post tests, questionnaires demographic data, training evaluation forms, and focus group discussions. All research participants (n = 16) demonstrated increased knowledge, with a statistically significant mean difference of pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.001). Important lessons imparted included early detection – especially using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, case formulation, and comprehensive management, including Psychological First Aid (and crisis intervention. In terms of training process, training participants appeared to particularly appreciate active learning processes such as case studies, role plays, and discussions, which allowed them to share their experiences. The current research also identified further training and development needs for child and adolescent mental health in disaster areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this modern era, child marriage still remains a practice in some regions. This phenomenon damages the normal life of families and negatively affects the human capitals of Indonesia. Higher number of child marriages would lead to increase in the divorce rates than normal, as those involved in this marriage have not developed the necessary emotional control for solving problems that might arise during these marriages. This led many to the path of divorce. The goal of this research is to understand the factors that led to child marriage in Cintapuri Village, Banjar Regency, Banjarmasin. This research uses the qualitative descriptive method with phenomenological model. Subjects in this research were teenage girls married in the age of 14-16 with Junior High School (SMP) being their last education level, parents, and village governance apparatus in Cintapuri Village, Banjar Regency, Banjarmasin. The data from this research was collected through careful observations and interviews with people related to the research's objective. The result of this research shows there are several factors leading to the rampant cases of child marriage, such as economical, educational, and cultural factors. Looked through from an economical point-of-view, many parents are marrying their children off to alleviate their economic burden. From an educational point-of-view, many parents are not aware of the adverse effects of child marriage and the laws that regulate the minimum age of marriage, because of the lack of education. From a cultural point-of-view, parents are feeling nervous and ashamed for the fact that their daughter do not have a partner yet, leading them in search of a suitable partner for their daughter even though their daughter do not always approve of the parent's suitable partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research is to find the form of socio-economic interaction of Sota - PNG border crossers in this case is Kle Kanume who settled in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia and the territory of Papua New Guiene. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach combined with interviews and observations. This research was conducted in Sota District, Sota Village, Merauke Regency, South Papua. The focus of this research is the local community of Sota-PNG border crossers, namely the Kanume Tribe/Klen. The reason for choosing this research focus is because some Klen Kanume are residents who inhabit the Sota Village of Sota District and some Klen Kanume inhabit the Morhead District of PNG. The results of this study found that this border crossing community is an actor who daily crosses the Sota-PNG border to conduct socio-economic interactions with various purposes (Socio-Cultural, Economic, Health, and Education). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High illiteracy rates and a low average school year has contributed for Papua Province to had the lowest Human Development Index (IPM) in Indonesia. The educational achievement should not only be seen through statistical figures. The challenge of providing education services for Indigenous Papuans (OAP), especially in the central highlands area, should consider the socio-demographic context, geography, accessibility, availability of transportation, and the culture of OAP, along with local government capacity in managing education services. The 2001 Special Autonomy Law mandated a proportion of the allocation of education funds at 30%. However, its implementation for up to two decades has not been able to contribute to a significant increase in human resources. Therefore, the issue of education in Papua is not only a matter of funds. Implementation standards for education and teaching materials must be able to adapt to their needs, answer community’s problems, be in accordance with natural conditions, and not be urban biased. This study will explain three models of the development of the Papuan contextual education model implemented by education practitioners, a foundation, and local government with NGOs in several districts in Papua Province, which have become good practices for implementing Papuan contextual education for OAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine the effects of education on health in Indonesia using an exogenous variation in education induced by an extension of Indonesia’s school term length in 1978–1979, a natural experiment that fits a regression discontinuity design. I find the longer school year increases educational attainment and wages, but I do not find evidence that education improves health. I explore some mechanisms through which education may affect health, but education does not seem to promote healthy lifestyles, increase the use of modern healthcare services, or improve access to health insurance; if anything, education improves only cognitive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In this paper, we consider whether it is the gender of the decision maker or the extent of agency that they wield that is crucial to increasing household welfare. This is an important question as development policy is often formed on the basis that placing resources in the hands of women results in greater household welfare. Indonesia provides the ideal opportunity to study this issue because it is home to ethnic groups with very different gender norms from male dominance (the patrilineal Batak) to female dominance (the matrilineal Minangkabau). Using IFLS data for three rounds, we consider the impact of decision-making by the dominant spouse on household expenditure on education. We find that, in Indonesia, when the dominant spouse (male or female) has sole control of decision-making, there is an overall negative impact on education expenditure. This leads us to argue that it is more important to consider the issue of spousal dominance, than to wholly focus on gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. 