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espanolObjetivo: Estimar el impacto potencial de la disminucion teorica del indice de masa corporal, sobre la incidencia y la fraccion atribuible poblacional de canceres hepatico, colorrectal y de mama, en el contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodologia: Se efectuo un estudio de macrosimulacion, bajo tres escenarios de distribuciones futuras del indice de masa corporal: el primero o de “Referencia” (sin intervenir el factor de riesgo), y dos de intervencion: el segundo, consistente en la reduccion gradual, acumulada en los primeros diez anos, del 10 % de la diferencia entre los valores medios esperados e ideales del indice de masa corporal, y sostenerla hasta el 2050; y el tercero, correspondiente a lograr “Toda la poblacion con indice de masa corporal ideal” a partir del 2017. Resultados: Se estimo, bajo el tercer escenario, que las proporciones de canceres que podrian evitarse oscilarian, en las mujeres, entre 8,0 % (cancer colorrectal) y 16,7 % (cancer hepatico), y en los hombres, entre 10,4 % (cancer colorrectal) y 12,2 % (cancer hepatico). Bajo el segundo escenario, los casos evitables proyectados corresponderian aproximadamente a 4009 canceres de mama (en mujeres), 2086 canceres colorrectales y 728 canceres hepaticos; y bajo el tercer escenario, a 48 410 canceres de mama, 25 089 canceres colorrectales y 8648 canceres hepaticos. Conclusion: Intervenir para disminuir el exceso de peso en la poblacion colombiana contribuiria especialmente a evitar, en ambos sexos, el cancer hepatico, y en las mujeres, los casos nuevos de cancer de mama portuguesObjetivo: Estimar o impacto da reducao teorica do indice de massa corporal, em incidencia e a fracao atribuivel da populacao de cânceres de figado, colorretal e de mama, no contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo de macro-simulacao, sob tres cenarios de distribuicoes futuras do indice de massa corporal: o primeiro ou de “Referencia” (sem intervir o fator de risco) e duas de intervencao: a segunda, consistindo na reducao gradual, acumulou nos primeiros dez anos, do 10 % da diferenca entre os valores medios esperados e ideais do indice de massa corporal e sustentando-o ate 2050; e a terceira, correspondendo ao alcancar “Toda a populacao com Indice de Massa Corporal ideal” a partir do 2017. Resultados: Estimou-se que as proporcoes de cânceres que poderiam ser evitadas no terceiro cenario variariam em mulheres entre 8,0 % (câncer colorretal) e 16,7 % (câncer de figado) e em homens entre 10,4 % (câncer colorretal) e 12,2 % (câncer de figado). Os casos evitaveis projetados sob a segundo cenario corresponderiam a aproximadamente 4009 cânceres de mama (em mulheres), 2086 cânceres colorretais e 728 cânceres de figado e, sob a terceiro cenario, a 48 410 cânceres de mama, 25 089 cânceres colorretais e 8648 cânceres de figado. Conclusao: Intervir para reduzir o excesso de peso na populacao colombiana, contribuiria especialmente para evitar o câncer de figado em ambos os sexos e novos casos de câncer de mama (em mulheres). EnglishObjective: To estimate the effect of a theoretical decrease impact of the body mass index on the incidence and the population attributable fraction of liver, colorectal and breast cancers in Colombian, 2016-2050.. Methodology: A macro-simulation study was performed under three scenarios of future distributions of the body mass index: the first or of “Reference” (without intervening on the risk factor) and two interventions scenarios: the second consisting of a gradual reduction, accumulated over the first ten years, of 10 % of the difference between the expected and ideal mean values of the body mass index and sustaining these until 2050; and the third corresponding to achieve “Complete population with ideal Body Mass Index” as of 2017. Results: It was estimated that the proportions of cancers that could be avoided under the third scenario, would range in women between 8,0 % (colorectal cancer) and 16,7 % (liver cancer) and in men between 10,4 % (colorectal cancer) and 12,2 % (liver cancer). The avoidable cases projected under the second scenario would correspond to approximately 4009 breast cancers (in women), 2086 colorectal cancers and 728 liver cancers, and under the third scenario to 48 410 breast cancers, 25 089 colorectal cancers and 8648 cancers liver. Conclusion: Intervening to reduce excess weight in the Colombian population, would especially contribute to avoid liver cancer in both sexes and the new cases of breast cancer (in women).

espanolIntroduccion.Los usuarios de Internet, especialmente adolescentes, pueden experimentar riesgos en linea que pueden afectar su salud mental.Este estudio examino la asociacion entre los riesgos en linea y el apoyo familiar, que ha sido conceptualizadocomo una variable que puede disminuir los riesgos en el uso del Internet entre adolescentes. Metodo.Se aplico una version adaptada a poblacion colombiana de la encuesta Kids onLine. La muestra incluyo 96 participantes entre 11 y 18 anos(F=58.3%),41.6% pertenecian a bajos ingresos familiares y 58.4% pertenecian a ingresos medios, del municipio de Bello, Colombia. (Edad promedio=13.99; DE=2.034).Resultados.Los resultadosconfirmaron la hipotesis de que aquellos adolescentes que perciben apoyo familiar, definido como el conjunto de acciones de acompanamiento, escucha activa, consejos y confianza entre los miembros de la famila, presentan menores riesgos en linea. Discusion y Conclusion: Aunque los resultados de esta investigacion muestran una relacion inversa entre apoyo familiar y riesgos en Internet, no hay una correlacion estadisticamente significativa, que podria explicarse por el hecho de que aunque la familia tiene un rol impor-tante sobre la prevencion de las conductas de riesgo en linea de los adolescentes, esta tambien es limitada, especialmente con adolescentes mayores, quienes pasan mas tiempo con amigos y pueden verse motivados por ellos a involucrarse en actividades riesgosas en general. En este sentido, la figura de apoyo familiar, que involucra a la familia como un todo que trasciende la mediacion centrada en los padres, tiene importantes implicaciones en la comprension y pre-vencion de los riesgos en linea, entanto la union entre los miembros de la familia, basada en una interaccion y comunicacion adecuadas, puede ayudar a mediar en los riesgos y a proveer apoyo a los adolescentes. EnglishIntroduction. Internet users, especially adolescents, may experience online risks that can affect their mental health. This study examined the association between online risks and family support as this has been conceptualized as variable that can prevent the risks in the Internet use among adolescents. Method. We applied an adapted version to Colombian population of the Kids on Line survey. The sample included 96 participants between 11 and 18 years old (F=58.3%), 41.6% of the respondents had low family incomes and 58.4% had middle family incomes from Bello, Colombia, 58.3% were girls (Mean Age=13.99; SD = 2.034). Results. The results confirmed the hypothesis that those adolescents who perceive family support, defined as a set of actions of acompainment, active listening, counseling and trust between family members, present less online risks. Discussion and Conclusion. Although the results of this research show an inverse relationship between family support and risks on the Internet, there is no a statistically significant correlation. This could be explained because although the family has an important role over the prevention of adolescent risk behaviors online, this is also limited, specially with older teenagers, who spend more time with friends and may be encouraged by their friends to involve themselves in general risky behaviors. In this sense, the family support that involves the family as a whole and that transcends the mediation centered on the parental figures has important implications in the understanding and prevention of the online risks, as positive links between family members, based on an adequeate interaction and communication, may help to mediate the risks and provide support to teenagers.

espanolEl objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y categorizar las imagenes con mayor nivel de aciertos en tres niveles de intensidad emocional percibida (alto, medio y bajo) de la prueba pofa (Ekman, 1976) en poblacion colombiana, para ser aplicado en poblacion con alteraciones neurologicas. Se evaluaron 110 imagenes en 36 participantes, sin alteraciones neurologicas o psicologicas de consideracion. Los resultados indican que la alegria fue la emocion mas reconocida y el miedo la que genero mayor confusion. Se conformo una bateria de 42 imagenes, seis por cada emocion y catorce por cada intensidad emocional, este grupo de reactivos arrojo un coeficiente de confiabilidad aceptable. Las emociones negativas, como el miedo, resultan mucho mas dificiles de reconocer que las positivas, asi mismo la intensidad emocional aporta mas elementos para el reconocimiento a las emociones positivas que a las negativas. EnglishThe objective of the present study was to identify and categorize the images with the highest level of correctness in three levels of perceived emotional intensity (high, medium, and low) of the pofa test (Ekman, 1976) in a Colombian population, to be applied in a population with alterations. neurological. 110 images were evaluated in 36 participants, without significant neurological or psychological alterations. The results indicate that joy was the most recognized emotion and fear the one that generated the most confusion. A battery of 42 images was made up, six for each emotion and fourteen for each emotional intensity. This group of items yielded an acceptable reliability coefficient. Negative emotions, such as fear, are much more difficult to recognize than positive ones, likewise emotional intensity contributes more elements for the recognition of positive emotions than negative ones.

