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This article examines the effects of extreme weather events on internal migration in Mongolia. Our focus is on dzuds, extremely harsh winters characterized by very cold temperature, snowfall anomalies, and/or storms causing very high livestock mortality. We exploit exogenous variation in the intensity of extreme winter events across time and space to identify their causal impacts on permanent domestic migration. Our database is a time series of migration and population data at provincial and district level from official population registries, spanning the 1992-2018 period. Results obtained with a two-way fixed effects panel estimator show that extreme winter events cause significant and sizeable permanent out-migration from affected provinces for up to two years after an event. These effects are confirmed when considering net change rates in the overall population at the district level. The occurrence of extreme winter events is also a strong predictor for declines in the local population of pastoralist households, the socio-economic group most affected by those events. This suggests that the abandonment of pastoralist livelihoods is an important channel through which climate affects within-country migration.

This paper analyses age-specific migration exchange between municipal formations (MFs) in Russia based on the net migration and population density data covering the period 2012–2018. Unlike many other developed countries, Russia’s population concentrates in only 2–5% of the country’s territory—in large cities and their suburbs. We utilise population density as an alternative measure for distinguishing between urban and rural populations (which is a formal distinction in most cases) in the urban–rural continuum. The results indicate that internal migration pattern in Russia corresponds to the urbanisation stage of the urban development model and is observed across all age groups. Net migration across all age groups is higher in more densely populated MFs. Migration to more densely populated territories peaks in the 15–19 age group and seems to have no viable alternative directions. Besides the analysis of internal migration role in the urban development patterns in Russia, the paper also contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between age-specific migration and urban development in the Russian context.

This paper examines the suitability of Google Trends data for the modeling and forecasting of interregional migration in Russia. Monthly migration data, search volume data, and macro variables are used with a set of univariate and multivariate models to study the migration data of the two Russian cities with the largest migration inflows: Moscow and Saint Petersburg. The empirical analysis does not provide evidence that the more people search online, the more likely they are to relocate to other regions. However, the inclusion of Google Trends data in a model improves the forecasting of the migration flows, because the forecasting errors are lower for models with internet search data than for models without them. These results also hold after a set of robustness checks that consider multivariate models able to deal with potential parameter instability and with a large number of regressors.

In this paper, we compare estimates of population attraction and retention, or rather, internal migration, based on three datasets: the long-form Census of Canada, the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD), and the Medicare Client Registry. We find that the administrative data sources (especially the LAD) produce much higher rates of internal migration than the Census, and that the Census and Medicare Client Registry are more closely aligned when it comes to estimating internal migration. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each approach and conclude with some recommendations for appropriate usage of all three files.

This paper draws on information provided by China’s 2020 National Population Census and several previous censuses to review briefly the changing trends of internal migration and urbanization in China. An examination of data from the recent census reveals several characteristics of migration: population movements are more active than ever, there has been dramatic growth in urban-to-urban migration, and there has been explosive growth in the number of mismatches between people’s place of residence and place of household registration. Census data also reveals the impact migration is having on urban population trends: China has entered a more mature stage of urbanization; movement of the floating population becomes the leading factor in urban population growth. From a policy point of view, this paper also suggests that China’s urbanization strategy should consider the diversity of migrants; and promoting the effective supply of public service based on place of residence is urgently needed.

Internal migration constitutes a major source of steady flow of population in India, and reports published by the World Economic Forum (WEF),1 2017 state that interstate migration in the country has doubled during 2001–2011, compared to the previous decade.2 In developing countries, such migration is often considered to be an effective way for income diversification for the economically marginalised sections of the society, even though its effect on ‘human development’ is oft debated. This article would engage with this debate and bring out how migration from the Indian part of the Sundarbans to other parts of the country is not only changing the demography of the region but is also having a strong impact on the local perception and attachment towards the deltaic landscape. By bringing in ethnographic details from a village in the Indian Sundarbans, which was predominately inhabited by the fishing community earlier, this article would bring out how traditional occupations like fishing are slowly losing their popularity in the face of the lure of out-migration, as the very identity of the ‘indigenous’ Sundarban fisher folks—who were once rightfully considered to be the true conservator of the forests—is changing. From there, this article would engage with the broader debate of rethinking whether migration can be considered as a positive indicator of development in such ecologically fragile areas like the Sundarban deltas, which used to indeed have a distinct economic, social and cultural life of its own.

In the majority of large cities in Poland there is a migration outflow, resulting mainly from suburbanisation processes. However, it should be noted that the inhabitants of large cities do not move exclusively to the suburban zone. The study below focuses on the migratory outflow of Wrocław residents. The authors characterise it by presenting the directions of population movements and determining their sustainability. The authors conclude that the target area of immigrants from Wrocław is mostly a suburban area, but there are also permanent migration flows to other rural communities in the voivodeship and other large cities in the country. The area of emigration itself goes beyond the scope of the voivodeship of which Wrocław is the capital.

This article outlines the patterns of internal migration from Murshidabad district of West Bengal during the Covid-19 Pandemic. We found that seasonal/temporary male migration from the study area has been evolving continuously over time. More than half of the total migrants move within the state boundaries. The inter-state migrants are often destined to economically better off states than the study area. We have shown that landlessness, lack of jobs, low wages, decaying of traditional craftsmanship and household pressure are among the factors leading young males to migrate. These moves are motivated by jobs and income, and movers often shift from agricultural work to building and construction and petty businesses. Migrants and their families are almost exclusively dependent on domestic remittances to meet the household expenditures, repay loans and meet children’s educational expenses. Social networks, especially friends and relatives, are crucial in facilitating the migration process. Covid-19 Pandemic raised essential questions about the future of these vulnerable sections of the population as migration became difficult and remittances dropped significantly.

Internal migration is critically important in China, where the fertility rate is declining and international immigration is under strict control. This study explores the massive population movement in China, examines the migration pattern of non- hukou migrants, 2010–2015 and 2014–2015 migration patterns through the urban hierarchy of the urban system using migration trajectories derived from the 2015 One Percent Population Sample Survey. Results reveal an emerging reversal from a predominantly upward pattern (e.g. most of the net flows move to high-level cities) to a downward one (e.g. from super-large/extra-large cities to large cities) in the recent migration trend. Regional disparities are significant. An upward and eastward tendency still dominates in the western, central and northeastern regions, whereas a downward and decentralised tendency has been initiated in the eastern region. The causes for the structural change include common factors found in developed countries, such as the influence of age and life courses. The age structure of China’s population caused by the ‘one-child’ policy weakened the upward momentum and led to a strengthening downward trend in the current migration pattern. The contextual and institutional factor hukou also has a significant effect on people’s migration directions. Hukou attracts people to move up or down the hierarchy to their registered place or where they can acquire registration. The characteristics of registered migrants reflect the different criteria of cities in granting hukou.

