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[EN] Experience is an important requirement to apply for a qualified job. While employers need to find workers with the required skills, education institutions must design curricula which provide the skills demanded by the job market. Besides, along their careers, workers need to make good choices on continuing education courses. Current Bachelor and Master degrees follow programs which attempt to offer a practical perspective, but still from the academia point of view. To bridge the gap between academia and industry, University Extension Diploma in Food Technology (DEUTA) deepens into the Food sector seeking professional capacitation of par-ticipants. This is achieved by both first-hand know-how of food sector professionals and academics, along with an internship period in a food company. This paper reports the experience for more than fifteen years of this Diploma. Curriculum, students background, food sectors where internships are taken, student's opinion on the course management as well as on issues related to employability, development of professional skills and life-long learning are discussed. The analysis demonstrates how collaborative courses strengthen academia-industry bonds, and employability is boosted thanks to internships and the network created. This experience may be extrapolated to many sectors other than food, such as the chemical, environmental or biotechnological, and may help lecturers and institutions organize similar courses or diplomas to prepare competent and efficient technical workers, as well as help students and professionals orient their training and continuing education choices., Funding for open access charge: CRUE - Universitat Politècnica de València.

We study the effect of women’s education on fertility and children’s health during a period of gender equalization and women’s greater access to economic opportunities. In 1980, Spain raised the minimum working age from 14 to 16, while the compulsory education age remained at 14. This reform changed the within-cohort incentives to remain in the educational system. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the reform delayed fertility but did not impact the completed fertility of affected women. We also show that the reform was detrimental to the health of the children of affected mothers at delivery. We document two channels for this adverse effect: the postponement in the entrance of motherhood and the deterioration of mothers’ health habits (such as smoking and drinking). However, in the medium run, these more educated mothers reverse the adverse health shocks at birth through maternal vigilance and investment in their children’s health habits. Jiménez-Martín gratefully acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICINN) through PID2020- 114231RB-I0 and from Spanish National Research Agency (AEI) through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (Barcelona School of Economics CEX2019-000915-S), Cabrales acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICINN) through PID2021- 126892NB-I00, from MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Spain through the María de Maeztu Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D CEX2021-001181-M and from Comunidad de Madrid, Spain through EPUC3M11 (V PRICIT), and Bellés-Obrero acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through CRC TR 224 (Project A02).

Doctoral students face many challenges when writing research articles. However,little is known about how they regulate their writing process in a natural context, due partially to the lack of methods to explore writing regulation from a situated perspective.The present study aims at demonstrating a method to explore doctoral students’ writing regulation processes within their context of occurrence in ecological conditions. To do so, we focus on the writing process of Natalia, a second-year doctoral student, while she writes and revises an extended abstract for her first scientific article under natural conditions. Screen-recorder and keystroke logging software, writing logs, an open-ended questionnaire and drafts of her text were used to collect data about the processes and products, and about both her actions and perceptions. Analysis combining these different data allowed us to identify two types of episodes: production and regulation episodes, and six subtypes of regulation episodes, and link them to the section of the text and the challenges the writer addressed with each episode. Results also showed that regulation processes vary between sessions, in terms of frequency and in their goals, and that feedback promoted a problemsolving approach to writing.

In the scientific journals, being part of the editorial boards, including the journals' members and chief editors, involves holding positions of power and responsibility that affect the running of a journal. Until now, these positions have usually been held by men in most scientific disciplines. In this study, the gender composition in the editorial board members (EBMs) and editor-in-chief (ECs) of the 45 Women's Studies journals classified in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) was analyzed. The following indicators were calculated: the gender distribution of ECs and EBMs by journal, publisher, country, and quartile of the journal in the JCR; the geographical area of the members; and the gender distribution of the authors of papers grouped by journal, and geographical area. The gender distribution of the ECs was 92 % women, while that of the EBMs was 82.2 %. Regarding the articles and reviews published during 2019, a 72.4 % were signed by women. These results display an “inverted truncated pyramid”: the higher the level of decision-making positions is, the higher the percentage of women. On the other hand, the results by geographical area shows an Anglo-Saxon and European bias., Andrea Sixto-Costoya is beneficiary of a posdoctoral grant (MS21 020) of the Spanish Ministry of Science.