Laura M Torrado-García, Ruth A Martínez-Vega, Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco Microbiology School, Universidad Industrial De Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, ColombiaCorrespondence: Bladimiro Rincon-Orozco Email blrincon@uis.edu.coIntroduction: Human papillomavirus molecular detection prevents cervical cancer (CC). To widen its use, cervical-vaginal self-collection devices are proposed. Our aim was to determine the acceptability of self-sampled cervical-vaginal protocol and the reproducibility of results using HPV detection brushes in a low-income Colombian population between 35 and 65 years old.Methods: Cross-sectional study including women classified as medium to high-risk for developing CC by using a short-standardized survey. After receiving instructions, women self-collected a cervical-vaginal sample. Subsequently, a perception survey was conducted.Results: Four hundred and twenty-three women performed self-collected sampling. The median age was 46.5 years (IQR 40– 52), 56.5% were housewives, and 55.1% had finished elementary school. About 99% of the population (n=419) considered that they understood the instructions, 19.4% (n=82) reported having concerns about the self-collected sample, 9.2% (n=39) distrusted the results because of the self-collection, 7.3% (n=31) felt uncomfortable with the procedure, and 9.7% (n=41) reported some pain. The majority would recommend the procedure to others (99%), 88.5% of the sampled population preferred the self-collected method, 4% preferred conventional cytology, and 7.3% were not sure. The reasons behind favoring the self-collected procedure included privacy (n= 149, 40.1%), comfort (n=110, 29.7%), easiness (n=52, 14%), reliability (n=46, 12.4%), and less painful (n=110, 29.7%). The percentage of HPV detection agreement between the self-collected and the healthcare professional-collected procedures was 98.99% (Cohen’s Kappa=0.9774).Conclusion: Women living in low-income households in Bucaramanga, Colombia preferred the self-sampling procedure because it was easy to use, convenient, and private, resulting in 98% acceptability, and positioning it as an excellent tool for CC prevention.Keywords: cervical smear, uterine cervical neoplasms, female, self-collected HPV

Objective It is proposed to carry out a process of translation and adaptation of the “Questionnaire for Research on Keratoconus Results” (KORQ) into Spanish and its validation in a Spanish-speaking population, such as Colombia. This is intended to provide a tool for measuring and monitoring the commitment to quality of life of patients with this corneal ectasia. Material and methods A prospective analytical study was carried out, in which 200 subjects diagnosed with keratoconus completed a translated version of the KORQ questionnaire. The internal validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha, while its construction was evaluated by an Exploratory Factor Analysis, including a Parallel Horn Analysis for the selection of the number of underlying factors. Subsequently, 50 patients were re-selected to complete the questionnaire one week later. The repeatability of the questionnaire was measured by the Spearman test. Results The KORQ questionnaire in its Spanish version showed some internal validity in both sections. Both sections of the questionnaire showed an essentially unidimensional behaviour. The test-retest repeatability of the test was excellent (Spearman rho > 0.95). Conclusions The translated version of the KORQ is valid in Colombian population.

espanolEl sedentarismo es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular de gran importancia, por lo que conociendo el nivel de consumo de oxigeno maximo (VO2max), se pueden realizar mejoras en los niveles de actividad fisica y del ejercicio. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la relacion que existe entre la ergoespirometria y Queen’s College Step Test en hombres sanos y fisicamente activos de los programas deportivos de una universidad de Bogota – Colombia, debido a que el Queen’s College Step Test no ha sido validado en poblacion colombiana.Los participantes fueron 52 hombres (Rango edad 17-35 anos) a quienes se les realizaron cada una de las pruebas; se analizaron los resultados aplicando el coeficiente de correlacion de Spearman, el cual fue debil con un r=0.312; generando una correlacion poco significativa y una recomendacion desfavorable en esta poblacion. EnglishA sedentary lifestyle is a major cardiovascular risk factor, so knowing the level of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max); you can make improvements in physical activity levels and exercise. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between ergospirometry and Queen’s College Step Test in healthy and physically active men of the sports programs of a university in Bogota - Colombia, because the Queen’s College Step Test has not been validated in Colombian population. Participants were 52 men (range, age 17-35 years) who underwent each of the tests; the results were analyzed by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient, which was low with r = 0.278; generating a little significant correlation and an unfavorable recommendation in this population.

RESUMEN: La arteria estriada medial distal hace parte de la circulación encefálica, nace de la arteria cerebral anterior generalmente a nivel de la arteria comunicante anterior, aunque según distintos estudios su origen varía, siendo así difícil de determinar con exactitud. Su importancia clínica radica en la prevalencia de aneurismas encontrados en esta arteria, que posteriormente podrían causar complicaciones debido a la región que irrigan, siendo estas las secuelas somático-vitales y neuropsicológicas, además de su inadecuado abordaje quirúrgico sin prever las alteraciones que puedan ser ocasionados; a causa de lo anterior es de vital importancia que los profesionales de la salud tengan previo conocimiento de la anatomía y la prevalencia de esta arteria en la población. Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo en donde se analizó la arteria estriada medial distal en 70 encéfalos, piezas de los anfiteatros de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A. (Bogotá), la Universidad Científica del Sur UCSUR (Lima); fijados en formol al 10 %, se realizaron mediciones morfométricas mediante calibrador digital y se tomó el registro fotográfico con una cámara Canon. Posteriormente se ejecutó el análisis estadístico mediante el programa IBM SPSS Stadistics 24. Se encontró una prevalencia del 88,6 % de al menos una arteria estriada medial distal en población colombiana y un 97,1 % de la población peruana. Se identificó un diámetro externo promedio de 0,64 mm en población colombiana y de 0,68 mm en población peruana. Se observó una longitud promedio de 2,5 cm en ambas poblaciones. Se evidenció el mayor lugar de origen en la porción A2 de la ACA con un 37,1 % de población colombiana y un 51,4 % de población peruana. Se debe conocer adecuadamente la anatomía y las correspondientes variaciones anatómicas de esta arteria para así poder realizar un adecuado abordaje neurológico y neuroquirúrgico.

Los recientes estudios en priming perceptivo se han centrado en identificar las diferencias entre población con y sin Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) confirmando la hipótesis que el TEPT representa un trastorno de la memoria. En este trabajo, se pretende abordar el priming en personas que han estado expuestas a diversas experiencias traumáticas relacionadas con el desplazamiento forzado. Para ello, se diseñaron tres categorías de palabras “trauma” (i.e., de amenaza, emocional y judicial) y una categoría de palabras “neutra”, las cuales compartían su raíz de tres letras. Participaron 44 colombianos refugiados y solicitantes de asilo que residen en Ecuador con presencia o ausencia de TEPT. Los resultados confirman que las personas con TEPT presentan mayor priming perceptivo en las categorías de amenaza y emociones y los solicitantes de asilo en la categoría judicial. Se discuten las implicaciones para los estudios que abordan el impacto de violencia política, In line with the hypothesis that PTSD is a memory disorder, re-cent studies on perceptual priming have focused on identifying the differ-ences between population with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disor-der (PTSD). This study addresses priming in people who have been ex-posed to traumatic experiences of forced displacement. To that end, three categories of the word “trauma” (i.e., of threat, emotional and judicial) and a category of “neutral” words, which shared their three-letter root were chosen. The participants were 44 Colombian refugees and asylum seekers living in Ecuador with or without PTSD. The results of our study point that people with PTSD have higher perceptual priming in the threat and emotional categories, and asylum seekers show higher priming in the judi-cial category. The implications for studies that address the impact of polit-ical violence are discussed, This research was supported by the Ibero-American University Graduate Association (AUIP) and the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Junta de Andalucía, as sponsors of the AUIP postdoctoral mobility program awarded to Carlos Reyes-Valenzuela.

espanolEn este documento se analizan los de esfuerzos realizado al femur humano, por medio de una simulacion de elementos finitos en Solidworks; para realizar el diseno del femur en este estudio se utilizaron las medidas promedio de la poblacion de malasia que es similar a las medidas de la poblacion promedio Colombiana (Tabla 1) y para las pruebas se simulo en el programa un material con las mismas caracteristicas mecanicas del hueso cortical humano, permitiendo una visualizacion mas aproximada de esfuerzos y deformaciones a los que se ve expuesto el femur en estado habitual y asi identificar las zonas criticas en las cuales la probabilidad de fractura o desgaste es mayor, los resultados de este analisis no aplican para mujeres en estado de embarazo ni personas con enfermedades osteo-artriticas, este analisis es importante para identificar cuales son las zonas que pueden presentar mayor desgaste teniendo en cuenta que los huesos pierden su propiedad de auto- recuperacion con el paso de los anos aumentando la probabilidad de presentar fractura, teniendo clara esta informacion se puede hacer mayor profundizacion en estudios de protesis y tratamientos medicos enfocados al femur. En este analisis se puede identificar como el femur masculino tiene mayor resistencia a la tension y a la deformacion que el femur femenino y como la cabeza femoral es la zona mas critica del femur tanto femenino como masculino. EnglishThis document analyzes the efforts made to the human femur through a simulation of finite elements in Solidworks, in order to carry out the design of the femur in this study, the average height of the population of Malaysia were used, which is similar to that of the average Colombian population (Table 1.) and for the tests, a material with the same mechanical characteristics was simulated in the program of the human cortical bone, permitting a more approximate visualization of stresses and deformations to which the femur is exposed in the usual state and thus, identify the critical areas in which the probability of fracture or wear is greater, the results of this analysis do not apply For women in a state of pregnancy or people with osteoarthritic diseases. This analysis is important to identify which are the areas that present greater deterioration, considering that the bones lose their property of self-recovery over the years increasing the probability of presenting a fracture, having this information clear the prosthetic studies and medical treatments focused on the femur can be deepened. In this analysis, it can be identified that the male femur has greater resistance to tension and deformation than the female femur and how the femoral head is the most critical area of both the female and male femur.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre eventos traumáticos en la infancia y la resiliencia, en población expuesta a la violencia en la región del Urabá antioqueño. Se contó con una muestra final de 86 adultos (53.5%, los hombres, 43% mujeres y 3.5% mujeres transgénero) entre 18 y 60 años. Este es un estudio descriptivo, correlacional, de corte transversal, en el cual se midieron eventos traumáticos que fueron evaluados con el Inventario de Experiencias Traumáticas en la Infancia (ETI-SRCol) y niveles de resiliencia con la Escala de Resiliencia en Adultos (ER). Para determinar la relación se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman p