70% of cases where there is a tear in the perineal tissue at the time of delivery, either spontaneously or with an episiotomy, require perineal suture treatment. Postpartum mothers who experience a delivery with an episiotomy indicate that they experience a higher level of pain. Objectives. The educational model “Perineal Self Care Protocol” is an educational intervention model with a web-based application method for postpartum mothers at home. Material and methods. This research was conducted in the working area of the Medan Sunggal and Medan Amplas health centres with a sample size of 138 women who were divided into 2 groups, namely the intervention group (the Medan Sunggal working area) and the control group (the Medan Amplas work area). A sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling with the aim of identifying self-efficacy assessment is done by “Perineal Self Care Protocol” education module for 4 consecutive days. Results. In the results of this research, there was an increase in postpartum mother’s self-efficacy with a significance value of p < 0.005, where 10 items of self-efficacy that have been shown to increase with the development of education through the website have been found to increase. Conclusions. In the results of this research, there was an increase in postpartum mother’s self-efficacy with a significance value of p < 0.005, where there were 10 items of self-efficacy components that were proven to increase with the development of education through the website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze parents' roles in building student competence oriented toward educational sustainability development (ESD) in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. In this study, ESD is discussed in the context of loving the environment and efforts to prevent contamination of air, water, and soil. The study adopted a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach. The research location is Cirebon, a city of West Java in Indonesia. The research subjects consisted of parents and elementary school students from first to sixth grades as a form of self-education regarding sustainability development. The research was conducted between February 2022 and November 2022. The study data were collected using the participant interview method and observation of participation, supported by secondary data documentation. The validity of the data was increased by checking, rechecking, cross-checking, and prolonging their stay at the research location. Miles and Huberman's approach was used to analyze the data at hand. This approach consists of four research stages: data collection, data classification, data reduction, and conclusion. The study results show that parents have a very important role in cultivating student learning competencies with an educational orientation of sustainability development. From an early age, parents should instill competence in students that education must be oriented toward environmental sustainability and avoid actions that result in contamination of soil, water, and air in the framework of the survival of the earth and human survival. Children must go to school and be smart to become the next generation who will come in good condition and love preserving the earth and human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to examine how a group of young leaders in Indonesia developed their leadership throughout their early and later years. In particular, the study examined focused motivation ("undeterred, intentional perseverance"), which is a common trait found in high-achieving individuals (Paik, 2013, p. 106). The study further investigated the nurturance of focused motivation through key support networks in home and school environments. Design/methodology/approach: Using the productive giftedness model (Paik, 2013, 2015) as its theoretical framework, the study used a mixed-method design comprising a structured interview and survey. The final sample included 38 high-achieving Indonesian leaders. Findings: Findings from the study demonstrate that focused motivation can be cultivated through a combination of opportunities, support and resources. More specifically, the home and school are integral in the development of characteristics contributing to focused motivation, such as resilience and mastery-orientation. In the study, positive characteristics and support networks of young leaders enabled them to overcome a variety of personal and professional challenges, including overcoming social barriers experienced by some of the leaders. Social implications: Findings from the study can inform practice and policy efforts in creating nurturing home and school environments that will help children and young adults achieve their leadership potential, especially in developing countries where access to education and resources is often limited. Originality/value: The study highlights the sociocultural context in Indonesia to discuss the opportunities and barriers in talent and leader development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia in multicultural education has not yet shown significant results within the framework of multicultural education, even though Islamic education in Islamic boarding schools has unconsciously implemented it first. This study aims to describe, analyze and interpret how to revive multicultural Islamic education in Indonesia. This type of research is qualitative with literature review method. The main objects in this research are books, journals, articles, and other scientific literature related to the research topic. Social theory and multicultural theories are also searched by researchers and collected as complementary data. After the data is collected, it is reviewed and analyzed using the interactive model theory of Huberman and Saldana (2014). From the results of the analysis it was found that: 1) Multicultural Islamic Education is a paradigm of the social life of the world community which is united in the celestial ontology (Al-Qur'an and Al-Hadith along with the principles of the imams); 2). The ideas and mission of Ibn Khaldun's education which are oriented towards the friendliness of the world's values and the values of the hereafter, deserve to be used as a reference and reference for the implementation of Multicultural Islamic Education; 3). Islam, with its slogan that originates from heaven, as rohmatan lil'almin, implies that there is no element of distinction between all earthly creatures with all their labels (religion, culture, customs, ethnicity, language, class) and other diversity. 4). The symbol of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, which is in line with the concept of heaven, should not only be used as a motto, but must be instilled into the foundations of community education life. 5). Textbooks of Islamic Education that are friendly, tolerant, uphold mutual understanding and respect need to be printed and campaigned on a large scale. 