Confined to a single island where its small population fluctuates in response to rainfall, the Raso lark is likely to remain Critically Endangered unless a second population becomes established This paper reports translocations of larks, 37 in 2018 and 33 in 2019, to the nearby island of Santa Luzia where the species existed until about 500 years ago Both islands lie within the Reserva Natural Integral de Santa Luzia While the hard release protocol proceeded without mishap, problems with radio-tagging the released birds were encountered However early indications are encouraging;the released birds have bred, and their annual survival is not substantially worse than that of larks on the source island, Raso Unexpectedly, the study documented several natural, unassisted movements of larks from Raso to Santa Luzia (and, less unexpectedly, of translocated birds returning to Raso) The ultimate outcome of the project remains uncertain since eradication of Santa Luzia’s introduced cats, possible predators of the larks, was interrupted when the island was evacuated because of the Covid-19 pandemic © Paul Donald

During the past two decades, PhD graduate numbers have increased dramatically with graduates viewed by governments as a means to advance the knowledge economy and international competitiveness. Concurrently, universities have also invested in policies to monitor satisfaction, retention, and timely completion—and researchers have expanded the study of PhD experience. We, as such researchers, have increasingly received invitations from university decision-makers to present research evidence which might guide their doctoral programs. Their interest provoked us to do a qualitative systematized review of research on doctoral experience—seeking evidence of practices that influenced retention, satisfaction, and completion. The result contributes a synthesis of the critical research evidence that could be used to inform doctoral education policy. We also demonstrate the possibilities of such evidence by suggesting some potential recommendations, while recognizing that there is no direct relationship between research results and their transformation into particular institutional contexts in ways that enhance doctoral experience. We hope our initiative will be taken up and extended by other researchers, particularly the research gaps we note, so we can collectively support the use of research evidence to influence both doctoral policies and practices—with the goal to better prepare PhD researchers for their futures and better support their supervisors.

The objective of this study was to examine the variables that affect the use of PowerPoint by university professors. Based on the revised unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT-2...

Developing an authorial voice along with co-authorship practices can be an important pathway towards building one’s professional identity and career. However, challenges may arise when contributors have different expectations about co-authorship conventions and are accountable to different stakeholders. This article aims to explore co-authorship practices between doctoral students and supervisors by drawing on four dimensions that highlight professional challenges across disciplinary and national contexts: 1) supervisors’ writing and co-authorship, 2) strategies and activities to support writing, 3) authorial voice and 4) integrity and (the risk of) plagiarism. The article summarises practices and suggestions for academics and policymakers on how to create and promote an ethical and sustainable approach to co-authorship in supervisory context.

This study focuses on furthering the understanding of doctoral researcher development, through the examination of significant events and application of the trajectories analysis framework. Conducti...

This interpretative, cross-sectional study analysed the perceptions of students in their last year of their bachelor’s in primary school education with regard to educational inquiry. It explored th...

Este trabajo indaga de forma exploratoria en las concepciones de los/as estudiantes del Máster en Profesor/a de Educación Secundaria (Geografía e Historia) sobre la Historia del Arte y su enseñanza y aprendizaje. El principal objetivo es analizar dichas concepciones para caracterizar el conocimiento académico profesional previo de los/as participantes y ser el referente de partida en el proceso de formación inicial. Para ello, se ha diseñado y aplicado un cuestionario en el momento previo al desarrollo del módulo en la didáctica de esta materia. Los resultados muestran unas concepciones duales que en buena medida se mantienen cercanas a una concepción formalista-teleológica de la disciplina, con una finalidad eminentemente culturalista y con unas estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje enmarcadas en la transmisión de contenidos. La formación inicial docente debería partir de estas concepciones para su reestructuración, apostando por la alfabetización audiovisual crítica de la ciudadanía. This paper investigates the conceptions of the students of the master’s degree in Secondary Education Teaching (Geography and History) in relation to the History of Art and its teaching and learning process. The main objective is to analyse these conceptions to characterize their previous professional academic knowledge and to be the starting point of reference in the process of initial teacher training. To this end, a questionnaire has been designed and applied in the moments before to the development of the module in the didactics of this subject. The results show dual conceptions that to a significant extent remain close to a formalist conception of the discipline, with an eminently cultural purpose and with teaching and learning strategies framed in the transmission of content. Initial teacher training must start from these conceptions for its restructuring in accordance with the critical audiovisual literacy of citizens.