The COVID-19 survivors face social stigmatization, even with negative tests. Valid and reliable instruments are required to quantify the stigma-discrimination complex associated with COVID-19 (COVID-19-CED). The study aimed to adapt and evaluate a scale to measure COVID-19-CED in COVID-19 survivors. A validation study was done with 330 COVID-19 survivors between 18 and 89 years. The COVID-19 Perceived Discrimination Scale (C-19-PDS) was used, which was adapted from the Tuberculosis Perceived Discrimination Scale. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency, and differential item functioning (DIF) were performed using the classical theory of tests. EFA showed a one-dimensional solution for the items of C-19-PDS; however, CFA showed poor goodness-of-fit indicators. The 5-item version of the C-19-PDS showed better goodness-of-fit indicators, high internal consistency, and non-gender DIF. In conclusion, the 5-item version of the C-19-PDS is one-dimensional, with high internal consistency, and without gender DIF. This instrument is recommended to evaluate COVID-19-CED in the Colombian population.

Background: Exposure to 2.5-micron diameter air pollutants (PM2.5) has been associated with an increased risk of illness and death worldwide; however, in Latin American health impacts assessment of this risk factor is scarce. Medellín is one of the most polluted cities in the region, with a population growth rate that is twice as high as that of other Colombian cities, which implies a growing population at risk. Methods: A descriptive study of the disease burden was carried out using the city as the unit of observation. Health events were selected based on epidemiologic evidence and the availability of the population attributable fraction associated with PM2.5. The mortality records were taken from the module of deceased of the Single Registry of Affiliates of the Health System; the morbidity records were taken from the Individual Health Services Registries. For the estimation of the burden of disease, the current Global Burden of Disease guidelines were followed. Results: Attributable disability-adjusted life years to exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution (DALYsPM2.5) constituted 13.8% of total burden of the city. Males showed the greatest loss of DALYsPM2.5 due to acute events, while in women the greatest loss was due to chronic events. Ischemic heart disease, chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract, and influenza and pneumonia were the events that contributed the most to DALYsPM2.5. 71.4% of the DALYsPM2.5 corresponded to mortality, mainly in the population over 65 years of age. Regarding attributable morbidity, acute events were more prevalent in both sexes, especially due to respiratory diseases Conclusion: Premature death among the elderly population has the greatest weight on burden of disease attributable to ambient PM2.5 pollution, mainly due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, without significant differences according to gender.

The present study was aimed at (1) the differences between current weight v. ideal weight, (2) total energy intake and comparing it with required energy (Rkeer), (3) absolute protein intake in g/kg per d and g/1000 calories, (4) how energy and protein intake relate to the nutritional status of the subjects in terms of overall overweight (OEW) [overweight + obesity] and conservative overweight (CEW) [obesity] and (5) the contribution (%) of protein to total energy intake based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). A dietary study was carried out in Colombia with 29 259 subjects between 1 and 64 years of age, based on cross-sectional data collected in 2015 by a 24-h dietary recall (24HR) administered as part of the National Nutrition Survey. Energy and protein intake did not differ by nutritional status. In the general population, energy intake was 2117 kcal/d (95 % CI 1969, 2264). The total protein intake was 64⋅3 g/d (95 % CI 61⋅4, 67⋅3). Adequate energy intake ranged from 90 to 100 %, except for the 1–4-year-old group, which ranged from 144 to 155 %. Protein intake was 1⋅64 g/kg per d (95 % CI 1⋅53, 1⋅75). The mean AMDR for protein to total energy intake was 13⋅3 % (95 % CI 12⋅9, 13⋅7). Excess weight began during the first 4 years of age. In conclusion, it is worth reviewing and updating energy and protein intake recommendations and dietary guidelines for the Colombian population and designing and modifying public policy.

Introducción: a pesar de los avances en la cobertura de la seguridad social en salud, la población colombiana enfrenta barreras al acceso. En salud bucal, si bien el plan de beneficios es amplio, la cobertura de los servicios a cargo de las EPS es baja. Objetivo: analizar la cobertura de los servicios odontológicos entre la población afiliada en Medellín en 2015. Métodos: estudio mixto con un componente central cuantitativo para estimar la cobertura esperada, según necesidad normativa y necesidad expresada, y la cobertura real a partir de registros de prestación de servicios de los afiliados que en 2015 accedieron a servicios odontológicos en la red de seis EPS. También se desarrolló un componente cualitativo, a partir de entrevistas a referentes de salud bucal en las EPS. Resultados: para atender las necesidades de la población afiliada se requerían en el año 9.6 millones de actividades de protección específica y detección temprana, siguiendo los lineamientos normativos, y 6.8 millones de actividades para atender los diagnósticos de caries y periodontitis. La cobertura real apenas habría sido del 10,6%, y en las EPS del estudio entre 16% y 23%. Conclusión: la brecha entre los servicios necesarios y los prestados supera el 70%, lo cual puede deberse especialmente a factores sociales y culturales y a una baja demanda inducida. A la par con mayores recursos, esto debe ser tenido en cuenta para mejorar la cobertura y lograr un mayor impacto en salud bucal.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) has the second highest prevalence among neurodege - nerative diseases. In Colombia, PD population dynamics are currently unknown. Health records offer a unique resource to study frequency and multi-morbidity of chronic diseases. The aim of this research is to estimate prevalence and staging using administrative data (AD) provided by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs). A cross-sectional study was conducted using 2015 AD from two Colombian HMOs (4.312.928 beneficiaries, 9.01% of the affiliated Colombian population). PD prevalence and severity was estimated by age and sex. Prevalence was adjusted to WHO demographics. Age-adjusted PD prevalence was 205.89 per 100.000 inhabitants. Prevalence increment of 62.13% was found between those aged ≥40 years and those aged ≥50 years. Similarly, each extra decade (50-80+) represented an increment of 83.65%, 80.95%, and 35.10%. Between 40 and 89 years, males exhibited a significantly higher PD prevalence compared to females. Advanced PD was more frequent as age increased from 3.77% in the group between 40 to 49 years to 25.86% in those older than 89 years. More common related comorbidities were arterial hypertension, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders; the first two increased their frequency with age, and the last one maintained its prevalence across all age groups. AD sets are useful to estimate the prevalence and staging of PD. Prevalence of PD in Colombia is higher in men and increases with age, as well as disease severity.

Objective: The purpose of this study involves describing the facial morphology of a Colombian population with three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and comparing their facial morphology with the Caucasian to create a database for this ethnicity. Materials and Methods: The study, which included 135 subjects selected from the Valle University in Cali, Colombia, and 535 Caucasian subjects selected from the FaceBase–Data (1U01DE024449–01), was funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. All images were taken in the natural head position (NHP) and captured using a stereo-photogrammetric camera system (3dMDface) to obtain a 3D image of each patient. The subjects were between 19 to 31 years of age, with a normal body mass index (BMI), and no craniofacial deformities. All images were plotted and analyzed using the 3dMDVultus software to calculate linear and angular measurements. Standard deviation (SD) and means were calculated for each measurement and analyzed using t-test for different samples. Results: The Hispanic population had wider eyes, more protruded upper and lower lips, wider face, and greater mandibular width. Caucasian females had a more acute full profile, larger middle third, and less protrusive lips. Understanding the facial morphology of different populations would help to establish a better diagnosis and treatment planning for each ethnicity. Conclusions: From this study, the following conclusions may be drawn:1. The mean values of Colombian males showed greater measurements than females in the majority of measurements.2. Caucasian females had a more acute full profile, larger middle and lower third, and less protrusive lips.3. This study showed significant ethnic differences in the linear and angular measurements, showing us the importance of considering these findings in the diagnosis and treatment planning when a Hispanic population is involved. Soft tissue values should reflect the norms according to each ethnic population in order to achieve treatment goals.

Objective This study aimed to determine the dietary habits related to fish consumption and the risk factors associated with acquiring an ichthyo-zoonotic disease. Materials and Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out by means of a structured survey administered to 150 individuals in the city of Cali, Colombia. Results Epidemiological variables regarding fish consumption and preparation were contrasted with the medical records of the respondents. The median fish consumption in the surveyed population was three times a month, with raw or salted/marinated fish once a month. A positive correlation between fish consumption and allergic conditions was confirmed. There was no infectious or parasitic history associated with the data on fish consumption. Conclusions A relationship between fish consumption and allergies was confirmed. Further research is necessary to establish the possible pathogens associated with hypersensitivity, such as parasites of the Anisakidae family. RESUMEN Objetivo Este estudio tuvo como fin determinar los hábitos alimenticios relacionados con el consumo de pescado y los factores de riesgo asociados con la adquisición de una enfermedad ictio-zoonótica. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal mediante una encuesta estructurada a 150 individuos de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Resultados Las variables epidemiológicas del consumo y preparación de pescado se relacionaron con la historia clínica de los encuestados. El consumo medio de pescado en los encuestados fue de tres veces al mes, con pescado crudo o salado/marinado una vez al mes. Se confirmó una correlación positiva entre el consumo de pescado y las condiciones alérgicas. No se asociaron antecedentes infecciosos o parasitarios con los datos sobre el consumo de pescado. Conclusión Fue posible confirmar una relación entre el consumo de pescado y las condiciones alérgicas. Se necesita investigación para establecer los posibles patógenos asociados con la hipersensibilidad, como los parásitos de la familia Anisakidae.