6). There is a need to integrate various histories into historical subject units, because history is an original and liner fact. It is with history that we know the conditions of the beginning, the golden age, the destruction and the rise of the former nations with all their behavior, morals and ethics. The results of this study are expected to be used as information and references for other researchers with literature studies on Multicultural Islamic Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia has made significant progress in expanding universal health coverage (UHC) through its National Health Insurance (NHI) mechanism. However, in the context of NHI implementation in Indonesia, socioeconomic disparities caused its subpopulations to have different literacy of NHI concepts and procedures, increasing the risk of healthcare access inequities. Hence, the study aimed to analyse the predictors of NHI membership among the poor with different education levels in Indonesia. Methods: This study used the secondary dataset of the nationwide survey "Abilities and Willingness to Pay, Fee, and Participant Satisfaction in implementing National Health Insurance in Indonesia in 2019" by The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The study population was the poor population in Indonesia and included a weighted sample of 18,514 poor people. The study used NHI membership as a dependent variable. Meanwhile, the study analysed seven independent variables: wealth, residence, age, gender, education, employment, and marital status. In the final step of the analysis, the study used binary logistic regression. Results: The results show that the NHI membership among the poor population tends to be higher among those who have higher education, live in urban areas, are older than 17 years old, are married and are wealthier. The poor population with higher education levels is more likely to become NHI members than those with lower education. Their residence, age, gender, employment, marital status, and wealth also predicted their NHI membership. Poor people with primary education are 1.454 times more likely to be NHI members than those without education (AOR 1.454; 95% CI 1.331–1.588). Meanwhile, those with secondary education are 1.478 times more likely to be NHI members than those with no education (AOR 1.478; 95% CI 1.309–1.668). Moreover, higher education is 1.724 times more likely to result in being an NHI member than no education (AOR 1.724; 95% CI 1.356–2.192). Conclusion: Education level, residence, age, gender, employment, marital status, and wealth predict NHI membership among the poor population. Since significant differences exist in all of those predictors among the poor population with different education levels, our findings highlighted the importance of government investment in NHI, which must be supported with investment in the poor population's education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces a series of articles on transnational education. Challenge to Latin American universities of electronically delivered transnational higher education; Philosophy of education for tolerance and inductive learning in Indonesia; Accreditation and quality control in higher education.

This study aims to provide an overview of an effective entrepreneurship learning model for female students in vocational schools. The previous research related to the characteristics and needs of female entrepreneurs becomes the basis for building the model. The method used in this research was Research & Development with a 3-step design, preliminary study stage, development stage, and model validation stage. This research involved 32 research informants. At the initial stage, this study used a literature review related to the characteristics and needs of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia for designing learning content. The next stage is the design of learning methods based on the needs and characteristics of Indonesian women. The results of this study are an effective learning model for female students in Vocational Schools. Then, at the model testing stage, the study illustrates that the effectiveness of the learning model was based on the characteristics and needs of Indonesian women based on learning outcomes. This study concludes that the particular learning model for women in Indonesia is very appropriate to be developed based on the needs and characteristics of women. This study suggests the need for support from various parties in optimizing the particular learning model for women based on the needs and characteristics of female entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to describe the lesson plan and the application of multicultural values learning through Pancasila and Civics Education subject at elementary schools. Multicultural education is important and should be provided in elementary schools as the multicultural education module can help students be more open to skin color, religion, ethnicity, race, language, and other differences. Pancasila and Civics Education also educate students about character; therefore, this subject is beneficial for teaching multicultural values. This research adopts a qualitative approach using a content analysis method. There are six lesson plan documents that were analyzed from three elementary schools in Jakarta. In addition, the participants consisted of 35 teachers, head teachers, and students at an elementary school. The study used document analysis as the main sources and in addition, interviews and observations were used to enrich the data collection. The study findings revealed that the lesson plan on multicultural education is found in elementary school students in the fourth grade of the first semester. The theme of multicultural learning is the beauty of diversity, with the sub-theme being the diversity of Indonesia. The purpose of learning is to make students understand the diversity of ethnic groups in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the case studies taught are about the Minang community in West Sumatra. This research has implications that multicultural learning needs to be taught to elementary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has developed rapidly and affected every community's life. This condition was also supported by the occurrence of a pandemic in early 2020 which resulted in restrictions on mobility between individuals and other humans to reduce the spread of the virus which resulted in a crisis. One of the technological developments in the financial sector is loan products through the Peer to Peer platform. Namely transactions that use an online platform that functions as an intermediary that connects borrowers and lenders to carry out lending and borrowing transactions without meeting physically. P2P transaction mechanisms that are carried out directly between borrowers and investors provide risk directly to investors for the success of their funding through the P2P platform. Therefore, in conducting a direct analysis of the loans to be financed, investors must have adequate information so that they can make the best analysis for the financing they are doing. This mechanism allows for information asymmetry on the part of borrowers and investors. The level of trust from lenders is an important factor that will influence their decision as investors to provide funds to borrowers. This confidence can be obtained, among other things, by studying the various available information. In addition, there is the phenomenon of an increase in borrowers and lenders in P2P transactions in Indonesia. It is necessary to pay attention to whether this decision affects interest rates for lending through P2P platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in the adoption of online teaching and learning. Several studies show that both students and lecturers benefit from online teaching and learning in