Despite the significant improvements achieved over the last ten years, primary education attainment in Mozambique is still low. Potential reasons acting from the demand perspective include ill health, among other factors. In Mozambique, ill health is still largely linked to malaria, which is a leading cause of outpatient contacts, hospital admissions and death, particularly among under-five and school-aged children. Despite this, in Mozambique and more generally, in malaria endemic countries, the identification and measurement of how improved malaria indicators may contribute to better school outcomes remains largely unknown. In particular, there is a low understanding of the extent to which better health translates immediately into school indicators, such as absenteeism and grades. In this study, we exploit the first year of a malaria elimination initiative implemented in Magude district (Southern Mozambique) that started in 2015, as a quasi-experiment to estimate the impact of malaria on selected primary school outcomes. While malaria was not eliminated, its incidence drastically dropped. We use as control a neighbouring district (Manhiça) with similar socio-economic and epidemiological characteristics. By employing a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, we examine whether the positive health shock translated into improved school outcomes. Using information from school registers, we generated a dataset on school attendance and grades for 9,848 primary-school students from 9 schools (4 in the treated district and 5 in the control district). In our main specification, a repeated cross-section analysis, we find that the elimination initiative led to a 28% decrease in school absenteeism and a 2% increase in students' grades. Our results are robust across different specifications, including a panel DiD individual fixed effects estimate on a sub-sample of students. These findings provide evidence on the negative impact of malaria on primary education attainment and suggest remarkable economic benefits consequent to its elimination.

Objetivo La hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es el marcador de daño de órgano diana más frecuente en la hipertensión arterial. Habitualmente se realiza un ECG para su identificación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad pronóstica de otras alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes hipertensos, más allá de la hipertrofia ventricular. Materiales y métodos Se incluyeron 1.003 pacientes hipertensos mayores de 65 años. Se recogieron factores de riesgo, historia cardiovascular previa y tratamiento médico. Se analizaron diferentes alteraciones electrocardiográficas, incluyendo índice de Sokolow-Lyon, índice de Cornell, presencia de sobrecarga ventricular y bloqueos de rama, entre otros. Se llevó a cabo un seguimiento de 2 años con recogida de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (mortalidad, infarto de miocardio, accidentes cerebrovascular o ingreso por insuficiencia cardiaca). Resultados La edad media de la población era de 72,9 ± 5,8 años, con un 47,5% de varones. Durante el seguimiento el 13,9% sufrieron un evento cardiovascular mayor. Estos pacientes eran de mayor edad, más fumadores y practicaban menos ejercicio físico, sin presentar diferencias en el tratamiento antihipertensivo empleado ni en el control tensional. El patrón de sobrecarga ventricular (HR: 1,93; IC 95%: 1,160-3,196; p = 0,011) y el bloqueo completo de rama izquierda (HR: 2,27; IC 95%: 1,040-4,956; p = 0,040) se comportaron como factores electrocardiográficos predictores independientes de eventos cardiovasculares mayores, no así la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda por Sokolow y/o Cornell. Conclusiones En pacientes hipertensos, la existencia en el ECG basal de un bloqueo completo de rama izquierda o un patrón de sobrecarga ventricular identifica a una población de mayor riesgo cardiovascular. Objective Left ventricular hypertrophy is the most common marker of target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Electrocardiograms are typically performed to identify left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic utility of other electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with arterial hypertension, beyond ventricular hypertrophy. Materials and methods The study included 1003 patients older than 65 years with arterial hypertension. We recorded risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and medical treatment and analysed various electrocardiographic abnormalities including the Sokolow-Lyon index, the Cornell index, ventricular overload and branch blocks. The study conducted a 2-year follow-up, recording the major cardiovascular events (mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure). Results The study population's mean age was 72.9 ± 5.8 years, 47.5% of whom were men. During the follow-up, 13.9% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. These patients were older, more often smokers and engaged in less physical exercise, without presenting differences in the antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure control. The ventricular overload pattern (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.160-3.196; P = .011) and the complete left bundle branch block (HR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.040-4.956; P = .040) behaved as independent electrocardiographic predictors of major cardiovascular events; however, left ventricular hypertrophy using the Sokolow and/or Cornell index did not behave as such. Conclusions For patients with hypertension, the presence in the baseline electrocardiogram of complete left bundle branch block or a pattern of ventricular overload identifies a population at increased cardiovascular risk.