The capacity to understand the behavior of oneself and others in terms of internal states as emotions, beliefs, and desires (Reflective function or mentalization) is a key factor in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties in the Spanish version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ).

Objetivo: representar las estadísticas del uso de servicios de salud en Colombia, por sexo y grupo etario, por medio de pirámides poblacionales. Materiales y métodos: se extrajeron datos de todas las personas atendidas, el número de atenciones y el número de hospitalizaciones en Colombia en 2015, a partir de los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios de Salud (RIPS), la base de datos oficial del Ministerio de Salud. Para el número de atenciones se hizo, además, un ajuste de población por cada grupo etario, basada en la población de cada grupo estimada por las proyecciones poblacionales del DANE. Resultados: durante ese año se atendió cerca del 50% de la población colombiana (23.960.000 personas), el grupo más numeroso fue el de niños menores de 5 años. A partir de los 10 años de edad es mayor la atención en mujeres que en hombres. Se recibió en promedio un total de 11,8 atenciones por persona y se registraron 1.890.000 egresos hospitalarios. Las atenciones en salud, así como las hospitalizaciones, se concentran en mayores de 80 años, menores de 5 y mujeres en edad fértil. Conclusiones: las pirámides poblacionales son una estrategia gráfica útil para representar las poblaciones atendidas por un sistema de salud.

Objetivo: describir los estados de salud de la población colombiana a partir de la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en términos del instrumento EQ-5D-3L. Materiales y métodos: se describen los estados de salud de la población colombiana utilizando el sistema descriptivo del Euroqol -5D-3L, a partir de la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. Resultados: Las personas en edades comprendidas entre los 25-29 y los 20-24 años fueron las que manifestaron en mayor medida no tener problemas de salud (11111) con una tasa de respuesta del 76,57% y 76,25% respectivamente. Por el contrario, el 44,57% de las personas perteneciente al grupo de edad comprendido entre los 65 y 69 años manifestaron tener al menos un problema en algún nivel de las dimensiones de salud del EQ-5D-3L. Conclusiones: La descripción de los estados de salud en función de las dimensiones EQ-5D-3L reviste gran importancia porque permite realizar comparaciones entre el estado de salud de la población colombiana y la población de otros países o regiones.

La primacía de la realidad sobre las formas, es un principio de origen constitucional que se aplica en diferentes aristas del derecho laboral, no obstante, este articulo analiza la aplicación del mismo, pero únicamente desde la perspectiva de la prestación de servicios efectuada por las madres comunitarias, las cuales constituyen un sector significante de la población colombiana, que ha sido marginado y violentado en sus derechos mínimos e irrenunciables. Se pretende evidenciar las circunstancias laborales deplorables en que esta población se encontraba inmersa tanto antes como después de la promulgación de la sentencia T-480 de 2016, mediante la cual la Corte Constitucional declaró la existencia de un verdadero vinculo empleaticio entre las madres comunitarias y el Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, sentencia que fue declarada parcialmente nula por esa misma corporación.

espanolEste articulo aborda el derecho a la alimentacion en Colombia a partir de la normativa vigente y referencias teoricas conceptuales propuestas por autores como Victor Abramovich, Amartya Sen y Ligia Bolivar, entre otros, a la luz de la realidad en el pais, cuyo objetivo es determinar si efectivamente este derecho se garantiza en Colombia. El metodo investigativo empleado fue historico-descriptivo, en un contexto de tipo cualitativo. Como resultado, se presentan los altos niveles de desnutricion en la poblacion, especialmente la infantil, a un constante ritmo de crecimiento. El fin del estudio es reflexionar acerca del impacto que dicha problematica genera en la poblacion colombiana en el posconflicto, y, a partir de ello, constituir una talanquera para su adecuado manejo en el pais. Se concluye que el Estado colombiano debe reconocer: a) la carencia de garantia del derecho a la alimentacion, b) la importancia de combatirlo para asegurar la viabilidad social del pais, y c) el prioritario deber de propender por promover la participacion democratica y propositiva de todos los sectores sociales y, especialmente, de los titulares del derecho, entre otras conclusiones. EnglishIn this article the content of the Right to Food in Colombia will be addressed from the current regulations and conceptual theoretical references, proposed by authors such as Victor Abramovich, Amartya Sen and, Ligia Bolivar, among others, in the light of reality in Colombia, whose objective is to determine if this right is effectively guaranteed this right to food in Colombia. The research method used was historical-descriptive, in the context of the type of qualitative research. As a result, the high levels of malnutrition in the population, especially children, are presented at a constant rate of growth. The purpose of the study is to reflect on the impact that this problem generates on the Colombian population in the post-conflict period, and, as a result, to constitute a talanquera for its proper development in Colombia. It is concluded that the Colombian State must recognize: a) the existence of a lack of guarantee of the Right to Food, b) the importance of combating it to ensure the social viability of the country, and c) the priority duty to promote participation. democratic and proactive of all social sectors and, especially, of the right holders, among other conclusions.

Background Demographic, clinical, and morphological characteristics of cutaneous melanoma are unknown for the Colombian population. We aim to provide these characteristics as well as population-based incidence and survival data. Methods All patients with an invasive cutaneous melanoma diagnosed in the period 2000-2009 registered in the population-based cancer registry of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga were included for analysis (n = 169). Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated and melanoma-specific and overall survival estimated with follow-up until June 9, 2016, using Kaplan-Meier methodology, stratifying for gender, anatomical localization, and type of affiliation to the social security system. Results The age-standardized melanoma incidence rate was 1.7 per 100,000, with lower limbs being the most affected body sites (42.6% of all melanomas). A high proportion of melanomas presented on the plants or palms (16%) and under the nails (7.1%); at least 24.3% of melanomas were ulcerated, and 21.1% had a Breslow thickness more than 2 mm. Melanoma-specific 5-year survival was 79.3%, with worst survival for melanomas localized on the plants (64.6%) and subungual areas (55.6%). Affiliation to the subsidized type of affiliation to the social security system was statistically significantly (P = 0.003) associated with poorer survival (68.8%) compared to the special regimes (95.8%). Conclusions Melanoma is a relatively rare cancer in Colombia with mainly the acral sites, high proportion of thick and ulcerated melanomas, and relatively poor survival being distinct features, indicating the need for tailor-made primary and secondary prevention strategies. Better training of pathologists in the difficult field of melanoma would improve precision of available data.

Los modelos predictores estiman la probabilidad de desarrollar un evento cardiovascular (ECV) a futuro, son desarrollados con base en factores de poblaciones específi cas y han sido validados internamente midiendo su discriminación y calibración, con el objeto de apoyar una intervención primaria y secundaria, no obstante, si se desea aplicarlos en una población distinta, se debe realizar una validación externa.Diversas controversias rondan entorno a estos modelos, especialmente acerca de cuál aplicar en pacientes con diabetes y cuál usar en población colombiana. Se han planteado posturas sobre considerar la diabetes como equivalente de riesgo cardiovascular, evaluar estos pacientes igual que personas que carecen de ésta o brindar un enfoque separado; y aunque hay estudios que defi enden diferentes posturas, es un tema que aún es controvertido y entre las guías internacionales aún no hay consenso sobre un modelo específi co.Por otra parte, se han llevado a cabo dos estudios en población colombiana usando la misma cohorte histórica, uno donde compara Framingham y PROCAM y otro SCORE, ACC/AHA y Framingham ajustado; el primer estudio determinó que PROCAM tenía mejor calibracióny discriminación mientras que Framingham sobreestima el riesgo, y el segundo concluyó que ACC/AHA es mejor que SCORE aunque subestima el riesgo y en realidad ninguno lo estima correctamente. Pese a ello, las guías recomiendan el uso del Framingham ajustado.Lo anterior refl eja la necesidad de ahondar en la investigación sobre la estimación del riesgo cardiovascular especialmente en nuestro medio para brindar un enfoque acertado a la población colombiana,disminuyendo los ECV, mejorando la calidad de vida del paciente y dando una reducción en los costos al sistema de salud.

Our purpose was to validate the performance of the ISS, NISS, RTS and TRISS scales as predictors of mortality in a population of trauma patients in a Latin American setting. Subjects older than 15 years with diagnosis of trauma, lesions in two or more body areas according to the AIS and whose initial attention was at the hospital in the first 24 h were included. The main outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit, requirement of mechanical ventilation and length of stay. A logistic regression model for hospital mortality was fitted with each of the scales as an independent variable, and its predictive accuracy was evaluated through discrimination and calibration statistics. Between January 2007 and July 2015, 4085 subjects were enrolled in the study. 84.2% (n = 3442) were male, the mean age was 36 years (SD = 16), and the most common trauma mechanism was blunt type (80.1%; n = 3273). The medians of ISS, NISS, TRISS and RTS were: 14 (IQR = 10–21), 17 (IQR = 11–27), 4.21 (IQR = 2.95–5.05) and 7.84 (IQR = 6.90–7.84), respectively. Mortality was 9.3%, and the discrimination for ISS, NISS, TRISS and RTS was: AUC 0.85, 0.89, 0.86 and 0.92, respectively. No one scale had appropriate calibration. Determining the severity of trauma is an essential tool to guide treatment and establish the necessary resources for attention. In a Colombian population from a capital city, trauma scales have adequate performance for the prediction of mortality in patients with trauma.