cases where contact learning cannot take place. However, other studies reveal that some students face challenges during online teaching and learning, requiring them to develop coping mechanisms. Thus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Search engines such as 'Google scholar were used to sample and review documents using keywords to source relevant data that is from 2002 to 2022. Data were analysed using inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). The study's findings show that access to online teaching and learning is challenging for some students. It was also revealed that some students cope with the challenges of online learning and teaching by employing positive strategies such as seeking support while some students employ harmful coping mechanisms such as using drugs and alcohol to cope with the challenges they face during online teaching and learning. The underlined conclusion suggests that online teaching and learning should be accessible and support systems for students should be available. Mobilisation of resources that will help all students to participate in online teaching and learning is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of an educational cash transfer on schooling and working of the recipients and their non-recipient siblings in Indonesia, using a matched difference-in-differences strategy. We find that the cash transfer increases the probability of schooling for all recipients. Specifically, the likelihood of schooling for the senior secondary school children increases by 19 percentage points. However, there is no effect on the recipient's probability to work. Furthermore, there is no significant spill-over effect on non-recipient siblings' schooling. While the transfer reduces the incidence of child labour for non-recipient girls, it increases the probability of non-recipient boys to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amerta Nutrition is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proponents of decentralization argue that bringing decisions closer to the people improves school quality and efficiency by ensuring that schools are more responsive to local educational needs. In practice, the effects of decentralization vary substantially, given that the implementation of these reforms relies on local resources and management capacity. In this paper, I estimate the effects of decentralization on educational outcomes in Indonesia using a difference-in-differences model. I find no overall effect on achievement, but a negative effect on teacher effort, particularly in rural areas and among schools with inactive school committees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education positively affects a person's income. It can be explained in two ways. Firstly, education directly increases the productivity of a person, which is in accordance with the views of the theory of human capital. The second way is an indirect effect, in which education acts as a sign (signal) of a worker's unobserved characteristics, as assessed by an employer who is considering hiring the person. This is consistent with the view of the signaling theory. Both views are often debated in literature. This paper examines the returns to education in Indonesia, separating out the credential effects from the pure years of schooling effects. We used survey data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2000, 2007, and 2014 to test the difference of the two theories in estimating the returns to education in Indonesia. This study used three models which consisted of the human capital model, the signaling model, and the hybrid model. The human capital model used the number of years of schooling as a variable representing education, the signaling model used dummy variables from the level of education achieved (elementary school, junior high school, senior high school, diploma, university), and the hybrid model combined both measures of the variables. The hybrid model allows for the separation of the impact of human capital based on an additional year of schooling, and the impact of signaling by the accomplishment of a particular certificate. The results of the study provide strong evidence of the presence of the returns to education either through the human capital or the signaling theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the roles played by Masyumi political leaders in fuelling dakwah activism in Indonesia and energizing the inception and proliferation of Islamic higher education institutions before and after the political turmoil faced by the Masyumi party. Islamic politics and education in Indonesia were intermingled and utilized by Masyumi leaders to promote Islam, foster the dignity of the ummah (Muslim community), and achieve Maysumi's political vision via non-political activism. Using social-structure networks analysis, this article argues that the Masyumi networks and the spirit of Islamic modernism accelerated the spread of Islamic higher education in Indonesia, especially from 1945–1965. The Masyumi networks consisted of Muslim politicians, the intelligentsia, technocrats, noble families, and businesspeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the sources of authority, the characteristics, the sociopolitical world, the roles and the relationships between village leaders, this paper shows that there have been only a few changes in local politics in western Madura, Indonesia, since the 1998 political reformation. In fact, despite the continual reformation processes, the circumstances of local politics in that area have remained relatively similar and have actually been characterized by continuity. There, local politics has been an arena of typical local leaders: the klebun (village heads), the kiai (religious leaders) and the blater (local strongmen). The struggle for influence within these village elites is centred not only on opportunities for private material benefits, but also on political competition, which is loosely organized, pragmatic and often mutually beneficial in nature. These village elites' continuous presence in the post-Suharto period is without doubt a reflection and a consequence of their constant influence over society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wave of globalization encourages intercultural contact more rapidly. This led to an integration between the new values with the old ones that occur outside as well as inside the organization. This encourages the fusion of process and haziness value, even the erosion of the original values of the previously sacred and the identity of a nation. This paper focus on the tradition of Maulid Nabi as one of the local Islamic traditions in Nurul Yaqin Ringan-Ringan Pakandangan Padang Pariaman Boarding School. The tradition of the Maulid Nabi (Prophet's birthday) is a particular religious practice as a result of the grounding the normative teachings of Islam into reality. Education through local Islamic culture is needed by a community in order to have resilience and ability to acquire the significance life such as found in the Nurul Yaqin Ringan-Ringan Pakandangan Pariaman Boarding School‟s community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profitability of an