El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar el valor predictivo de las expectativas educativas de los padres de los adolescentes inmigrantes y del apoyo académico para el ajuste psicológico de dichos jóvenes. Participaron 228 inmigrantes de primera o segunda generación de los últimos cursos de seis institutos de secundaria en Cataluña. A través de cuestionarios, los estudiantes reportaron su percepción sobre las expectativas de los padres y sobre el apoyo académico de sus compañeros de clase, y los docentes evaluaron su ajuste psicológico en el ámbito escolar. Los resultados sugieren que tanto las expectativas de los padres como el apoyo académico percibido se relacionan con el ajuste psicológico. La regresión múltiple permite precisar que el apoyo académico de los amigos predice el ajuste psicológico y escolar de los adolescentes de origen inmigrante. Sin embargo, las expectativas de los padres a largo plazo emergen como mejor predictor de casi todas las variables del ajuste psicológico y escolar de estos chicos y chicas. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi va ser explorar el valor predictiu de les expectatives educatives dels pares dels adolescents immigrants i del suport acadèmic per a l'ajust psicològic d'aquests joves. Hi van participar 228 immigrants de primera o segona generació dels últims cursos de sis instituts de secundària de Catalunya. A través de qüestionaris, els estudiants van reportar la seva percepció sobre les expectatives dels pares i sobre el suport acadèmic dels seus companys de classe, i els docents van avaluar el seu ajust psicològic en l'àmbit escolar. Els resultats suggereixen que tant les expectatives dels pares com el suport acadèmic percebut es relacionen amb l'ajust psicològic. La regressió múltiple permet precisar que el suport acadèmic dels amics prediu l'ajust psicològic escolar dels adolescents d'origen immigrant. No obstant això, les expectatives dels pares a llarg termini emergeixen com el millor predictor de gairebé totes les variables de l'ajust psicològic i escolar d'aquests nois i noies. The main purpose of this study was to explore the predictive value of parents' academic expectations and academic support in the psychological adjustment of immigrant adolescents. The participants were 228 first- and second-generation immigrants enrolled in the senior year at six secondary schools in Catalonia. Through questionnaires, the students reported their perceptions of parents' expectations and the academic support received from their peers, while the teaching staff evaluated the students' psychological adjustment to the school environment. The results suggest that both parents' expectations and perceived academic support are linked to psychological adjustment. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that peers' academic support significantly predicts school psychological adjustment. However, parents' expectations in the long term turn out to be better predictors of almost all the variables in immigrant-origin adolescents' psychological and academic adjustment.

PowerPoint is one of the most widely used technological tools in educational contexts, but little is known about the differences in usage patterns by faculty members from various disciplines. For the study we report in this article we used a survey specially designed to explore this question, and it was completed by 106 faculty members from different disciplines. The results suggest the existence of different patterns in the use of PowerPoint. In addition, the importance of habit in its use is highlighted. Those professors who reported greater dependence on PowerPoint tended to use PowerPoint primarily as study material for their students. We discuss the practical relevance of these results.

