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In this paper, the technique of electricity tracing has been widened into monitoring line overloading of deregulated power system. Recently, the study on power system stability can only determine the stressed transmission lines but no attempt to trace who become the contributors (generators or loads) for the system's violation. By means of electricity tracing, the objective to trace the major contributor can be achieved. Thus, this paper proposes the application of electricity tracing through hybrid algorithm: the Ant Colony Pollinated-Flower Algorithm (ACPFA) for tracing the stress contributors. The experiment on IEEE 14-bus system together with comparative studies has validated the performance of the proposed method and algorithm. The results proved a promising capability for electricity tracing's application in monitoring line overloading of a deregulated power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanism of power system operations become more complex due to the increasing load demand and which lead to increased pressure and high risk to the transmission line. Therefore power system operation and stability become less safe due to unexpected congestion and voltage violations. In additional, new transmission line is considered one of the solutions to provide a stable operation it is more secure to the power system. However it is more expensive and time consuming which also need to address the political and environmental issues. One of the alternatives which can be employed is the use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS). This paper presents a study on optimal location and sizing of FACTS device based on Particle Swarm Optimization for minimization of transmission losses, voltage profile improvement which takes into account cost of installation. In this study, Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) are chosen as the compensation device. Validation through the implementation on the IEEE 30-bus system indicated that PSO is feasible to achieve the task. In simulation results are compared with those obtained from Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS) technique in the attempt to highlight its merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical factor effecting power transmission systems today is the power flow control technique. The increment of load variation in a power transmission system can lead to potential failure on the entire system as the system has to work under a stressed condition and various contingencies. Thus, the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) are integrated in power system to control the power flow in specific lines and improve the security of transmission line. This paper presents Evolutionary Programming (EP) technique for solving reactive power problem incorporating Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The objective of the study is to employ EP optimization technique for loss minimization along with the installation cost calculation and voltage profile monitoring when a power transmission system is subjected to (N-1) contingency. The location of the UPFC installation is determined based on a pre-developed voltage stability index. The UPFC devices are installed in the system in order to enhance the system security; performed on the IEEE 30-bus RTS for several loading conditions. The simulations results are compared with those obtained from the Artificial Immune System (AIS) technique in the attempt to highlight its merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequence of failures that aggravates catastrophic events of a power system has attracted a great number of researchers’ attention in exploring and analyzing its enormous losses to the society and economy of a country. Power system cascading collapse is an event in which failure of an electrical component such as transmission line or generator leads to sequence of failures in other equipment. This catastrophic event could lead to major electrical energy failure. Therefore, it is imperative to study the effect of power system cascading collapse in assessing reliability cost/worth. This research introduces the assessments of risk and reliability cost/worth-based Customer Interruption Cost (CIC) in relation to dynamic system cascading collapse. The results obtained from the analysis performed have proven that a large cost of CIC is resulted due to dynamic electrical energy failure. This connotes that uncertain disconnection of the exposed transmission lines together with the exposed generator which occurred in the power system failure, ultimately will impose a significant impact on the customer interruption cost. On top of that, the results of customer interruption cost also have proven that the uncertainty of dynamic power electrical power and energy failure should not be neglected. Therefore, the proposed technique is reliable and confers promising results in determining risk and reliability cost/worth of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]