investment in education in Indonesia has been a discussed issue for the past decades. Both Deolalikar (1993) and Duflo (2001) provided comprehensive estimates of returns to investment in education in Indonesia and both of them argued that schooling was a profitable investment. This paper updates the evidence on the profitability of an investment in education in Indonesia, using OLS and IV approaches. It describes the statistical relationship among market earnings, years of schooling, age and job tenure (experience), and quadratics of age and tenure, marital status, male-female and rural-urban dummies. In the analysis, we use primary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 4 (IFLS4). IFLS4 is a nationally representative sample comprising 13,536 households and 50,580 individuals, spread across provinces on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. The earnings function is estimated on three samples: a combined sample of males and females (with a female intercept shift term), and separate samples of male and female workers. The empirical results show that the returns to schooling in Indonesia are 4.72 per cent for the combined sample, 4.36 per cent for males, and 5.26 per cent for females. However, the relationship between years of schooling and earnings is not statistically significant in any of the IV estimations. We also make comparisons with the findings of Duflo (2001), based on earlier data for 1995. These comparisons enable an assessment of any changes in the ability bias over this period of market reform. The IV estimates are the same as, or greater than, the OLS estimates. This is consistent with the literature for developed countries, and suggests that ability does not attract a wage premium but may be correlated with the instruments. Although adopting the IV approach increases the estimated returns to schooling in Indonesia, these returns remain low compared to other Asian as well as less developed countries. Therefore, the marketoriented economic reforms that has been going on over the past several decades should be evaluated by the policy makers considering whether these reforms generating higher jobless growth or not and take proper policy measure, if there is any. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim nation, has developed into the world's third-largest democracy. Despite the encouraging picture of political transformation accompanied by remarkable economic growth that it presents, serious challenges and the potential for backsliding remain. Studies on Indonesia undertaken at centres outside the country have grown in number, but their authors' engagement and dialogue with Indonesian scholars about the state of studies on Indonesia and the direction in which those studies are heading remain insufficient. To address this gap, and in collaboration with other Indonesian scholars, we outline contemporary developments in research on Indonesia. We address the ongoing and emerging studies, research gaps and future directions identified during a round table organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies on 10 May 2013 in Singapore. Areas of focus are sociological and demographic trends, domestic politics, decentralization and political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper examines whether education empowers women. We exploit an exogenous variation in education induced by a longer school year in Indonesia in 1978, which fits a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. We find education reduces the number of live births, increases contraceptive use, and promotes reproductive health practices. However, except for a few outcome measures, we do not find evidence that education improves women’s decision-making authority within households, asset ownership, or community participation. These results suggest that, to some extent, education does empower women in middle-income countries like Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity education is an alternative to Catholic religious education in some Catholic schools in Yogyakarta. In religiosity education students learn to appreciate different religions. It was started in 1982 by the late Father Y.B. Mangunwijaya, and later developed by the Commission of Religious Education in the Diocese of Semarang (which includes Yogyakarta). This development took place at a time of tension for Christian schools, because, under the terms of a new law, they had to offer religious education specific to every student's religion. Religiosity education was successfully developed as a new curriculum, which met the criteria of multicultural education. Unfortunately, when the government Education Office in Yogyakarta did not accept religiosity education as an alternative to Catholic religious education, most Catholic schools withdrew from implementing it. The future of religiosity education in Yogyakarta was uncertain. However, this research shows that much Catholic religious education is currently undertaken in the same way as religiosity education, using the reflective pedagogy paradigm. So the spirit of religiosity education remains in these schools -- though without the actual term. The paper argues that the spirit of religiosity education should be maintained in Catholic schools in Yogyakarta in order to contribute to making Yogya a true 'city of tolerance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the attitudes of high school students in Indonesia towards inter-ethnic and inter-religious socializing, courtship and marriage. It also explores how different personal characteristics and social conditions such as gender, ethnicity, type of school and community affect these attitudes. The basic findings come from a survey of more than 3,000 students in senior high schools in five provinces of Indonesia: Jakarta, Yogyakarta, West Sumatra, Central Kalimantan and Bali. Survey data were supplemented with data from interviews and focus group discussions with students and from participant observation in and around the same schools. The authors found that most students were positive about friendships with people of different ethnicities and different faiths. However, most students did not agree with inter-religious marriage, because they perceived that their religion forbad it. This research was part of a large team project examining how education can contribute to building a more tolerant and multicultural Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is essential for developing labor in Indonesia. One type of formal education is madrasah education that has been historically significant in Indonesia which adds depth in Islamic subjects in addition to basic subjects. These graduates may become important as the Sharia industry continues to boom in Indonesia. However, madrasah education has shown weak labor market performances compared to general education, in terms of wages and unemployment. This may stem from a weak learning process in madrasahs which is against the 4th Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) about equitable education. With limited studies on madrasah education performance in the labor market, using 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey, we find: (1) madrasah education