The role of vitamin D in mammographic density is still unclear. This study examines the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and mammographic density, overall and by specific women characteristics. DDM-Madrid is a cross-sectional study that recruited 1403 premenopausal women in a breast radiodiagnosis unit of Madrid City Council. Information was collected with a questionnaire and plasma 25(OH)D was measured by solid-phase extraction on-line coupled to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Percent mammographic density was assessed using a semi-automated computer tool (DM-Scan). Multivariable linear regression models were used to quantify the associations, categorizing 25(OH)D levels (nmol/L) into 3 groups according to the cut-offs established by the US Endocrine Society. Models were adjusted for age, education, body mass index, age at menarche, parity, previous breast biopsies, family history of breast cancer, physical activity, energy intake, use of corticoids, hypercholesterolemia and day of sample extraction. Mean serum 25(OH)D level was 49.4 + 18.9 nmol/L. Women with sufficient concentrations of 25(OH)D showed a slight decrease in mammographic density (β >75nmol/L=-3.40; p = 0.037). No differences were observed according to women characteristics except for parity, where the protective effect of 25(OH)D was only seen among nulliparous (β >75nmol/L=-13.00; p-heterogeneity = 0.006). In light of the protective effect of vitamin D on mammographic density and the high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in our population, improving these levels could be an effective measure for the prevention of health problems related to the lack of this essential vitamin.

During their doctoral studies, students undergo an emotionally and intellectually intensive process involving a wide range of positive and negative experiences. This article analyses PhD students’ ...

One of the bottlenecks of the hydrogen production by dark fermentation is the low yields obtained because of the homoacetogenesis persistence, a metabolic pathway where H2 and CO2 are consumed to produce acetate. The central reactions of H2 production and homoacetogenesis are catalyzed by enzyme hydrogenase and the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, respectively. In this work, genes encoding for the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fthfs) and hydrogenase (hydA) were used to investigate the diversity of homoacetogens as well as their phylogenetic relationships through quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation amplicon sequencing. A total of 70 samples from 19 different H2-producing bioreactors with different configurations and operating conditions were analyzed. Quantification through qPCR showed that the abundance of fthfs and hydA was strongly associated with the type of substrate, organic loading rate, and H2 production performance. In particular, fthfs sequencing revealed that homoacetogens diversity was low with one or two dominant homoacetogens in each sample. Clostridium carboxivorans was detected in the reactors fed with agave hydrolisates; Acetobacterium woodii dominated in systems fed with glucose; Blautia coccoides and unclassified Sporoanaerobacter species were present in reactors fed with cheese whey; finally, Eubacterium limosum and Selenomonas sp. were co-dominant in reactors fed with glycerol. Altogether, quantification and sequencing analysis revealed that the occurrence of homoacetogenesis could take place due to (1) metabolic changes of H2-producing bacteria towards homoacetogenesis or (2) the displacement of H2-producing bacteria by homoacetogens. Overall, it was demonstrated that the fthfs gene was a suitable marker to investigate homoacetogens in H2-producing reactors. • qPCR and sequencing analysis revealed two homoacetogenesis phenomena. • fthfs gene was a suitable marker to investigate homoacetogens in H2 reactors.

Innovation and entrepreneurship are key factors to provide added value for food systems. Based on the findings of the Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership BoostEdu, the objective of this paper is to provide answers to three knowledge gaps: 1) identify the needs for innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) in the food sector; 2) understand the best way to organize learning; 3) provide flexibility in turbulent times. BoostEdu aimed to provide a platform for continuing education within I&E for food professionals and was carried out through co-creation workshops and the development of an e-learning course. The results of the project in particular during the Covid-19 pandemics, highlighted the need for flexible access to modules that are complementary to other sources and based on a mix of theoretical concepts and practical experiences. The main lessons learned concern the need of co-creation and co-learning processes to identify suitable practices for the use of innovative digital technologies.