This study was carried out in order to examine and explore the distribution of population andinternal migration movements by age groups in Trabzon between 1985-2019. For this purpose,population and migration data belonging to age groups were analyzed and evaluated in order todetermine the direction in which internal migration movements occurred. Qualitative researchmethod and case study design has been adopted in the study. In order to achieve the researchaim, population and internal migration data of Trabzon province was filtered and calculationswere made from the data collected and stored by the DIE and TUIK. Secondary data analysis wasconducted. The data specific to migration received by age groups, migration given, net migrationand net migration rate were compiled. Descriptive analysis findings were presented andinterpreted. The age group of those who migrated in Trabzon province has been determined. Thevariability of the phenomenon of internal migration according to age has been revealed. In termsof the gender variable of the population structure in Trabzon province, it was determined thatthe female population was more than the male population in all census periods of 1970 and after.Intensive mobility was observed in the migration category given in the age groups of 5-35 years.The reasons for migration given by Trabzon province in 18-24 age groups are education andemployment factors have been pointed by the past studies. In terms of 18-24 age group, education and employment factors are among the reasons for Migration received by Trabzon province, it was determined by past research findings. It has been proposed to conduct integrated qualitativequantitative methodical field research to examine the causality of migration supported by Development Agency funding.

In the cooperation project ‘YOUMIG,’ funded by the INTERREG Danube transnational programme, challenges of youth migration were discussed in a transnational consortium consisting of project partners from different countries from Central and Eastern Europe experiencing difficulties such as a declining population and outmigration, as well as immigration of young people, which necessitated the provision of an integration infrastructure. Project outcomes included strategies as well as pilot activities performed by local-level authorities. The following article will consider outcomes as well as experiences from stakeholders involved in the project and investigate individual and organizational learning processes throughout the project. It will elaborate on the question of the extent to which transnational cooperation can potentially facilitate sustainable institutional changes and transformation. The results confirm the potential of transnational cooperation towards triggering learning and institutional change. Nevertheless, they underline that in the context of the project, the learning processes that could be achieved were predominantly of an individual nature and that the tangible outcomes could not lead to sustainable institutional changes.

This work investigates the autonomous adaptive capacity of populations in flood-prone areas in the city of Belem (state of Para) in the Amazon region of Brazil. Autonomous adaptive measures are behaviors that the population adopts without explicit planning or the assistance of either institutions, professionals, or both, all of which are focused on protecting themselves from risks. This research focuses near the part of superficial drainage channels, which is divided into five areas. Visits to the study area and interviews with residents allowed to identify urban typologies and autonomous adaptive constructive techniques, as well as the relationship between these forms of adaptation and the socioeconomic conditions of the population. The main results are associated with the main motivations, information and knowledge that support flood adaptation strategies and the consequences of their success or failure in Amazonian cities. Some of them indicates that autonomous flood adaptation measures were not provided with professional technical assistance or externally financed; the measures are associated with structural modifications (e.g., raise the level of the properties and improve the building) and non-structural modifications (e.g., shims). Some of the conclusions are associated with sources of information; community recognition of flood adaptation methods; motivation to the measures implemented autonomously; consequence to the urban planning and people internal migration, and the difficulties to identify and characterize an adaptation measure as proactive or reactive in recurrent flood cycles in Amazonian cities.

Accurately estimating age profiles for destination-specific migration is requisite to understanding the determinants of population growth and projecting future change as migration is the primary growth determinant for most regions. In Australia, place-to-place flows based on the age profile of migration derived from census data are commonly used to empirically estimate destination-specific internal migration. However, such flows are heterogeneous and census data is imperfect for accurately generating migration-age profiles. Demographers have addressed this by developing a range of methods for smoothing migration probabilities. These address smoothing on a bi-regional basis, primarily with one destination–origin pairing. We propose a non-parametric method for smoothing destination-specific migration probabilities which can be applied to multi-regional smoothing and is within the generation–distribution framework of Rogers et al. (Environ Plan A 34:341–359, 2002). We demonstrate that, if total age-specific out-migration has already been estimated, smoothing destination-specific migration ratios provides a solution to imperfect input data. Using the example of Australian interstate migration, we show how the method can give an accurate fit to the migration ratio profile across high-curvature ages and a good treatment of sample noise both when the population at risk is low, such as at advanced ages, and when the destination has a low conditional probability of migration. An implementation of the method is available as an Excel add-in.

Introduction The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) is a rich, nationally representative population-based resource that can be used for multiple purposes. Although municipalities may wish to use CLSA data to address local policy needs, how well localized CLSA cohorts reflect municipal populations is unknown. Because Calgary, Alberta, is home to one of 11 CLSA data collection sites, our objective was to explore how well the Calgary CLSA sample represented the general Calgary population on select sociodemographic variables. Methods Baseline characteristics (i.e. sex, marital status, ethnicity, education, retirement status, income, immigration, internal migration) of CLSA participants who visited the Calgary data collection site between 2011 and 2015 were compared to analogous profiles derived from the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) and 2016 Census datasets, which spanned the years when data were collected on the CLSA participants. Results Calgary CLSA participants were representative of the Calgary population for age, sex and Indigenous identity. Discrepancies of over 5% with the NHS and/or 2016 Census were found for marital status, measures of ethnic diversity (i.e. immigrant status, place of birth, non-official language spoken at home), internal migration, income, retirement status and education. Conclusion Voluntary studies face challenges in recruiting fully representative cohorts. Communities opting to use CLSA data at a municipal level, including the 10 other CLSA data collection sites, should exercise caution when interpreting the results of these analyses, as CLSA participants may not be fully representative of the local population on select characteristics of interest.

Georeferenced digital trace data offer unprecedented flexibility in migration estimation. Because of their high temporal granularity, many migration estimates can be generated from the same data set by changing the definition parameters. Yet despite the growing application of digital trace data to migration research, strategies for taking advantage of their temporal granularity remain largely underdeveloped. In this paper, we provide a general framework for converting digital trace data into estimates of migration transitions and for systematically analyzing their variation along a quasi-continuous time scale, analogous to a survival function. From migration theory, we develop two simple hypotheses regarding how we expect our estimated migration transition functions to behave. We then test our hypotheses on simulated data and empirical data from three platforms in two internal migration contexts: geotagged Tweets and Gowalla check-ins in the United States, and cell-phone call detail records in Senegal. Our results demonstrate the need for evaluating the internal consistency of migration estimates derived from digital trace data before using them in substantive research. At the same time, however, common patterns across our three empirical data sets point to an emergent research agenda using digital trace data to study the specific functional relationship between estimates of migration and time and how this relationship varies by geography and population characteristics.