choice is influenced by parent's education and appeals to low-income families, (2) madrasah graduates have lower probability of working compared to general education graduates, (3) return of madrasah education is lower compared to general education. Therefore, policies should improve madrasah education through improvement of teachers and institution quality, support and funding for private madrasahs, and supporting Madrasah Kejuruan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid population growth in many developing countries has raised concerns regarding food security and household welfare. To understand the consequences of population growth in a general equilibrium setting, we examine the dynamics of population density and its impacts on household outcomes using panel data from Indonesia, combined with district-level demographic data. Historically, Indonesia has adapted to land constraints through a mix of agricultural intensification, expansion of the land frontier, and non-farm diversification, with public policies playing a role in catalyzing all of these responses. In contemporary Indonesia we find that human capital determines the effect of increased population density on per capita household consumption expenditure. The effect of population density is positive if the average educational attainment is high (above junior high school), while it is negative otherwise. On the other hand, farmers with larger holdings maintain their advantage in farming regardless of population density. The paper concludes with some potential lessons for African countries from Indonesia's more successful rural development experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the context in which education in Aceh acts strategically to advance an agenda of social transformation. Applying a cultural, political economy analytical framework, it identifies ways in which education is embedded in key cultural, political, economic and social struggles at present. They include: (1) the redistribution of educational opportunities and access; (2) ambiguous spaces for democratic representation in a decentralised educational structure; (3) competing notions of how diversity is acknowledged within Indonesia and Aceh Province; and (4) conflicted approaches to reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami and end of conflict in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since its independence in 1945, Indonesia has undergone rapid socioeconomic development. The fastest changes occurred in Java, which is the main island where more than half of the Indonesian population lives.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the secular trend in the height of adults living in Java born between 1953 and 1995 by comparing their residence (rural, small city, or large city) and considering factors that contribute to adult height.Methods: The analysis used the following data: birth year, body height, weight, body mass index, sex, educational attainment, share of household food expenditures, and residence of 20- to 40-year-old men and women collected by the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 1 to 5. Multiple linear regression was conducted to analyze several factors that influence adult height. Significance was set at p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: The study included 30,656 measurements of individuals born between 1953 and 1995 (54.9% female). Positive secular trends (95% CI) were observed for men and women: 1.3 (1.1-1.4) cm and 0.9 (0.8-1.0) cm per decade, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that, in addition to the year of birth, the adult height of both males and females was independently associated with level of education and share of household food expenditure. Stratifying the data into residence in rural areas, small cities, and large cities showed that education levels influenced the adult height of men and women living in all regions, whereas the influence of birth year and share of household food expenditure differed between areas and genders.Conclusions: We observed positive secular trends in the height of adults living in Java who were born between 1953 and 1995. The birth year, educational attainment, and share of household food expenditure significantly influenced adult height. A higher education level was consistently associated with taller adult height in both men and women living in rural areas, small cities, and large cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Indonesia's economic growth is estimated to be driven by high levels of consumption which lead to large amounts of waste. Education is required to raise environmental awareness among the population as it is one of the ways to overcome the waste issue, especially in urban areas, which are the engines of economic growth. This study aims to determine whether the higher levels of education have a greater impact on citizens regarding environmental concerns such as littering. METHODS: The study took logistics regression on the primary data survey from 7 cities (Jakarta, Jambi, Muaro Jambi, Ambon, Padang, Surabaya, and Tasikmalaya) in Indonesia during 2019-2021. The survey includes 563 observations on the household level, involving a total of 2,349 respondents. The logistic regression predicts the likelihood of urban citizens to litter, given their socio-economic backgrounds and existing littering behavior and environmental awareness. FINDINGS: This study found that education did not affect decreasing the value of littering behavior as expected since it is estimated that an increase of 1 year in school will increase the probability of littering by 0.0189. Formal education is not enough to decrease the probability of littering behavior on the individual level. In contrast, informal education taught on keeping a clean environment matters is better than conventional formal education. Besides that, having self-initiative on environmental caring and good habits from childhood will decrease the probability of littering on an individual level. An individual has a self-initiative, the probability of littering will be 0.1732 times lower than those who do not have self-initiative. This study also found that per capita income and per capita expenditure in big cities in Indonesia ranged between USD 156,903 and USD 116,857. These economic factors affect the behavior of citizens not to litter. The per capita expenditure increasing by USD 1 per person per day will decrease the probability of littering by -0.0468. However, these factors are not enough to minimize the littering behavior since the disposal place availability becomes another keys factor in decreasing littering behavior on urban citizens. CONCLUSION: The government should also focus on building citizens' behavior regarding waste management awareness especially building good habits since childhood and individual initiative, simultaneously implementing the programs to reduce waste production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Industrial designers in Indonesia should develop new viewpoints concerning industrial products, lifestyles and consumption habits, resources and creativity in view of climate adaptation. In the field of industrial design in