Introduction Poverty has been associated in some studies with poorer outcomes in mental problems and disorders. A circular relationship has been considered in which poverty fosters the appearance of mental illness and this facilitates greater poverty. There are no studies in Colombia on this subject. Objective To describe the association between mental problems and disorders and poverty according to the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in Colombia. Material and methods Using the 2015 National Mental Health Survey, adjusted with the expansion factors for the population. The prevalences of mental problems and disorders obtained through semi-structured interviews employing the instruments SRQ-20, AUDIT C and A, modified PCL, familiar APGAR and CIDI CAPI. The poverty status was determined by the MPI. Results A total of 13,200 households were interviewed, of which 13.5% were classified as in a poverty condition, 6.3% of the adolescents of poor households reported a life-time prevalence of any mental disorder, and 4.6% in the last 12 months. On the other hand, the prevalences for the same age group not in a poverty condition were 7.2% and 3.3%, respectively. For adults in poverty, the prevalence of life-time mental disorders were 9.2%, with 4.3% in the last year, while those not considered poor showed prevalences of 9.1% and 3.9% for the same time periods. Conclusions For the population of Colombia, there is a relationship between not being able to access the basic basket of goods and the presence of mental diseases, although there does not seems to be an association between an increase in poverty and the deterioration of mental health.

In the daily medical act the phenomenon of population aging is every day more evident; however, the elderly Colombian population has been little studied. In the city of Pasto a study aiming to know the multidimensional characteristics of the older population was carried out. Relevant findings from the medical dimension are shown in this article. Objective: to determine the most relevant multidimensional characteristics in a representative group of seniors from San Juan de Pasto. Materials and Methods: quantitative study with a descriptive, transversal and analytical level. The population consisted of 426 older adults; the type of sampling was non probabilistic at convenience and by quotas (in each commune) stratified by age and sex. The assessment instrument designed for the study comprising evaluations from the demographic, medical, psychological, functional and social dimensions was applied. Statistical analysis was made using SPSS version 20 package. Results: regarding the medical aspect was found that (50.5%) of older adults consider their health is not good; among the five most prevalent conditions, HBP (55.6%), venous insufficiency (40.4%), dyslipidemia (40.3%), urinary tract infection (38%) and osteoarthritis / arthritis (34.7%), were found. The drugs most commonly used by older adults are those acting on the cardiovascular system (51.9%). Finally (82.8%) of adults surveyed have not been hospitalized. Conclusions: In older adults of the city of Pasto, as described in other geriatric populations, the predominance in the prevalence of chronic non-infectious conditions was evidenced, posing new challenges to face the burden of disease in this age group. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 21-28).

Purpose – Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity have in recent years become an important public health problem worldwide. Investigations that study obesity using a systemic approach in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the nutritional stages dynamics within the Colombian urban population. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used a population-level systems dynamics (SD) model that captures the transitions of population by body mass index (BMI) categories. The authors proposed a heuristic to estimate the transference rates (TRs) between BMI categories using data from the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2005 and 2010. Findings – The Colombian urban population is moving to overweight and obese categories. The TRs from not overweight to overweight and from overweight to obese (0.0076 and 0.0054, respectively) are higher than the TRs from obese to overweight and from overweight to not-overweight (1.025×10e−7 and 3.47×10e−7, respectively). The simulation results show that the prevalences of overweight and obesity will increase by 6.2 and 7.5 percent by 2015, and by 13.4 and 18.9 percent by 2030, respectively. Originality/value – Investigations that study obesity using a systemic approach in LMICs are limited. A SD model was proposed to examine changes in the population’s nutritional stages using population accumulation structures by BMI categories. The authors propose a heuristic to estimate the TRs of individuals between BMI categories. The proposed model can be used to study the effects of policy interventions to prevent overweight and obesity. The authors analyze a few policy intervention strategies.

Background /Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. The latest classification criteria, EULAR/ACR 2019, have not been validated in a Latin American population of Amerindian ancestry. The objective of this study is to compare the sensitivity of the EULAR/ACR 2019 and SLICC 2012 classification criteria in a group of SLE patients with the above ancestry. Methods A cross-sectional study was done. Data were obtained from the review of medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. The overall sensitivity of the criteria was calculated and compared to each other using the McNemar test. Results 146 medical records of patients from two referral centers were included. There were no differences in the sensitivity of the EULAR/ACR and SLICC 2012 criteria (84.9% versus 85.6% p = 0.79) nor were differences found when the groups based on disease duration were compared: less than 5 years (91.0% versus 92.5% p = 0.70), between 5 and 10 years (82.8% versus 82.8% p = 1), and 10 years or more (76.7% versus 76.7% p = 1). However, SLICC 2012 criteria was found to better classify patients with a less than 5-year disease duration compared to those with 10-year duration or more (92.5% versus 76.4% p = 0.024). Conclusions There are no statistically significant differences between the EULAR/ACR and SLICC 2012 criteria in the population studied. Nor were differences found when evaluating them by age at diagnosis and duration of the disease except when the group with less than 5 years of duration was compared to those with 10 years or more using the SLICC 2012 criteria., Highlights • There are no differences when the sensitivity of the two sets of criteria are compared. • SLICC criteria better classify patients with a less than 5-year disease duration compared to those with 10-year or more. • There are no differences between the two sets of criteria for classifying patients with childhood-onset lupus.

Introduction Mental problems and disorders are prevalent in the adolescent population. It is estimated that around 10% of adolescents have mental disorders that require attention and are generally not recognised as such. The aim was to determine potential factors associated with whether or not mental disorders and problems are recognised in the Colombian population. Methods Adolescents aged 12–17 who said they had been diagnosed with a mental health problem or disorder by a healthcare professional were identified from the National Mental Health Survey conducted in Colombia in 2015. This group was compared with those who scored positive for mental disorders measured by CIDI 3.0 or mental problems detected by SRQ-20. Results A sample of 1754 adolescents was obtained, of whom 7.3% (n = 129) had disorders and 22.6% (n = 396) had problems. Of the total with disorders and problems, 13.9% (n = 18) of people with disorders and 8.3% (n = 33) with problems knew they had them. Bivariate analyses were performed with the possible related variables, and with the results we constructed a multivariate regression model that identified factors associated with the recognition of disorders or problems, such as family dysfunction (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3−4.5) or counting on family when having financial problems (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0−7.2). Conclusions Recognition is of great importance for initiating access to care by adolescents. The results provide associated variables which can aid planning of interventions to improve the detection of disorders and problems in this population.

Objectives The upper molars generally have three roots; therefore, different combinations of fusion can occur, increasing the possibility of finding more complex root canal systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characterization of fused roots in first and second maxillary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Colombian population. Materials and methods A total of 1274 teeth were evaluated, of which 534 were maxillary first molars and 740 were maxillary second molars. Axial sections were made at the cervical, middle, and apical levels to determine the prevalence of root fusion and the types of fusion. Results Overall, 43% of the molars (n = 551) presented some type of fused root. Root fusion was present in 23.4% of the maxillary first molars. The most frequent type of fused root was type 3 (distobuccal-palatal; DB-P) (58.9%). Root fusion was observed in 57.6% of the maxillary second molars, and the most prevalent type of fused root was type 6 (cone-shaped) (45.2%). Of the maxillary molars, 12.5% were classified as C-shaped. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, there was a high prevalence of fused roots in maxillary molars in the Colombian population, mainly in the maxillary second molars. In first molars, the most common type of fused root was type 3 (DB-P) and in second molars, the most common type was type 6 (cone-shaped). Additionally, molars with root fusion presented variation at different levels of the radicular portion, with implications for treatment quality.

Antecedentes: Según el Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal del 2014, el 5,20 % de la población colombiana presenta edentulismo total y el 32,8 % en la población de más de 65 años. Sin embargo, otros parámetros relevantes para el correcto abordaje del edentulismo, deben ser analizados con estudios radiográficos. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia y características de los hallazgos y las variaciones óseas en radiografías panorámicas de pacientes totalmente edéntulos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 10.000 radiografías panorámicas de las cuales se analizaron las que correspondían a pacientes con edentulismo total mediante el programa CliniView 9.3. Se registraron variables de sexo, edad, altura de rebordes alveolares, altura de rama y cóndilo mandibulares, así como los hallazgos radiográficos. Resultados: Se encontraron 112 radiografías de pacientes con edentulismo total, 51,8 % con algún tipo de hallazgo. El más frecuente fueron los implantes 33,9 % seguido por restos radiculares en 13,4 %. No hubo diferencias en los promedios de las medidas óseas en los dos lados. Los hombres tienen mayor altura de reborde alveolar en el maxilar inferior que las mujeres (p