Spatial mobility of the population is a key factor allowing for the delimitation of functional areas and the identification of ranges of impact of given spatial units. The work detailed here has built on this idea by seeking to identify areas of strong functional linkage in the cities in Poland that have been granted the status of powiat (i.e. unit at the “county” level of administration). In this context, the paper also offers a critical analysis of other, best-known approaches to the delimitation of towns and cities in Poland. The identification of areas characterised by strong functional linkage is achieved by reference to generally-available data, i.e. statistics relating to commutes to work, as well as internal migration leading to permanent residency status. Overall, areas of srong functional linkage are here delimited by reference to: (1) areas of emigration or immigration relating to thecities granted county status, where these are the source and/or destination when it comes to internal migration leading to permanent residency; (2) areas of departure and arrival where commutes to and from the aforesaid cities granted county status are concerned, with account taken of additional relations relating to volumes of flows in a ‘city–rural area’ configuration. Our analysis was performed at NUTS-5 level, hence the exclusion of cities not enjoying county status. It is against the background of existing literature reports on means of identifying areas of functional linkage for Polish cities that the work detailed here may establish a basis for discussing alternative approaches. Here the authors offer their own method of identifying areas of strong functional linkage, from the point of view of people’s spatial mobility. This approach takes account of specifically Polish aspects of the phenomenon’s development. Indeed, analyses confirm that the approach proposed is very much linked to the functional urban areas of regional centres. However, complete objectivisation (i.e. a lack of subjectivity or even arbitrary decisions) represents a significant attribute of the approach in question, with this being desirable when it comes to research being replicated.

The author of the article, based on the study of the works of domestic and foreign scientists, generalized the study of the conceptual field of immigration. Indeed, over the past decades, Ukraine has become one of the largest suppliers of emigrants to Europe and the United States. At the same time, now the state policy of Ukraine is aimed at the development of immigration processes, which motivated the study of this phenomenon in the domestic science "Public Administration and Administration".The author also investigated the theoretical determination of the concept of "immigration", its characteristics according to various features: dynamics, scale and structure of immigration processes (the number of immigrants, their gender and age composition), factors of stimulating immigration, the characteristic features of the formation of the modern labor market and the directions of development of modern immigration processes.The author argues that many scientific works are devoted to the study of a wide range of issues of theoretical and applied aspects of labor migration. Recently, the issues of a comprehensive analysis of the current migration situation in Ukraine, assessment of the impact of migration on demographic and socio-economic development, forecasting migration of the population, ethnic composition of the population and factors of its dynamics have been studied. In connection with the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the military events in the East of Ukraine, which were caused by the aggressor country Russia (since 2014), the topic of not only internal migration of the Ukrainian population, but also the return of Donetsk residents from the CIS countries to Ukraine, has become relevant.The massive incidence of infectious coronavirus disease in humanity in 2020 posed new challenges to the government of Ukraine related to the immigration of our compatriots from foreign countries, which are introducing a strict quarantine regime amid the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the author, the study of the conceptual field and essential characteristics in the context of modernity is relevant, which determined the choice of the topic of the article.

In the article the authors studied the territorial aspect of migration of urban and rural population. The analysis of inter-regional migrations is necessary to assess the internal migration situation in the country. Based on statistical data, the analysis of the number and share of urban and rural population of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. The differentiation of the population by Kazakhstan regions is studied. Based on the study of domestic sociodemographic indicators, it is concluded that migration and population are geodemographic terms that depend on each other. The analysis of the balance of interregional migration of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is relevant, since demographic and economic results affect countries regardless of the level of economic development. The nature of migration in Kazakhstan has changed at the present stage, as values and migration factors have been transformed. Migration processes are a concrete result of a specific stage of socio-economic and political development of a country. This is confirmed by the analysis of the population of the capital for the period from 1999 to 2019. The growth of intraregional migration ensures the growth of demographic potential. The continuous outflow of people of working age from rural areas and the return of people of pre-retirement and retirement age to rural areas ensures age transformation in rural areas, namely demographic aging of the population. This process increases the demographic burden on the working-age population and reduces the birth rate due to a drop in the number of people at the fertile age.

Population growth in developed nations has become increasingly concentrated towards metropolitan areas. In Australia, around 80% of national growth derives from its largest 7 cities but in sparsely populated areas, recent growth tends towards stagnation or decline. For these regions, there are no studies which systematically analyse a key aspect for population growth - drivers for population retention. Our study engages a life-stage approach to the analysis of a large survey about migration motivations and drivers as they relate to the Northern Territory of Australia. The Territory and Me survey was conducted during 2019 with more than 5200 current and former residents participating. In this study, we applied odds ratios, binomial regression and correspondence analysis to demonstrate the most important demographic and socio-economic characteristics associated with retention rates and factors for staying or leaving. Motivations for leaving were explained largely by two factors, one strongly associated with age and the other influenced by relative levels of familial and financial responsibilities. Other results highlight the importance of overseas born residents for their high retention rates across all life-stages, home ownership and having children resident in the Northern Territory. These findings can inform policy initiatives to positively influence future retention of people in different life-stages and ultimately help address low population growth for sparsely populated areas.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the migrations within and outside a province. The method used in this study was quantitative, descriptive- analytical. The population consisted of 340 respondents from urban and rural communities using Cochran's alpha. The sampling method was simple random. The reliability of the study was calculated by Cochran's alpha as 0.75 and the validity of the study was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences. The findings showed that the most important motivations for intra-provincial migration included earthquake with the mean of 4.28, occupation (4.12), and living costs (4.10). The most important motivations for inter-provincial migration were occupation with the mean of 4.86, living costs (4.85), and income (4.84). Regarding the influential factors on satisfaction with inter-provincial migration, the following factors can be ranked in terms of priority: willingness to return to living place (4.8), satisfaction with the migration (4.7), and willingness to migrate to another place (2.57). The factors of willingness to migrate to another place (with the means of 4.7), satisfaction with migration (4.4), and others' advice for migration (4.5) can be considered, in order of priority. The findings of Spearman correlation indicated the significant relationship between the 6 variables and intra-provincial migration.

It is possible that future generations will think that BC stands for Before Coronavirus—and possibly that AD stands for After the Donald. All joking aside, here in Aotearoa New Zealand we have been far luckier than most countries, with early and decisive action by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and her advisers rapidly bringing the pandemic threat under control. Several Island nations remain COVID-free, thanks again to early intervention and strong measures, including border control. In countries which did not react properly, the results have been catastrophic. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2019) has predicted that the appalling death toll in the United States will reach and possibly surpass 250,000 by the time Donald Trump is finally ejected from the White House. Comparatively safe as we are in New Zealand, this is still the second edition of Pacific Journalism Review we have produced with COVID-19 in the background and even when the pandemic is over, or at least brought under control, we will still be threatened by a host of challenges—not least that of climate change, which has already forced internal migration in Papua New Guinea and Fiji and threatens to do the same in the ASEAN region, with its incomparably larger population.