In Spain, the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to the declaration of a state of alarm in the whole country in 2020, in this context, a nationwide lockdown was implemented, potentially altering the dietary habits of the population. The aims of this study were to describe the diet and its nutritional quality in Spanish households during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave and to compare them with the same period in 2019. Data on monthly foods and beverages household purchases in 2019 and 2020 were obtained from the nationwide Food Consumption Surveys. In April, there was an average increase, compared with 2019, of more than 40% for all food groups, with significant peaks in: alcoholic beverages (75%), appetizers (60%), eggs (59%), sugar and sweets (52%), and vegetables (50%). In March, the greatest peak was for pulses, with a 63% increment. The mean energy value of purchased foods in April was 2801 kcal/person/day, corresponding to an increase of 771 kcal/person/day (+38%), compared to the same month of 2019 (March and May: +520 kcal (+26%), June: +343 kcal (+18%)). Regarding nutrient density, there was a reduction in calcium, iodine, zinc, selenium, riboflavin, vitamins B12, D, A, especially retinol, and an increase in fibre, sodium, folic acid, carotenes and vitamin E. Alcohol content per 1000 kcal increased by more than 20% from April to July. Food purchase patterns in Spanish households changed during lockdown and after it, with no appreciable improvement in the quality of the diet.

L’aprenentatge de la taula periòdica, els seus elements i els seus símbols també es pot realitzar d’una manera divertida. A continuació es presenta una activitat que es pot proposar als alumnes d’ESO dins de la unitat corresponent a l’estudi de l’àtom i de la taula periòdica

[Background]: Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in repressing the expression of a wide range of mRNAs. The presence of polymorphic sites in miRNA genes and their corresponding 3′UTR binding sites can disrupt canonical conserved miRNA–mRNA pairings, and thus modify gene expression patterns. However, to date such polymorphic sites in miRNA genes and their association with gene expression phenotypes and complex traits are poorly characterized in pigs., [Results]: By analyzing whole-genome sequences from 120 pigs and wild boars from Europe and Asia, we identified 285 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that map to miRNA loci, and 109,724 SNPs that are located in predicted 7mer-m8 miRNA binding sites within porcine 3′UTR. In porcine miRNA genes, SNP density is reduced compared with their flanking non-miRNA regions. By sequencing the genomes of five Duroc boars, we identified 12 miRNA SNPs that were subsequently genotyped in their offspring (N = 345, Lipgen population). Association analyses of miRNA SNPs with 38 lipid-related traits and hepatic and muscle microarray expression phenotypes recorded in the Lipgen population were performed. The most relevant detected association was between the genotype of the rs319154814 (G/A) SNP located in the apical loop of the ssc-miR-326 hairpin precursor and PPP1CC mRNA levels in the liver (q-value = 0.058). This result was subsequently confirmed by qPCR (P-value = 0.027). The rs319154814 (G/A) genotype was also associated with several fatty acid composition traits., [Conclusions]: Our findings show a reduced variability of porcine miRNA genes, which is consistent with strong purifying selection, particularly in the seed region that plays a critical role in miRNA binding. Although it is generally assumed that SNPs mapping to the seed region are those with the most pronounced consequences on mRNA expression, we show that a SNP mapping to the apical region of ssc-miR-326 is significantly associated with hepatic mRNA levels of the PPP1CC gene, one of its predicted targets. Although experimental confirmation of such an interaction is reported in humans but not in pigs, this result highlights the need to further investigate the functional effects of miRNA polymorphisms that are located outside the seed region on gene expression in pigs., The research presented in the current publication was funded by Grants AGL2013-48742-C2-1-R and AGL2013-48742-C2-2-R awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. We also acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa 2020–2023 (CEX2019-000902-S) grant awarded to the Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG, Bellaterra, Spain). Emilio Mármol-Sánchez was funded by a FPU Ph.D. grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU15/01733). María Gracia Luigi-Sierra was funded with a Ph.D. fellowship “Formación de Personal Investigador” (BES-C-2017-0024) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. Dailu Guan was funded by a Ph.D. fellowship from the Scholarship Council of China (CSC). The authors thank the CERCA Programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Barcelona, Spain) for their support and those who provided publicly available data.