RESUMEN El daño irreversible de órgano es predictor de morbilidad, mortalidad, mayor acúmulo de daño y mala calidad de vida en los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Objetivos: Caracterizar el daño y los factores que mejor lo explican, en una población de pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de seguimiento a una cohorte. El daño se midió con el SLICC/ACR (índice de Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics y del American College of Rheumatology) y la actividad de la enfermedad por SELENA SLEDAI. La caracterización del daño se hizo mediante estadística descriptiva, los factores asociados con el desenlace se evaluaron con Chi2 de Pearson o Fisher, t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney; la proporción de pacientes que acumularon daño se evaluó con el test de Friedman y el puntaje acumulado con el test de Wilcoxon. La determinación de los factores asociados independientemente con el desenlace se hizo con una regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron 161 pacientes con diagnóstico de novo y seguimiento mínimo de un año; el 28,9% sufrió daño. Los dominios más representados fueron el neuropsiquiátrico, renal y vascular. Los anticuerpos antifosfolípido, las dosis promedio de prednisolona mayores a 12,5 mg/día y presentar 2 o más recaídas se asociaron independientemente al daño orgánico. Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos antifosfolípido, la dosis de esteroides y la frecuencia de recaídas se asocian al daño orgánico en una población colombiana de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. ABSTRACT Irreversible organ damage is a predictive factor of morbidity, mortality, increased accumulation of damage, and poor quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Objectives: To describe the damage, and the factors that best explain it, in a population of Colombian patients. Methods: A retrospective follow-up study of a patient cohort. The damage was measured using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) and the American College of Rheumatology ACR index, and disease activity by SELENA SLEDAI. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the damage. The factors associated with the outcome were evaluated with Pearson's or Fisher's Chi2, Student's t or Mann-Whitney's U. The proportion of patients that accumulated damage was evaluated with the Friedman test, and the cumulative score with the Wilcoxon test. The determination of the factors independently associated with the outcome was performed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 161 patients with recent diagnosis, and followed for one year or more, were included, 28.9% of whom had suffered damage. The most represented domains were neuropsychiatric, renal and vascular. Anti-phospholipid antibodies, mean doses of prednisolone greater than 12.5 mg/day, and suffering two or more relapses were independently associated with organ damage. Conclusions: Anti-phospholipid antibodies, steroid doses and frequency of relapses are associated with organ damage in a Colombian population of patients with SLE.

The aim is to study the sexual dimorphism of the base of the skull in radiographs of a bone collection of contemporary Colombian adults, with the intention of formulating discriminant functions capable of classifying sex in this population. The sample consisted of 115 skull base radiographs, (44 females and 71 males), which originated from the Colombian Human Skeletals Collection. Radiographs with good contrast were selected. Images of skulls with asymmetries and fractures were excluded. Five measures: Maximum cranial base length, Foramen magnum length, Maximum cranial breadth, Bizygomatic breadth, Foramen magnum breadth length, were preformed using ImageJ5 software ®; an intra-observer error was determined using paired t-test. Statistical analysis showed a sexual dimorphism for all variables (p

La distancia promedio de las medidas de la línea de implantación pilosa frontal ha sido estudiada en múltiples países, encontrándose variaciones importantes entre ellos. A nivel local no existen estudios que nos permitan conocer el valor para la población colombiana. Objetivo: Determinar la distancia promedio de las estructuras de la línea de implantación pilosa frontal en mujeres. Metodología: Estudio transversal, analítico realizado en mujeres sanas mayores de 18 años, valoradas en consulta externa de dermatología y cirugía plástica de la clínica FOSCAL en Bucaramanga, Colombia, que no presentaran patologías capilares o alteraciones cráneo-faciales. A las participantes se les midió las estructuras de la línea de implantación frontal y se recolectaron variables sociodemográficas y dermatológicas. Resultados: Edad media encontrada fue de 34.3 años con rangos entre 18 y 84 años, el fototipo de piel más frecuente fue el III (42.3%), la frecuencia de pico de viuda fue del 47.6% con un alto de 9.7 mm (IC 9.1-10.3) y ancho de 14.2 mm (IC 13.5-14.8). Discusión: Los resultados encontrados difieren de manera estadísticamente significativa de los resultados reportados en Estados Unidos y España; esta diferencia puede deberse al origen étnico; así mismo hay que tener en cuenta el diseño metodológico y la población origen de los estudios fue diferente, lo cual podría explicar también en parte las diferencias. Conclusiones: Las medidas de la línea de implantación pilosa en Colombia son distintas a las reportadas en la población española y americana, por lo que se aconseja el uso de medidas locales en procedimientos de reconstrucción quirúrgica, con el fin de lograr resultados más acordes a la población local; además de tener un punto de referencia para sospechar ciertas enfermedades en estadios iniciales que cursan con retroceso de la línea de implantación. Se requieren estudios prospectivos con mayor tamaño de muestra que nos permitan estudiar variaciones de la línea de implantación pilosa dentro de la misma población, de acuerdo a sus medidas antropométricas y dermatológicas. [Lynett-Barrera D, Mosquera-Sanchez H, Vergara JI, Gómez-Serrano SE. Distancia promedio de la línea de implantación pilosa frontal y sus estructuras en una población de mujeres colombianas. The average distance of hairline measurements has been studied in multiple countries, finding important variations among them. At a local level, there are no studies that allow investigators to know the value for the Colombian population. Objective: Determine the average distance of the structures of the frontal hairline in women. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study carried out on healthy women over 18 years of age, who were assessed in the outpatient dermatology and plastic surgery departments of the FOSCAL clinic in Bucaramanga and they do not show capillary pathologies or craniofacial alterations. Results: The average age found was 34.3 years with ranging between 18 and 84 years, the most frequent skin phototype was III (42.3%), the frequency of the widow's peak was 47.6% with a height of 9.7 mm (CI 9.1-10.3) and width of 14.2 mm (CI 13.5-14.8). Discussion: The results that were found differ in a statistically significant way from the results reported in the United States and Spain; this difference may be due to ethnic origin; likewise, it is necessary to take into account the methodological design and the origin of the population of the studies were different, which could partly explain the differences as well. Conclusions: The measurements of the hairline in Colombia are different from those reported in the Spanish and American population; therefore, the use of local measures in surgical reconstruction procedures is recommended in order to achieve more consistent results with the local population. Additionally, this works as a point of reference to suspect about certain diseases in initial stages that occur with backward movement of the implantation line. Therefore, more prospective studies with larger sample sizes are required to allow researchers to study variations of the hairline within the same population, according to their anthropometric and dermatological measurements. [Lynett-Barrera D, Mosquera-Sanchez H, Vergara JI, Gómez-Serrano SE. The Average Distance of the Frontal Hairline and its Structures in a Population of Colombian women.

Objectives/Hypothesis A candidate variant (p.Val496Ala) of the ACSS2 gene (T > C missense, rs59088485 variant at chr20: bp37 33509608) was previously found to consistently segregate with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCLP) in three Honduran families. Objectives of this study were 1) to investigate the frequency of this ACSS2 variant in Honduran unrelated NSCLP patients and unrelated unaffected controls and 2) to investigate the frequency of this variant in Colombian unrelated affected NSCLP patients and unrelated unaffected controls. Study Design Case–control studies. Methods Sanger sequencing of 99 unrelated Honduran NSCLP patients and 215 unrelated unaffected controls for the p.Val496Ala ACSS2 variant was used to determine the carrier frequency in NSCLP patients and controls. Sanger sequencing of 230 unrelated Colombian NSCLP patients and 146 unrelated unaffected controls for the p.Val496Ala ACSS2 variant was used to determine the carrier frequency in NSCLP patients and controls. Results In the Honduran population, the odds ratio of having NSCLP among carriers of the p.Val496Ala ACSS2 variant was 4.0 (P = .03), with a carrier frequency of seven of 99 (7.1%) in unrelated affected and four of 215 (1.9%) in unrelated unaffected individuals. In the Colombian population, the odds ratio of having NSCLP among carriers of the p.Val496Ala ACSS2 variant was 2.6 (P = .04), with a carrier frequency of 23 of 230 (10.0%) in unrelated affected and six of 146 (4.1%) in unrelated unaffected individuals. Conclusions These findings support the role of ACSS2 in NSCLP in two independent Hispanic populations from Honduras and Colombia. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2017

Objective To assess trends in mortality from 1999 to 2008 resulting from non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the Colombian population. Method This population-based study analyzed all deaths by assuming a Poisson model. Results Subarachnoid hemorrhage-related deaths showed a statistically significant increase of 1.6% per year (p

Introduction: Y chromosome STR haplotypes have been widely used in population studies to establish the origin of diverse populations. Objective: We analyzed Y chromosome STR haplotypes (8 loci) in 134 Caucasian-mestizo and 137 African-descent Colombian unrelated individuals to correlate the geographical origin with historical data as well as the genetic relationships and possible admixture patterns. Materials and methods: One hundred samples of African descent and 137 Caucasian-mestizo samples analyzed for Y chromosome STR haplotypes by PCR followed by acrylamide electrophoresis. Results: No evidence of population substructure was found for the African descent. Two point fifty nine per cent of the haplotypes were shared between the two groups with the possible existence of Caucasian gene flow towards Afro-descendants. Conclusion: The Caucasian-Mestizo Colombian population is grouped with other populations of the Iberian Peninsula and Europe, while the Afro-Colombian population is grouped with other African populations reported. Introducción. Los haplotipos STR de cromosoma Y han sido ampliamente utilizados en estudios de poblaciones para establecer el origen de diversas poblaciones. Objetivo. Se analizaron haplotipos STR del cromosoma Y (8 loci ) en 134 afrodescendientes y caucásico-mestizos no relacionados de Colombia, para correlacionar el origen geográfico con los datos históricos, así como las relaciones genéticas y posibles patrones de mezcla. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los haplotipos STR del cromosoma Y mediante PCR seguidas de electroforesis en acrilamida, de 134 muestras de afrodescendientes y 137 muestras de caucásicos mestizos. Resultados. No se encontró evidencia de subestructuración de la población afrodescendiente. El 2,59 % de los haplotipos eran compartidos en los dos grupos analizados, con la posible existencia de flujo génico de caucásico-mestizos hacia los afrodescendientes. Conclusión. La población caucásico-mestiza colombiana se agrupa con otras poblaciones de la península Ibérica y Europa, mientras que la población afrodescendiente colombiana se agrupa con otras poblaciones africanas reportadas.