Young adult internal migration forms a large share of the influx of people into large cities in the developed world. We investigate the role of the residential locations of siblings for young adults’ migration to large cities, using the case of Sweden and its four largest cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö/Lund, and Uppsala. We use register data for the full Swedish-born population of young adults aged 18–28 living in Sweden in the years 2007–2013 and multinomial logistic regression analyses of migrating to each of the four cities or migrating elsewhere versus not migrating. Our point of departure is the paving-the-way hypothesis, which posits that young adults who have a sibling living at a migration destination are particularly likely to move to that destination, more so than to other destinations. Additional hypotheses are related to having more than one sibling in the city and to the gender of siblings living at the destination. We find support for the paving-the-way hypothesis and an additional effect for having more than one sibling in the city. Having a sibling of the same gender in a city matters more for moving there than having a sibling of the opposite gender. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s13524-020-00934-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This article analyzes the scientific data on the role of migrants in the central cities of the Bukhara Emirate in the late XIX and early XX centuries in their crafts and production.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar el impacto provocado por la migración rural al cantón Chone, para esto se empleó una revisión bibliográfica del año 2000 hasta la actualidad, de publicaciones científicas y estadísticas de páginas y organismos certificados. Los movimientos de población tanto al interior como por fuera de un país, constituyen una de las cuestiones que más atención ha recibido en los últimos tiempos, buscando las causas que generan estos movimientos poblacionales y conocer los impactos que provocan. En América Latina, la migración obedeció a importantes diferencias entre los niveles de ingreso per cápita de los países, en especial de los limítrofes. A principios del siglo XX, Ecuador se convirtió en el primer país de la Región Andina de emigración hacia Europa y Estados Unidos. A medida que los países van transitando de sociedades predominantemente rurales a sociedades cada vez más urbanas, se va incrementando la migración rural-urbana, provocando que la migración interna supere ampliamente la migración internacional. Esta migración interna en el cantón Chone tiene efectos directos en los procesos de urbanización y se han visto influidos por la mecanización de la agricultura, la concentración y acumulación de la propiedad rural y el escaso dinamismo del sector agrícola tradicional. La mayoría de la población se concentra en zonas donde existe disponibilidad de servicios básicos, infraestructura, educación y salud; de preferencia con cercanía o con buena accesibilidad. Palabras clave: Migración, rural, urbana, impacto, Chone.

We study health selection in rural–urban migration in Finland using register data. Specifically, we ask whether ‘movers’ differ from ‘stayers’ in their use of special health care services prior to moving. We focus on migration to twelve growing urban centres in different sub-groups of the population as well as in different regions, using multinomial logistic regression and multilevel modelling and by distinguishing between short- and long-distance moves. The results show that urban centres attract healthier individuals, while people with health problems are also prone to move, but not to urban centres. The results were similar when looking only at psychiatric diagnoses. The findings suggest that it is important to distinguish between different types of moves when studying health-selective migration. Studying the patterns of migration according to health enables us to understand drivers of regional health differences. Moreover, such evidence will help in projecting future demand for healthcare across the country. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10680-020-09568-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The historical roots and economic factors of temporary internal labor migration of the population in Russia are considered. An overview of studies of otkhodnichestvo (temporary internal migrant labor) in historical retrospective is presented. The process of renewing this form of union of labor and capital in the recent history of Russia amid functioning market relations, in general, and the labor market, in particular, is analyzed. Primary attention is paid to the results of a sociological survey of households in certain regions of Russia that have otkhodniks (temporary internal migrant workers) in their composition, while the focus is on the socioeconomic and demographic consequences of migrant labor for the families of temporary labor migrants. In addition to the obvious positive economic effect of improving the material situation of households, most social consequences of migrant labor are assessed as negative, associated with the regular long absence of one of the family members. The need to create new jobs in the regions and streamline internal labor migration is highlighted.

Migration is a significant factor in the organization of regional and urban space in India. In India, migration has been dominated by people from Eastern and Central regions moving to western and northwestern regions. On the other hand, Northeast has been known for in-migration and the conflicts arising from influx of migrants, but studies are lacking on the out-migration from the region. This study makes an attempt to study both inflow and outflow from the region and covers both internal and international migration. In this study, the Northeast India consists of the seven states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. Each state of the region shares an international boundary. The paper uses data from Census 2011 and has tried to study the magnitude of inflows to the region as well as the outflows from the region at the state level and also the reasons for migration. The state of Manipur is unique in the entire Northeast as outflow is three times higher than the inflow in the state. Assam is losing population due to internal migration to other states of India but compensated by international migration. The state of Assam presents a balanced ratio of inflow and outflow as stands in 2011 contrary to the popular perception that the state is gaining population inundated by immigration. The rest of the states of Northeast are gaining population predominantly due to internal migration, whereas Tripura gained population more from international compared to internal migration. The paper throws light on the combined impact of internal and international migration in the Northeast region which is generally lacking in migration studies on Northeast relevant for economic policy and political decision making. It also makes an assessment of reverse flows during the pandemic and lockdown.

Immigration, which includes many different phenomena, results mainly in economic, environmental, social and cultural aspects. This study examines the effect of push and pull factors of internal migration in Turkey. In the 12 sub-regions of NUTS Level 1, the effects of various variables on internal migration for the period 2008-2017 were handled with spatial panel data models considering the spatial relationship between regions. Regions were divided into two groups as migration and emitter and the effects of the variables in the models were examined separately. Findings of the study, there are spatial relations in the field of emigration and immigration in Turkey. In other words, it shows that the migration structure of the neighboring region has a significant effect on the migration movement of the related region. Migration in regions, is more than Turkey's average per capita income, increased employment and diversity of processed agricultural fields was obtained a positive relationship between migration. In migration regions, unemployment, imports and per capita income are the leading drivers. In particular, backwardness in the field of health and education has been the most important problem of the migrant regions. In addition, the insufficiency of suitable agricultural areas and the inability to generate income in this area have been an important factor in the migration of the population living in these regions.

This article discusses the current state of migration of Kazakhstan in the digital economy, the difference between rural and urban migration. The problems of labor market development were raised, the main directions of solving the problem of migration were presented. The digital economy is a system that promotes the circulation of goods and the development of services through the exchange of digital information and online trade, based on the introduction and use of digital computer technologies in economic sectors, automation of processes in the economy. The digital economy is based on computer technology, mobile communications, and the Internet. All processes are related to big data processing. Digital technology, methods and digital information are the main components of the economy and production. The digital economy is a type of economy based on digital resources, a new type of economic relations.The article justifies the need for special attention to the analysis of population migration, labor market transformation and mobility of highly qualified personnel in order to develop the digital economy and ensure competitive advantages. In the demographic structure of the population of Kazakhstan, much attention is paid to migration in the Northern and Central regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, among the temporary labor migrants leaving Kazakhstan in search of work, the population of the Northern regions of the Republic prevails.