Indonesia, sustainability issues started to attract attention in the early 1990s, but were brought up formally only in mid-2000, as part of the curriculum in higher education at the Faculty of Arts and Design, Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB). Given the fact that the ongoing curriculum at ITB still applies concepts of the conventional industrial era, this paper aims to conduct a general analysis of a course to prepare future designers for the current issues in the subject of sustainability, emphasizing the attempts to apply the principles of sustainability within the context of Indonesia, a developing, tropical country that is vulnerable to climate change. In this article, a SWOT analysis is laid out to evaluate the delivery of the subject and the organization of the curriculum. As a closing remark, it is suggested that an effective delivery of the subject should include exercises in real, local cases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 2010-2011, new public messages circulated in Indonesia's public sphere to 'green' Islam. Formal and semi-formal religious education increasingly reflected and supported new ecological curricula and models. Messages of 'eco-dakwah' (religious and environmental outreach) by religious authorities connected theory and practice, long established in the pesantren (madrasa) tradition. This paper highlights two affective strategies that were emerging as forms of environmental Islam: first, adapting 'tradition' to be a resource for experiential awareness; and, second, the related expectation that feeling and emotion carry persuasive power to alter perception and inspire action. This dakwah cast moral sentiment and action in this world with respect to natural states anticipated in the world to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors argue that while state-sponsored efforts to preserve Indonesia's natural resources have been needed, their effectiveness has been limited due to the paucity of available arable land and the frequent conflicts conservation policies have generated among local populations. Rather than a top-down structural approach, they argue, what is needed is an innovative approach that includes education at the grassroots, which in Indonesia will combine Islamic principles of environmental protection with traditional methods of conservation. After a section presenting an Islamic theology of creation care and then highlighting some projects in the Muslim world, the spotlight is turned on Indonesia, where a number of initiatives involve the cooperation of religious leaders, eco-friendly pesantren (religious boarding schools), international NGOs, and government policy at the national and regional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010-2011, new public messages circulated in Indonesia's public sphere to 'green' Islam. Formal and semi-formal religious education increasingly reflected and supported new ecological curricula and models. Messages of 'eco-dakwah' (religious and environmental outreach) by religious authorities connected theory and practice, long established in the pesantren (madrasa) tradition. This paper highlights two affective strategies that were emerging as forms of environmental Islam: first, adapting 'tradition' to be a resource for experiential awareness; and, second, the related expectation that feeling and emotion carry persuasive power to alter perception and inspire action. This dakwah cast moral sentiment and action in this world with respect to natural states anticipated in the world to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated firstly the reliability and validity of an Indonesian version of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). Second, perceptions of Indonesian secondary school teachers' interpersonal behaviour as perceived by students and teachers were studied with the QTI. Third, differences between students' and teachers' perceptions regarding interpersonal teacher behaviour were compared. The QTI itself is based on the Model of Interpersonal Behaviour which maps teacher behaviour in terms of Influence (Dominance-Submission) and Proximity (Cooperation -Opposition). In this study, an Indonesian version of the QTI was constructed and distributed to 2,380 students of 69 teachers from 85 classes (grade 7-9) from 12 public lower secondary schools in Indonesia. The results showed high reliability and validity for the instrument. Students' and teachers' average ratings on Influence were similar, while teacher's ratings of Proximity were higher than those of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses legal foundations, pedagogical challenges, and technological constraints of distance education in Indonesia. Legal reform and policy changes in education have taken place recently in Indonesia, including the ratification of new Laws and regulations in education. These changes have effects on distance education as part of the effort to meet the right to education for its citizens. Distance education is expected to respond to challenges in effective implementation of lifelong learning. Despite some constraints, technology is used in distance education to enhance the implementation of the right to education. Distance education should help reach out the disadvantaged groups of the society and serve as the catalyst in the establishment of a knowledge-based society in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper evaluates the role played by Indonesia''s Social Safety Net Scholarships Program in reducing school drop-out rates during the Asian financial crisis. The expectation was that many families would find it difficult to keep their children in school and drop-out rates would be high. The scholarships are found to have been effective in reducing drop-outs at the level of schooling at which students were historically most at the risk of dropping out—lower secondary school. At this level drop-outs were reduced by about 3.0% points (or 38%) and costs were recovered. Given its success, the program can be viewed as a model to be followed by other countries that find themselves in a similar situation of crisis. How well the program adhered to its documented targeting design and how effective this design was in reaching the poor is also examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Study abroad programmes for teacher education students are increasingly being evaluated to determine their effectiveness in achieving intended outcomes. There is a danger, however, that such evaluations will ignore valuable but unintended and serendipitous outcomes of such programmes. This paper investigates an example of such an outcome, the development of a critical perspective towards media constructions of ‘otherness’. In 2002 a group of Australian teacher education students undertook an intensive in‐country Indonesian language programme. The course included mornings of formal immersion language classes and afternoons of cultural experiences with local students. Throughout and following the programme the students were interviewed and wrote about their changing perceptions of Indonesia and the implications of the experience for their professional development. Soon after their return