Introduccion los pacientes con sindrome coronario agudo constituyen una poblacion heterogenea que requiere ajustes en el tratamiento de acuerdo con el riesgo. Como respuesta a esta necesidad, se han desarrollado sistemas de pronostico, como las escalas GRACE y TIMI; sin embargo, las comparaciones entre ambas son escasas en la literatura y se hace necesario saber si son utiles para estratificar el riesgo de estos pacientes en la poblacion colombiana. Objetivo comparar el valor pronostico de las escalas GRACE y TIMI en una poblacion de pacientes colombianos con sindrome coronario agudo sin elevacion del ST llevados a revascularizacion percutanea, para predecir los desenlaces de mortalidad, reinfarto o revascularizacion repetida al mes y a los seis meses. Metodologia se realizo un estudio de cohorte con toma retrospectiva de datos, en el que se incluyeron pacientes que cumplian con los criterios diagnosticos de sindrome coronario agudo sin elevacion del segmento ST que se llevaron a intervencion percutanea. Se evaluo la capacidad discriminatoria de las escalas TIMI y GRACE mediante curvas ROC. Resultados se incluyeron 202 pacientes y se encontro que para esta poblacion la precision de ambas escalas es baja. La discriminacion entre angina inestable e infarto sin elevacion del ST, permite aumentar el area bajo la curva para cada uno; la escala GRACE aumenta su rendimiento pronostico al analizarse en los pacientes infarto sin elevacion del ST mientras que la TIMI lo hace en los pacientes con angina inestable. Conclusion la precision global de las escalas TIMI y GRACE en los pacientes estudiados no es adecuada, hecho que puede explicarse porque se trata de una cohorte de pacientes sometidos a intervencionismo temprano y con tratamiento farmacologico contemporaneo para sindrome coronario agudo. Introduction Patients with acute coronary syndromes are a heterogeneous population that requires treatment adjustments according to the risk. In response to this need, score systems like GRACE and TIMI have been developed, but comparisons between these scores are scarce in the literature and we need to know if they are useful for risk stratification of these patients in the Colombian population. Objective To compare the prognostic value of GRACE and TIMI scores in a Colombian population of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous revascularization, in order to predict outcomes of mortality, reinfarction, or repeated revascularization at one and six months. Methods We conducted a cohort study with retrospective data taking, which included patients who met the diagnostic criteria for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome that underwent percutaneous intervention. We evaluated the discriminatory power of GRACE and TIMI scores using ROC curves. Results We included 202 patients and found that for this population both scores accuracy is low. Discrimination between unstable angina and myocardial infarction with non-ST-segment elevation increases the area under the curve for each one; GRACE score increases its prognostic performance when analyzed in patients with non-ST-segment elevation whereas TIMI does it in patients with unstable angina. Conclusion The overall accuracy of the TIMI and GRACE scores in the patients studied is not adequate, a fact which can be explained because it is a cohort of patients undergoing early intervention and with contemporary drug therapy for acute coronary syndrome.

Background The strong association between HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis (SpA) has demonstrated that typing the HLA-B27 antigen is a crucial step in diagnosis and aids in defining the progression and severity of disease. Objective To describe the frequency of HLA-B27 in Colombian individuals with clinical manifestations associated with SpA. Materials and methodology We retrospectively analyzed 4109 HLA-B27 typing requests to the Hospital Militar Central and the Instituto de Referencia Andino from Colombian individuals with clinical signs suggestive of SpA between 2009 and 2012. We used basic digital cytometry followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction with sequence specific primers when confirmation was needed. We determined the frequency of HLA-B27 in the population and levels of association of HLA-B27 with SpA. Results Our population included 1585 men (36.8%) and 2524 women (61.4%). The predominant age range was between 19 and 45 years (49.9%). The majority (95.4%) of the study population came from the Andean region and eastern plains. The most frequent clinical manifestations were peripheral. Only a small fraction (12.1%) of the 4109 subjects was HLA-B27 positive. Of those, 56.9% were male, and 54.7% were between 19 and 45 years old. In contrast, when rheumatologists referred the HLA B27, 64% were found to be positive. Conclusion The frequency of the HLA-B27 allele in individuals with clinical signs suggestive of SpA was low, in accordance with the lower prevalence found in Colombian patients diagnosed with SpA compared to American and European population.

Objetivos. El proposito de este estudio es establecer las caracteristicas psicometricas en la poblacion colombiana del municipio de Sabaneta del Cuestionario Pediatrico de Somnolencia Excesiva Diurna y del Cuestionario Cleveland de Somnolencia Excesiva para Adolescentes. Diseno. Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, en una poblacion de ninos escolarizados, no se incluye poblacion patolologica ni evaluacion clinica. Medidas. Se utilizaron el Cuestionario Cleveland de Somnolencia para Adolescentes Version Colombiana, el cuestionario pediatrico de sueno version colombiana, el Inventario de Depresion para Ninos, el EDAH y las sub-escalas de somnolencia y trastornos respiratorios del sueno del PSQ version Colombiana. Se realizan procedimientos de coeficiente de fiabilidad, analisis factorial, correlacion inter item e inter-escala, regresion lineal y prueba test-retest, lo mismo que indice de concordancia inter-evaluadores. Participantes. La poblacion escogida fueron 324 ninos y adolescentes escolarizados en colegios publicos y privados del municipio de Sabaneta Antioquia entre los 6 a los 17 anos. Resultados. La escala pediatrica de somnolencia, se obtiene un indice Kappa de 0,927, En el puntaje global del cuestionario Cleveland de somnolencia para adolescentes se obtiene un indice de Kappa de 0,867. En la EPS-VC alfa de Cronbach de 0,734, las correlaciones de cada item con el puntaje global de la escala fueron tambien positivas y significativas (P

Antecedentes: La elaboración de curvas de Crecimiento y Desarrollo aplicables a los niños de una comunidad, es una excelente herramienta para garantizar el seguimientoadecuado del crecimiento.Materiales Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, con 640 niños normales controlados en la consulta entre el año 2005 y 2010 en ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia).Se tomaron de sus historias medidas de peso, talla, y perímetro cefálico al nacer, a los 24, 48 y 60 meses. Con base a estos datos se encontraron los parámetros de las distribuciones por género para peso, talla, y perímetro cefálico para cada edadde recolección de información. Además para cada caso se encontraron percentiles. Resultados: Se presentan los parámetros para cada distribución de peso, talla yperímetro cefálico para niños y niñas y al nacimiento y, a los 24, 48, y 60 meses. Se presentan curvas de crecimiento para peso en niños y niñas. Se establecen comparacionescon 4 estudios: El de la organización Mundial de la Salud, el de la CDC (Centers of Deseases Control), y dos estudios españoles.Conclusiones: Aunque estas curvas de crecimiento, no se pueden generalizar para toda la población colombiana, debido a la poca representatividad de la muestra en relacióncon la población de la nación, sí se puede inferir que los estudios internacionales mencionados no son del todo aplicables a la población atendida en ASSBASALUD ESE, y que es apremiante emprender estudios en este tema en población local, regional y nacional.

Objetivo: analizar el estado actual de la evidencia de la vacunación para el virus de papiloma humano (VPH) a nivel poblacional teniendo como referente su posible aplicación en Colombia.Metodología: evaluación de estudios fase III sobre las vacunas contra el VPH: estudios de los grupos FUTURE I, II y PATRICIA. Se reflexiona sobre su generalización a nivel poblacional y se analizan factores que limitan su uso.Resultados: la evaluación de estos estudios encuentra limitaciones metodológicas que controvierten la eficacia presentada en las publicaciones de los estudios como son la elección de variables sustitutas inadecuadas, análisis de resultados con variables primarias compuestas que son heterogéneas, análisis por protocolo y no por intención de tratamiento, criterios de inclusión que no sustentan la aplicación poblacional de la vacuna en menores de 15 años y factores que pueden afectar la validez de los estudios como conflictos de intereses y origen del patrocinio. De otra parte, se presentan reportes de complicaciones con la aplicación de la vacuna que brindan una mejor información sobre el verdadero comportamiento de este método de prevención por fuera del diseño experimental.Conclusiones: para el momento de esta revisión no se tiene la suficiente evidencia que sustente la inclusión de la vacuna contra el VPH como programa de vacunación poblacional en Colombia.