Australian internal migration is characterised by increasing temporariness. In addition, a greater number of people undertaking cross-jurisdictional migration are those who have already moved more than once. However, most research and discussion on migration does not examine the characteristics of these multiple-movers. Regional and peripheral areas such as the Northern Territory of Australia are becoming increasingly reliant on short-term and temporary migration to maintain population growth overall. Consequently, a better understanding of the differences between first-time migrants and short-term migrants is required for policies aiming to attract and retain migrants. Differentiating the characteristics of these migrant groups is also vital to attracting-back former, or repeat, residents. In this research we develop and apply a new method for examining the migration behaviours of a region’s former residents and their likelihood of returning, using the Northern Territory of Australia as the basis. Results demonstrate policy and planning can be enhanced by distinguishing internal migrant types and that the methods we have developed to do so are purposeful as well as replicable for other regions.

It is very important to study the demographic and migration processes in the country when forming the labor potential of rural areas. Using these indicators affecting the labor potential, we calculated the parameters of linear trend models, checking their adequacy of the constructed models, calculated the determination coefficients, and built confidential intervals for the forecasts. In order to present a quantitative model expressing the general tendency of the time series change over time, we used the analytical alignment of the time series. In this case, the actual levels were replaced by levels calculated on the basis of certain data. As a result, we got the result of a change in time of the studied indicators in a positive direction. Obtained results: outflow of external and internal migration is the reason for the decline of labor potential in the country, but in general does not affect the efficiency of labor potential of the village; indicators of the population in general, i.e., the population of cities and villages, internal and external migration with natural population growth are quite close to one, what means that their forecast changes are insignificant and do not undergo significant changes in the future. Finally, with a 95% probability, we can expect that in 2020 - 2021, the indicators under consideration will not take values less than the lower limits of confidence forecast intervals and not greater than their upper limits. Obtain results are very important for development of a strategy for the effective use of labor potential.

Much of the literature on assortative mating has centred on the social contexts of immigrant‐receiving countries in the West. This article examines ethnic assortative mating (endogamy) against rising volumes and intensity of migration within a multi‐ethnic lower middle‐income country. We used full enumeration data from the 2010 Indonesian Population Census to create a national dataset of husband–wife pairs (n = 47.8 million couples), and five subsets of married couples from provinces with the highest proportion of lifetime migrants: Riau, Riau Islands, Jakarta, East Kalimantan, and West Papua (n = 4.05 million). First, we examined the association between migration, group size, and endogamy at the provincial level. We found a negative association between internal migrant stock and endogamy across 33 provinces in Indonesia. Using endogamy as a proxy of the strength of ethnic boundaries, we have shown that accounting for group size at the provincial level changes the overall ranking of endogamy among ethnic groups. Second, drawing on the subsets of couples in the five provinces with the highest proportion of migrants in their population, we used multivariate analysis to examine how migration status correlates with the likelihood of endogamy at the individual level. Controlling for sex, group size, age, education, and religion, we found that the relationship between an individual's migration status and endogamy varies across the five provinces, reflecting the different nature and history of migration, and the ethno‐religious composition in these regions.

This article provides an overview of the growing literature on urban-rural gaps in the developing world. I begin with recent evidence on the size of the gaps as measured by consumption, income, and wages, and argue that the gaps are real rather than just nominal. I then discuss the role of sorting more able workers into urban areas and review an array of recent evidence on outcomes from rural-urban migration. Overall, migrants do experience substantial gains on average, though smaller than suggested by the cross-sectional gaps. I conclude that future work should help further explore the frictions—in particular, information, financial, and in land markets—that hold back rural-urban migration and may help explain the persistence of urban-rural gaps.

Introduction. Using the method of social mapping of urban space in the study of youth from the Republic of Dagestan living in St. Petersburg, the author attempts to create the map of the resettlement of Dagestan youth. The author also considers factors affecting the geography of resettlement: economic, discrimination against migrants from the Caucasus during attempts to rent a flat, attracting “self-networks” to search for housing, etc. The main research goal is to understand whether there is the phenomenon of compact residence of migrants from Dagestan in St. Petersburg.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the research consists of the following approaches: socio-ecological (R. Park, E. Burgess), sociospatial (C. Booth, O. Trushchenko), constructivist (B. Anderson, R. Brubaker). The possibilities and limitations of the tools used in mapping urban space are examined: it is concluded that a questionnaire is best suited for the study of highly mobile groups of the population, such as internal migrants, and despite the impossibility of calculating the general totality.Results and discussion. The resettlement map of Dagestan youth reflects the peripheral type of residence in actively built up outlying districts, thereby real estate rental prices in these areas are the lowest in the city, and the tendency of resettlement compactness was recorded, including depending on the place of departure. A high degree of closeness of the environment was revealed – 73,3 % of respondents faced a biased attitude due to their national / religious affiliation when trying to rent an apartment. In a “closed” environment, migrants are forced to turn to more effective mechanisms of primary groups and seek housing through social networks (that is, real people and the Internet).Conclusion. Despite the well-established opinion of experts, that the local residence of migrants is undesirable and even dangerous, since the load on the social sphere is increasing, the district’s infrastructure is changing, acquiring features that are not characteristic of the majority living, the number of conflicts, etc., Nevertheless, this process is not controlled by the state in any way: newcomers rent apartments or buy housing in areas with the lowest prices, thus, the localization of migrants' residence is a natural process occurs by itself.

For much of the past three decades, China has witnessed a dramatic and steady increase in internal migration and thus has a huge population of left-behind children. The impact of childhood left-beh...

In historical demography, there are three major types of migration. Research carried out in Norway so far has concerned the study of emigration and immigration, but not internal migration which still lacks a deep analytical overview on the national level. However, the data found in censuses held every decade and church register books make it possible to carry out analysis of internal migration processes. This article analyses the information potential of sources and generalises some fundamental aspects of internal migration in Norway between 1865 and 1960. The research demonstrates that the main internal migration flows were from south to north. It is established that before 1920, most long-distance migrants were young men while women migrated short distances. Norway faced dramatic events related to geographic mobility during World War II when the Nazi authorities deported considerable groups of population. In 1942, they deported the whole population of Telavag, relocating women, children, and the elderly to the east, and grown men to concentration camps. Together with this, hundreds of Norwegian teachers were arrested and taken to perform penal labour in the northern town of Kirkenes. The most massive deportation of the population in Finnmark and Troms counties occurred during the German Army’s retreat in the autumn of 1944 during which fascists employed the tactics of scorched earth, which, according to the official version, was done in order to prevent the offensive of the Red Army. The research makes it possible to assess the scale of the deportation. The formation of the Central Population Register of Norway takes migration studies to a new level as it reflects all the dislocations which led to changes in people’s addresses. More particularly, transcribed data of the 1950 census make it possible to more accurately define the scale of migrations which took place as a result of the wartime devastation.

