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In this paper we analyze electric‐field and current measurements of upward leaders induced by a downward negative lightning flash that struck a residential building. The attachment process was recorded by two high‐speed cameras running at 37,800 and 70,000 images per second and the current measured in two lightning rods. Differently from previous works, here we show, for the first time, current measurements of multiple upward leaders that after initiation propagate to connect the negative downward moving leader. At the beginning of the propagation of the leaders that initiate on the instrumented lightning rods, current pulses appear superimposed to a steadily increasing DC current. The upward leader current pulses increase with the approach of the downward leader and are not synchronized but present an alternating pattern. All 2D leader speeds are approximately constant. The upward leaders are slower than the downward leader speed. The average time interval between current pulses in upward leaders is close to the interstep time interval found by optical or electric field sensors for negative cloud‐to‐ground stepped leaders. The upward leaders respond to different downward propagating branches and, as the branches alternate in propagation and intensity, so do the leaders accordingly. Right before the attachment process the alternating pattern of the leaders ceases, all downward leader branches intensify, and consequently upward leaders synchronize and pulse together. The average linear densities for upward leaders (49 and 82 μC/m) were obtained for the first time for natural lightning. Plain Language Summary: The effectiveness of a lightning protection system depends on its efficiency to intercept the down coming leader of a cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash. The interception is usually done by an upward connecting leader that initiates from grounded structures, humans, or living beings that protrude from nearby ground. The understanding of the upward connecting leader and of the attachment process with the downward leader plays an important role in the determination of the zone of protection and therefore in the improvement of a lightning protection system. Unconnected upward leaders, that is, upward leaders that fail to connect the downward leader, are also of great importance in lightning protection. They can be large enough to cause damage to equipment vulnerable to sparks or induced currents, and enough to injure people from who it initiates. In this paper we analyze electric‐field, speed, and current measurements of upward leaders induced by a downward negative lightning flash that struck a residential building. The attachment process was simultaneously recorded by two high‐speed cameras, an electric‐field sensor, and current sensors installed on two lightning rods. Differently from previous works we show, for the first time, current measurements of multiple upward leaders induced by the negative downward moving leader. Key Points: Current and charge density measurements of two upward leaders induced by the same downward leaderUpward leaders alternate their progression during initial propagationCurrent pulses of upward leaders increase intensity and synchronize right before attachment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the corona space charge layer created at ground level on lightning attachment to high (20–100 m) slender objects is numerically studied. The shielding effect of corona space charge produced near the object tip on the electric field at ground level is considered. The behavior of a non-stationary streamer-free corona developed from ground irregularities in a time-varying thundercloud electric field is discussed. The initiation of an upward leader from the tip of a high grounded object is simulated in the electric field created by a storm-cloud, approaching downward leader and space charge produced by corona at ground level and near the object tip. The corona space charge produced on the ground surface is shown to affect only slightly the inception of an upward connecting leader from the object when the local electric field near the object tip rises rapidly due to an approaching downward leader. The effect of neutral aerosol particles on lightning attachment to high grounded slender objects is also small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a generalized transmission line model of the lightning return stroke, we have investigated the influences of the presence of a tall strike object and an upward connecting leader on the magnitude of lightning current and on associated electric and magnetic fields. For a typical subsequent lightning return stroke, the peak current at the bottom of a 100-m-high object is 1.5 times larger than the channel base peak current for the same strike to the flat ground, regardless of the presence of a 20-m-long upward connecting leader, while the lightning peak current at the top of the strike object is not much different from the current in the absence of the object. The vertical electric field due to a lightning strike to a 100-m-high object Eẕflat is reduced relative to that due to the same strike to the flat ground Eẕflat at distances ranging from 30 m to 200 m from the object and enhanced at distances greater than 200 m. The azimuthal magnetic field for the tall object case H φ̱tall is larger than that for the flat ground case H φ̱flat at any distance. Beyond about 3km, E ẕtall/E ẕflat becomes insensitive to distance change and is equal to H φ̱tall/H φ̱flat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For the purpose of estimating the efficacy of a lightning rod, the current of a corona was numerically calculated from a rod placed (i) centrally on the roof of a vertical grounded cylindrical structure, a model of a man-made object, and (ii) at the top of a grounded hemispherical structure of large radius, such as a hill or mountain. The calculations were carried out for a slowly varying thundercloud electric field and when this field was enhanced by the charge of an approaching downward leader. In case (i), variation of the ratio between the height and radius of the cylindrical structure leads to a variation in the (a) corona current from the tip of the rod over a wide range and (b) distance from which lightning is attached to the rod. In case (ii), it is shown that, contrary to the case of rods installed on the ground surface, a slowly rising thundercloud electric field can be sufficient to initiate streamers and upward leaders from rods tens of meters in height installed on the top of tall, grounded, hemispherical structures. When the thundercloud electric field is enhanced by the charge of an approaching downward leader, the discharge processes near the rod depend on its length and the height of the tip of the downward leader relative to the top of the hemispherical structure, but are almost independent of the hemisphere radius. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]