Aim To investigate the subgingival microbiota of distinct periodontitis patient populations, in Chile, Colombia and Spain, using identical clinical and bacteriological methods. Material and methods In this multicentre study, 114 chronic periodontitis patients were selected. Patients were examined using an identical clinical protocol and pooled subgingival samples were obtained from each patient. Samples were processed in the three laboratories by means of culturing under identical clinical and microbiological protocols. Total anaerobic counts and frequency of detection and proportions of nine periodontal pathogens were calculated. Variables were analysed by means of anova, chi(2), Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. Results The Colombian population demonstrated greater severity of periodontitis, with significantly deeper mean probing pocket depth, and had a significantly lower percentage of current smokers. When comparing samples from the three patient populations, the total counts were significantly higher in the Colombian patients. The numbers of putative pathogens differed among groups. Tannerella forsythia was found less frequently in Chilean samples, while Parvimonas micra and enteric rods differed significantly among the three population groups. Conclusion Significant differences among Chile, Colombia and Spain existed regarding the frequency and proportions of specific periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients.

Objective:To evaluate the association between MSX1 CA polymorphism and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in a group of patients from Operation Smile Colombia.Design:Four alleles from MSX1 CA microsatellite sequence were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out. The amplifications were performed by Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) in ABI PRISM 310 genetic analyzer. Chi-square and odds ratio tests were used to determine the association between genotype frequencies and the risk to the cleft lip/palate in a Colombian group population.Setting:Operation Smile Colombia.Participants:Ninety-four affected patients (49 men and 45 women with CL±P) and 93 control individuals (43 men and 50 women).Results:A significant statistical difference (p < .0106) was found between the patients who carried allele 3 and CL±P. In addition, allele 4 (heterozygous and homozygous form) was the most frequent in CL±P (74%) patients and in the control group (82%).Conclusions:These findings show a positive association between the MSX1 CA polymorphism and CL±P in a Colombian group population.

Resumen El sindrome de Down (SD) es la aneuploidia autosomica mas comun y la principal causa de retraso mental de origen genetico, se presenta en uno de cada 650 a 1000 nacidos vivos y genera una importante disminucion en la calidad y expectativa de vida de los afectados. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un analisis descriptivo del comportamiento poblacional de algunas de las variables relacionadas con la ocurrencia del SD en el departamento de Boyaca, las cuales han sido convencionalmente estudiadas en otras poblaciones del pais y del mundo. En 43 localidades del departamento de Boyaca se encuestaron 140 nucleos familiares con por lo menos un caso de SD. Se estudiaron variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, tales como edad materna y paterna, antecedentes familiares y estudios geneticos realizados en los pacientes. Se observo que, en el departamento, el examen de cariotipo no es rutinariamente utilizado como apoyo diagnostico para el estudio de anomalias cromosomicas como el SD, debido al alto costo y al acceso limitado a esta prueba. El mayor numero de casos con SD se presento en madres con edades entre 30 y 35 anos (27,8% del total de casos). En las familias con casos recurrentes de SD se descarto, mediante cariotipo, la heredabilidad de alguna anormalidad cromosomica, sin embargo, se desconocio la incidencia de un factor genetico en los abortos espontaneos ocurridos en las familias afectadas. Es recomendable implementar asesorias geneticas que informen sobre el origen y riesgo de recurrencia de casos de SD en la familia. De igual manera, es importante fomentar estudios citogeneticos que apoyen el diagnostico de pacientes que puedan estar afectados por anormalidades cromosomicas, teniendo en cuenta que desde el ano 2011 se incluyeron las pruebas citogeneticas en el listado de pruebas diagnosticas disponibles para la poblacion colombiana en el plan obligatorio de salud. Abstract Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common autosomal aneuploidy and the main cause of mental retardation from genetic origin, it occurs in 1 in every 650 1,000 live births, and the syndrome generates a significant decline in the affected’s life expectancy and quality. The aim of the study was to perform a descriptive analysis about the population behavior in front of some variables related to the DS occurrence in the Boyaca department, which have conventionally been studied in other locations of the country and the world. One hundred forty family units were surveyed with at least one case of DS in forty-three locations in the Boyaca department. Qualitative and quantitative variables such as maternal and paternal age, family history and genetic studies in patients were studied. It was noted that in the department, a karyotype test is not routinely used as diagnostic support for the study of chromosomal abnormalities such as DS, due to their high cost and limited access. The largest number of DS cases occurred in mothers aged 30-35 years (27.8% of all cases). In families with recurrent DS cases was ruled out by karyotype test that an inherited chromosomal abnormality could be responsible for this condition, however, it was unknown whether spontaneous abortion were influenced by genetic factor in the affected families. Genetic counseling is recommended to inform about the origin and risk of recurrent DS cases in the family. Similarly, it is important to encourage cytogenetic studies supporting the diagnosis of patients who may be affected by chromosomal abnormalities, taking into account that since 2011 the cytogenetic tests were included in the list of diagnostic tests available for the Colombian population in the Mandatory Health Plans.

Disability in a displaced population in Cauca, Colombia Objective Estimating the prevalence of disability in a displaced Colombian population. Methods A descriptive prevalence study was carried out amongst 165 displaced families in the city of Popayan, Cauca, Colombia between June and

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinsonism (Ps) in Antioquia (Colombia), using the Capture-Recapture method. The two biggest institutions for attending neurological patients in Antioquia were selected as sources for the use of the Capture-Recapture method. Prevalences of PD (PPD) and Ps (PPs) were estimated according to the following expression: PPD (or PPs) = n/Nl105. The number of cases (n) of PD (or Ps), n = a + b + c + d, where a = cases identified from the two sources, b = cases identified only in the first source, c = cases identified only in the second source, and d = nondetected cases from any source = bc/a. The projected Antioquian population for the year 2000 was used as denominator. Information obtained between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2000, was reviewed in order to identify the clinical records of all patients that fulfilled the Ps or PD criteria. General prevalence of PD in Antioquia was 30.7/100.000 (C195% = 29.2-32.2), and that of Ps was 42.1/100.000 (CI95% = 40.3-43.8). Prevalence of PD in people older than 50 years was 176.4/100.000 (CI95% = 166.6-186.3) and that of Ps was of 339.6/100.000 (C195% = 326.0-353.2). Ps and PD prevalences in Antioquia were lower than the figures reported by the National Neuroepidemiologic Study (470/100.000) and similar to the estimated prevalence of these diseases in Caucasian populations (80 to 270/100.000). These findings evidence the great variability of PD prevalence in different regions; therefore, a nationwide study is necessary to determine the prevalence of PD and Ps in Colombia.

The tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) is an Indo-Pacific species. Its global production between 1970 and 1980 exceeded all other shrimp species, which favored its introduction and cultivation outside its natural range in several countries of Africa, Europe, USA and South America. It is currently found in the coast of the Atlantic Ocean (Mexico, United States, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia). Despite the risk involved, no studies have been conducted to evaluate their impact as a possible invasive species and their genetic condition. This study evaluated the genetic status and population origin of P. monodon in the northernmost Colombian Caribbean, analyzing the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA-CR). 16 individuals were randomly collected from Golfo de Salamanca and 342 original Indo-Pacific sequences were obtained from GenBank. Parameters of genetic diversity and genetic relationships were analyzed. There were a total of 358 sequences compared and 303 haplotypes identified. Three haplotypes were identified in the Colombian population. This results showed lower genetic diversity compared with Indo-Pacific populations. These haplotypes were closely related to those found in samples from the Philippines and Taiwan. We discuss the need to create a regional network to characterize the established populations in the Great Caribbean, with the purpose of inferring colonization processes and the establishment of management measures. Estado genetico, origen y riesgo de establecimiento del camaron tigre gigante (Penaeidae: Penaeus monodon ), una especie inavasora en aguas del Caribe colombiano El camaron tigre ( Penaeus monodon ) es una especie del Indo-Pacifico. Su produccion mundial entre 1970 y 1980 supero todas las otras especies de camaron, lo que favorecio su introduccion y cultivo fuera del area de distribucion natural en varios paises de Africa, Europa, EE.UU. y America del Sur. Actualmente se encuentra en la costa del Oceano Atlantico (Mexico, Estados Unidos, Puerto Rico, Brasil, Guyana, Venezuela y Colombia). A pesar del riesgo que implica, no se han realizado estudios para evaluar su impacto como posible especie invasora y su condicion genetica. Este estudio evaluo el estado genetico y el origen de la poblacion de P. monodon en el norte del Caribe colombiano, analizando la region control del ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt-CR). 16 individuos fueron recolectados al azar del Golfo de Salamanca y 342 secuencias originales de muestras del Indo- Pacifico fueron obtenidas de GenBank. Se analizaron los parametros de diversidad genetica y las relaciones geneticas. Se analizaron un total de 358 secuencias y se identificaron 303 haplotipos. En la poblacion de Colombia se identificaron tres haplotipos, mostrando una baja diversidad genetica en comparacion con las poblaciones del Indo-Pacifico. Estos haplotipos se encontraron cercanamente relacionados con secuencias obtenidas de muestras de Filipinas y Taiwan, principalmente. Se discute la necesidad de crear una red regional para caracterizar las poblaciones establecidas en el Gran Caribe, con el proposito de inferir los procesos de colonizacion y el establecimiento de medidas de manejo

The objective of this research was to test the phenomenon of motivational priming observed through the modulation of the startle reflex in Colombian population, involved 73 university students (38 men and 35 women) who were exposed to 21 pictures of the International Affective Pictures System and a sound startle stimulus of 105 dB. Electromyography of the orbicularis oculi of the eye was measured to assess the magnitude of the startle reflex. Through repeated measures ANOVA we found that the pictures valence modulates the magnitude of the startle reflex (p < 0.0001, η = 0.41) and that modulation does not depend on the sex of the participants. It is concluded that motivational priming phenomenon occurs also in this population and this methodology can be used reliably in this population.