Studies of migrants can improve understanding of the environmental influence on the risk of chronic diseases. In continental countries, internal migration has been associated with changes in diet and health status. The objective of this study is to assess differences in diet quality and the cardiometabolic risk profile between migrants and the host population. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in the city of Sao Paulo. The study population included internal migrants, defined as individuals born outside Sao Paulo city who had lived in the city for ten years or longer. The final population (n = 537) was divided into three groups: natives of Sao Paulo (45.5%), migrants from the Southeast (26.9%) and migrants from the Northeast (27.5%). The joint interim statement consensus criteria were used for diagnosing MetSyn. Diet quality was estimated using the revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R). Comparisons between the data of BHEI-R, cardiometabolic risk factors and MetSyn in migrants and natives were performed using generalized linear models adjusted for confounding factors, respectively. Southeastern and Northeastern migrants younger than 60 years had a higher average of for whole fruit and oil components, respectively. Northeastern migrants older than 60 years had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, atherogenic ratio concentrations, lower HDL-C and were more likely to present metabolic syndrome compared to those born in Sao Paulo of the same age group. Native and internal migrants from Brazil resident in Sao Paulo exhibited differences in diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Nowadays, policymakers and researchers are discussing the relationship between internal migrations on poverty reduction. The uneven economic developments in Ghana these days, among others, have made the essential towns a des tination for internal migrants from other areas of the country. This study examines internal migration that acts as a way o ut of area poverty where conservative strategies on poverty reduction have failed to draw on empirical evidence on Ghana's civil movement. It is also examining how internal migration leads to economic development in rural areas. For the migrants a proportionate sample size of 680 used. Snowball sampling utilized for population selection (migrants) Gathered data from six regions and 38 districts in Ghana.It was analysed using questionnaires and interviews using versi on 22 of the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS). The research also used statistical methods such as multinomial re gression, Spearman rank analysis of correlation, and ordinal model regression. Internal migration has a positive effect on poverty alleviation in Ghana bringing good drinking water supplies, electricity expansion, sanitation facilities, improved incomes, better healthcare, better nutrition, savings and investment opportunities to migrants, their families and communities among others. In order to maximize the effect of internal migration, the study recommended policy, theoretical and practical interventions on poverty reduction in Ghana

The statistics of long-term internal migration in 2011 underwent serious changes related to the inclusion of persons registered not only at their place of residence, but also at their place of stay for a period of 9 months or more. As a result of these changes, a migrant whose registration has expired is immediately considered to have returned to his place of origin. This reform of statistical accounting has led to a sharp increase in the number of registered migrants and to a change in the structural characteristics of migration flows. The article analyzes the consequences of the appearance of a new category - “returning after a temporary absence” - in the statistics of internal migration. The research also reveals the problems of assessing the extent of migration, its directions and the impact of migration on the population of certain territories of the country. In addition, it is proved that the existing methodology of statistical accounting distorts the structural characteristics of migration, especially at young ages.

Improving the quality of the urban environment allows the government to influence on large number of citizens, including changing their migration preferences. Urban development can offer a large amount of patriotism. The successes of socio-economic development of cities are confirmed by practice when the planned activities are fully implemented. At the same time, the goals are to consolidate the indigenous population of cities, to attract high-quality specialists from other cities with favorable living conditions. Such internal migration processes can be both permanent and temporary-all of them are aimed at creating socially necessary products. If such trends are supplemented by high wages in high-tech industries that implement advanced technologies, the influx of the required number of highly qualified specialists becomes very likely. Improvement of the quality of the urban environment and its ecological condition on high level is now a state-supported priority. It meets the criteria of social justice, focuses on a more active lifestyle of citizens, which has a positive impact on the health of the population. In addition, the health-improving effect of favorable living conditions is felt on a subconscious level, positively charging people with new energy, improving their mood and maintains their tone on a high emotional level. Improving the comfort of the living environment in addition to improved housing conditions provides for the improvement of infrastructure, a significant transformation of the surrounding landscaped areas, as well as socially significant public urban spaces that harmoniously complement the natural resource potential of settlements. All this in a complex influences on the positive public mood of society and helps to increase the competitive advantages of specific cities in the fight for human capital, affecting also the migration preferences of modern people.

Forced migration and displacement are two well-known results of internal armed conflicts of nations. A fundamental relationship associated with these humanitarian movements is the one entailing the link between the geographical distance travelled by migrants and their economic well-being. As such a link remains unstudied in previous works, its empirical scrutiny is timely for migration studies. In this paper, we take the Colombian conflict as a case study to analyze this relationship empirically. Using data from the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (ELPS) - 2012, we estimated a regression model, in which we tested different welfare measures and blocks of control variables. Contrary to what we expected, the results show that the elasticity of distance is positive and that it does not determine welfare outcomes for the displaced population.

This study identified the major trends in external migration, typical of the current development stage of the Republic of Belarus and their effect on the economy. The consequences of the global financial and economic crisis had a considerable impact on migration flows around the globe. These processes are reflected in the growing tension in the labour markets in different countries. The basic features of the Belarusian labour market remain the low share of the private sector and excessive state interventionism. For the Belarusian economy, which is in transition, the initial inflow of foreign labour resources at the beginning of the 2000s has transformed into a clear trend towards an outflow of skilled workers. This trend requires a detailed analysis of current processes and identification of the major directions and causes of migration, especially in the depopulation processes observed. The analysis presented in this paper is based on data from the National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus and covers the years 2014-2018. The comparative statistical analysis method used in the study (creating time series reflecting changes of the phenomenon over time) identified the current trends and characteristic features of internal migration processes in the Republic of Belarus. Moreover, the main directions of population movements were determined as well as the causes of changes in the structure and intensity of migration flows.

The purpose of this study is to explore various push and pull factors of internal migration in Balochistan, to get an insight to the social life of migrants and investigate the psychological issues along with their health status. The present study was Exploratory in nature. The Universe was selected as District Hubchowki, District Gwadar and District Turbat, Balochistan. The Population comprised on the heads of families (Male Member). The data was collected by Snowball Sampling Techniques. Research Instruments like Questionnaire and Observation used for data collection. The data analysis and Hypotheses Testing was conducted through statistical methods. The recommendations of the study were comprised of the increasing rate of rural to urban migration over the time in Pakistan reflect the urban bias government polices along with lack of planning and implementation of rural development programs and schemes in the country. It will provide meaningful future urban planning in the country as migration has vast socio-economic impact upon habitants of the country. All these factors have significant relationship with the internal migration.