Indonesian–Australian relations were challenged by the terrorist attack in the tourist heart of Bali. Two hundred and two people, including many Australian tourists, were killed in the bomb blast. In some cases the students were personally acquainted with Australian victims. As part of their reflection upon their in‐country experience the students were asked to comment upon whether, and in what ways, the Bali bombings might have affected their perceptions of Indonesia. The students were highly critical of the ethnocentric and stereotyped way in which the Australian media depicted Indonesians in their reporting of the bombing. These students were concerned with the effect that such media constructions might have upon Australian attitudes towards Indonesia and were prepared to challenge such media constructions in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to describe the role of women in education on and utilization of rainwater to increase awareness and insight into water conservation in both the family and community environment. Women are faced with gender differences in the inclusion into the society. Nine respondents participated in this research which consisted of three female community members, three women residents, and three men residents around the Banyu Bening community, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The triangulation of data sources included the community leader, community members, and one of the participating families. The data analysis model used was from Miles and Huberman. The results showed that women played a very important role in the utilization and teaching on rainwater utilization. Women are the main pillars in the success of education and environmental management, especially at the family level. They are the most capable of providing teaching and developing environmental attitudes in their children and the community, and they are also the agents of change and teaching on sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to trace and discuss the historical roots of secular-religious debates and tensions and their relationship to the formation of the Indonesian National Education System within the context of the history of Dutch colonization and nationalist struggles for national identity. It focuses on what are believed to be two 'significant events' in the history of the Indonesian National Education System. The first is three and half centuries of Dutch occupation of Indonesia prior to 1945 and the second the establishment of the Indonesian National Education System. Also, the tension between those desiring a secular versus religious (Islamic) education system is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the ICPD in 1994, the Government of Indonesia has struggled with the challenge of providing sexual and reproductive health education to adolescents. Following an attempt at a family-centred approach, a pilot project was carried out in Central and East Java to train peer educators, coordinated by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN). A total of 80 peer educators (male/female teams) carried out small-group information sessions in ten different districts. Over 1,300 adolescents attended in all. Forty peer counsellors in 20 teams then carried out five outreach sessions each in their communities, attended by nearly 4,000 adults and adolescents. Educators chosen were older in age, knowledge level, authority and communication skills than adolescents, but were well accepted as mentors. Adolescents wanted to know how to deal with sexual relationships and feelings, unwanted pregnancy and STDs. With 42 million Indonesian adolescents needing information, the government cannot produce enough manuals to satisfy demand. New strategies are required to put information in the public domain, e.g. via the media. The approach described in this paper would probably be beyond the staffing and resource capacity of most districts in Indonesia. Nonetheless, it shows that there was great enthusiasm across a variety of communities for efforts to educate young people on protecting their reproductive health. Depuis la Conférence internationale sur la population et le développement en 1994, le Gouvernement indonésien s'efforce de dispenser une éducation en santé génésique aux adolescents. Après une tentative centrée sur la famille, un projet pilote a été mené à Java pour former des éducateurs des pairs, sous la direction du Conseil national de coordination de la planification familiale. Quatre-vingts éducateurs de pairs (équipes masculines/féminines) ont tenu des séances d'information en petits groupes dans dix districts différents. Plus de 1300 adolescents y ont pris part. Quarante équipes d'éducateurs ont ensuite organisé cinq séances chacune dans leurs communautés, auxquelles ont participé 4000 adultes et adolescents. Les éducateurs choisis étaient plus âgés, avaient davantage de connaissances, d'autorité et de compétences en communication que les adolescents, mais étaient bien acceptés comme mentors. Les adolescents voulaient s'informer sur les relations sexuelles et les sentiments, les grossesses non désirées et les MST. L'Etat ne peut produire suffisamment de manuels pour satisfaire la demande des 42 millions d'adolescents que compte le pays et il doit trouver de nouvelles stratégies pour mettre les informations dans le domaine public, par exemple par les médias. L'approche décrite ici dépasserait probablement les capacités en effectifs et ressources de la plupart des districts indonésiens. Néanmoins, elle a montré que beaucoup de communautés accueillaient avec enthousiasme les activités d'éducation des jeunes pour la protection de leur santé génésique. Desde la CIPD de 1994, el Gobierno de Indonesia ha tratado de proporcionar educación sexual y reproductiva a los adolescentes. Tras un intento de crear un enfoque centrado en la familia, se realizó un proyecto piloto en Java Central y Oriental, coordinado por la junta coordinadora del Programa de Planificación Familiar Nacional (BKKBN), para capacitar a los educadores de pares. Un total de 80 educadores (equipos de hombres y mujeres) realizaron sesiones de información en grupos pequeños en diez distritos. Asistieron más de 1300 adolescentes. Cuarenta equipos de educadores de pares realizaron cinco sesiones de extensión en su comunidad, a las cuales asistieron unos 4000 adultos y adolescentes. Estos educadores eran de edad más avanzada y poseı́an más conocimientos, más autoridad y mejores habilidades de comunicación que los adolescentes, pero todos fueron aceptados como mentores. Los adolescentes querı́an saber cómo lidiar con relaciones sexuales, el embarazo no deseado y las ETS. Dado que 42 millones de adolescentes indoneses necesitan información, el gobierno no puede producir suficientes manuales para satisfacer la demanda. Para ello, se necesitan nuevas estrategias, como difusión por los medios de comunicación. El enfoque aquı́ descrito probablemente sobrepasarı́a la capacidad de personal y recursos de la mayorı́a de los distritos del paı́s. No obstante, diversas comunidades demostraron gran entusiasmo por esforzarse para educar a la juventud respecto a la protección de su salud reproductiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]