Η μετανάστευση αποτελεί ένα πεδίο μελέτης με πλούσιο βιβλιογραφικό και ερευνητικό υπόβαθρο. Ως φαινόμενο έχει μελετηθεί επανειλημμένα, ωστόσο η πολυδιάστατη φύση του το καθιστά διαχρονικό και ορθώς επιτρέπει τη διαρκή διερεύνησή του. Οι πληθυσμιακές και χωρικές ισορροπίες μεταβάλλονται διαρκώς, ανακύπτουν νέα πολιτιστικά και κοινωνικά τοπία και πρότυπα διαβίωσης, και προκύπτουν νέες μορφές κινητικότητας που υποκινούνται από πλήθος αιτιών και κινήτρων. Οι οικονομικές συνθήκες διαφοροποιούν εξίσου το φαινόμενο από χωρική άποψη, ενισχύοντας τη δυναμική των εσωτερικών ροών (Bayona-I-Carrasco et al., 2015). Η ιστορία έχει διδάξει πως οι επιπτώσεις των υφέσεων στην οικονομία στον τομέα της μετανάστευσης είναι πολύπλοκες και δύσκολο να προβλεφθούν (Castles, 2009), ενώ σύμφωνα με τις προηγούμενες οικονομικές κρίσεις οι οριστικές συνέπειες θα διαφανούν μετά από χρόνια (Koser, 2009).Στην Ελλάδα, το μεταναστευτικό ζήτημα και πιο ειδικά η εσωτερική μετανάστευση αποτέλεσε αντικείμενο αυξημένου ενδιαφέροντος για πολλές δεκαετίες. Πρόσφατες μελέτες που αφορούν στην εσωτερική μετανάστευση (σε μεγάλη χωρική κλίμακα), αναδεικνύουν τις τάσεις μετακίνησης του ελληνικού πληθυσμού από αστικές περιοχές στην ύπαιθρο ως φαινόμενο υπό εξέλιξη, ωστόσο περιορισμένης έντασης συγκριτικά με άλλες ευρωπαϊκές χώρες (Ντυκέν, 2009; Gkartzios, 2013). Σε επίπεδο περιφέρειας (NUTS 2), το μεταναστευτικό ισοζύγιο κατά την περίοδο 31/12/09 έως την ημερομηνία διεξαγωγής της τελευταίας απογραφής πληθυσμού (2011), καταδεικνύει ότι η Αττική και η Θεσσαλονίκη είναι οι μόνες περιοχές με αρνητικό ισοζύγιο, ενώ όλες οι υπόλοιπες περιφέρειες παρουσιάζουν ελαφρώς θετικό ή σαφώς θετικό ισοζύγιο (ιδιαίτερα οι νησιωτικές περιοχές). Αυτό το αποτέλεσμα τείνει να υποδεικνύει μια πιθανή έξοδο από τα δύο κύρια αστικά κέντρα προς άλλες περιοχές.Η οικονομική κρίση που αντιμετωπίζει η Ελλάδα από το 2008 μετέτρεψε το φαινόμενο της εγκατάστασης στην ύπαιθρο σε έναν δυνητικά δυναμικό πυλώνα της εσωτερικής μετανάστευσης. Η βιβλιογραφία της εγκατάστασης των Ελλήνων στην ύπαιθρο κατά την περίοδο της κρίσης εμπλουτίζεται με τα αποτελέσματα ερευνών πεδίου όπου οι εσωτερικοί μετανάστες αποδίδουν την μετεγκατάστασή τους στην ύπαιθρο στην οικονομική κρίση (Gkartzios et al., 2017; Remoundou et al., 2016), δεδομένου ότι ο αγροτικός χώρος δημιούργησε προσδοκίες για ευκαιρίες και αλληλεγγύη στον αστικό πληθυσμό (Anthopoulou et al., 2017).Εξετάζοντας τις εξελίξεις κατά την περίοδο 2001-2011 προκειμένου να αναδειχθούν περιοχές της ελληνικής υπαίθρου με πραγματικές ροές εγκατάστασης πληθυσμού, αναζητήθηκαν οι ερμηνευτικοί παράγοντες, από την οπτική του εν δυνάμει μετανάστη, στην επιλογή του μεταναστευτικού προορισμού. Η προσέγγιση του φαινομένου βασίστηκε στην ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων των απογραφών πληθυσμού, βάσει της κατανομής του πληθυσμού κατά τόπο διαμονής σε μία απογραφική περίοδο. Με βάση τις αντικειμενικές αναζητήσεις των μεταναστών δεδομένης της ηλικιακής δομής τους, αξιολογήθηκαν οι κύριοι τύποι δήμων που εμφανίζουν πλεονεκτήματα ή δυνητικές προοπτικές εγκατάστασης, Η προσέγγιση των ερευνητικών ερωτημάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση δύο στατιστικών εργαλείων, συμπληρωματικών μεταξύ τους. Με την πολυκριτηριακή μέθοδο ανάλυσης (παραγοντική ανάλυση) αποτυπώνονται τα γεωγραφικά, πληθυσμιακά, πολιτισμικά, κοινωνικά και οικονομικά χαρακτηριστικά των χωρικών ενοτήτων, προκειμένου να καθοριστούν οι παράγοντες που καθιστούν ελκυστική μια περιοχή από την οπτική του μετανάστη. Η ανάλυση κατά συστάδες ταξινομεί τις χωρικές ενότητες που παρουσιάζουν αυξημένη ένταση εισροών, με βάση τους ερμηνευτικούς παράγοντες της μετανάστευσης και το ηλικιακό προφίλ των μεταναστών, ώστε να προκύψουν τα σύνθετα χωρικά μοτίβα εγκατάστασης πληθυσμού στην ύπαιθρο.Τέλος, μέσα από Μεθόδους Προοπτικής Διερεύνησης επιδιώκεται να αναπτυχθεί ένα πιο μακροπρόθεσμο πλαίσιο, πέρα από τους συνήθεις περιορισμούς του παρόντος, μέσα στους οποίους να υπάρξει σκέψη για πιθανές στρατηγικές επιλογές. Στον άξονα των συνθηκών που επικρατούν στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον και των παραγόντων έλξης της ελληνικής υπαίθρου, έγινε απόπειρα να δημιουργηθούν σενάρια με απώτερο σκοπό να διαφανούν οι προοπτικές της εγκατάστασης των Ελλήνων στον ύπαιθρο χώρο σε ορίζοντα 10 ετών, με διττό στόχο. Αφενός να διαφανεί εάν η εγκατάσταση στην ύπαιθρο αποτελεί ένα φαινόμενο που εδραιώθηκε στην Ελλάδα υπό συνθήκες οικονομικής κρίσης και αφετέρου να διαφανεί ποια είναι τα πιο πιθανά σενάρια και ποιες οι προϋποθέσεις ώστε αυτή η επιστροφή στην ύπαιθρο να διαρκέσει στο διηνεκές.

The aim of this commentary is to illuminate, for a wider audience, the essential features of the analysis described in the paper on “China’s low fertility may not hinder future prosperity” (1), to place the paper in the context of the program of work on the role of education in demography at the Wittgenstein Centre, Vienna, and to evaluate its claims. Tables 1⇓⇓–4 provide an overview of the options for forecasting a country’s demographic future used in the Wittgenstein program. The paper’s authors chose from the options set out. Tables 1⇓⇓–4 provide an interpretation of their work, based on reading the paper and discussion with the authors. Table 1 characterizes the model, its inputs, and its outputs. Table 2 provides details of alternative demographic models that might be used. In Marois et al. (1), a microsimulation model based on sample data is used, with the sample numbers factored up to a larger population. The demographic assumptions of the model embed the key relationships between fertility, mortality, and migration by educational attainment. The model for China focuses on the national population, with no role for internal migration. International migration into and out of China is very small in relation to its 1.4 billion 2020 population, so it does not play much part in determining future populations, in contrast to Western countries, where immigration is a vital contribution, and to developing countries, where emigration is important. Table 3 presents information on indicators of population aging. The companion paper (1) shows that very different results are obtained when education and … [↵][1]1 Email: p.h.rees{at}leeds.ac.uk. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Background: Research on annual migration between regions of the same country is scarce because statistical sources are often lacking. Consequently, little is known about migration between French regions during the Second World War. Objective: Propose a new method to estimate the annual populations of each region and deduce the annual migration flows between regions of the same country. Use this method to present the chronology of inter-regional migration flows in France during the Second World War. Methods: Annual regional populations are estimated using census populations and death-by-cause statistics at the local level. Death-by-cause statistics can be used to dissociate symmetrical mortality, which trends in the same way in the national territory, from asymmetrical mortality, which trends differently. This makes it possible to deduce the trend in the mortality rate and populations at the local level. Results: Analysis of French migration reveals that (1) a large proportion of the population (up to 60%) was displaced from the north to the south in 1940 and 1941; (2) the demarcation line did not prevent population movements; (3) the demographic scars of war were still present in 1946 since not all the refugees from the northwest and northeast returned. Contribution: This new method for analyzing annual migration flows between regions could be replicated to study other specific historical events. This paper also proposes a quantitative historical analysis of migration in France during the Second World War and shows that some territories were emptied of more than half their population in a few months.

Like many other countries, South Africa (SA) has committed to the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to "leave no-one behind", in efforts towards universal health coverage, and meeting the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets through the implementation of universal test and treat (UTT) interventions. SA is associated with high levels of international and internal migration that, in certain contexts, are known to (1) increase the risk of acquiring HIV and (2) present challenges to HIV treatment access and continuity. Despite this, migration and mobility are not adequately considered in responses to HIV. As SA rolls out UTT programmes and antiretroviral treatment as prevention (TasP) interventions, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP), there is an urgent need to ensure that these are migration-aware and mobility-competent. In SA, a key population that experiences a disproportionate HIV burden is international migrant farm workers living and working on commercial farms along the border with Zimbabwe. In this article, a social determinants of health approach is applied to explore the context within which this population struggles to access positive determinants of health, including the public health care system, and the implications of this for HIV programming. It is argued that, unless policies and programming become migration-aware and mobility-competent, UTT and TasP interventions will struggle to address the high burden of HIV among this population and, as a result, progress towards global health targets will be limited.

Introduction. Migration is a global phenomenon that has no borders and affects all countries without exception. Subjective and objective reasons determine migration flows in the world. More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. Popular and attractive, with their infrastructure, dynamic labor force market, development of integration and consolidation, inclusion, countries / destination cities of migrants who are looking for a better life and more possibilities for employment and social protection. Cities meet the urgent needs of migrants and respond to amount of integration challenges. The majority of cities, which are under considerable pressure from migrants, especially refugees, are awareness that well-managed migration can bring not only challenges but also opportunities and initiatives which can benefit from the economy and society, especially in the long time period. The goal of the article is to research the European continent as a location for migrants and refugees and also to analyze challenges and opportunities for cities destination under influence of migrant’s flows. Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the article are the following general scientific and empirical methods, such as: historical, systemic, generalization method, grouping, comparative method. Results. According to the ratings, Germany (Berlin), Great Britain (London), France (Paris), Poland (Gdansk) are the most popular countries / cities for migrants in the European continent. Migrants may be a burden to the city, because in its turn mentioned one spends public money on their upkeep. At the same time, migrants may be more talented and skilled workers, less demanding than local population. That is why a government and business of destination city of migrants can cooperate effectively in order to maximize potential of immigrants in cities. The main factors which attract migrants in destination cities are economic opportunities of ones. In particular, the attractiveness of Berlin for migrants is due to the fact that the city is innovative, creative and open to thought. Apart from the city has also dynamic labor market and low labor costs. It is worth noting that the majority of developed countries have demographic issues and aging nation, while young people in developing countries look for work due to imbalances in the domestic labor market. Migration, in the following destination cities (Berlin, Athens, Paris), has made its adjustments in the field of infrastructure, education, health care, urban planning, etc. In particular, the private and public sectors combine own attempts in order to solve migration issues in the long term period.

The article presents overview of environmental and climatic, economic and migration situations in the countries of Oceania. In order to determine the relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration processes in the island states and territories of Oceania, New Zealand and Australia, analytical reports and censuses of the population of the states, estimates and statistics of international organizations are studied. The article analyses the state policy of island states and territories in the field of sustainable development and migration, as well as immigration policies of the main host countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA. It was found that internal and external migration in Oceania is mainly driven by socio-economic factors (problems with employment, education and medical services), while internal migration is usually directed to urban area, and external - from the city to foreign countries. Exploring the peculiarities of climate change and natural phenomena and their impact on the livelihoods of people in the region of Oceania, we can conclude that natural and climatic influences directly and indirectly affect different spheres of life of the local population. Nevertheless, the impact of climate change and natural phenomena on the migration of the population of Oceania at the moment is insignificant (no more than 10-12% of international flows), however, in the case of an increase in the intensity and frequency of na- tural disasters, and also due to an increase in the number and density of population (71 million people will live in the region to 2100) an increase in the flow of environmental migrants is inevitable.