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The increase in inverter-based resources associated with the increased installation of PV sources is a concern because it reduces the inertia of the power system during peak PV generation periods. As a countermeasure to reduce grid inertia, the addition of pseudo-inertia using virtual synchronous machines can be selected, and PV generation can cooperatively contribute to the stable operation of the power system by using the suppressed output as reserve power. However, few studies have analyzed VSMs that do not use batteries and use PV as a resource (PV-VSM) in simulations, including grid interconnection and solar radiation fluctuations, and it is necessary to clarify the issues and discuss countermeasures. In this study, electromagnetic transient response analysis was applied to a VSM connected to a two-generator system, simulations were performed, and the following findings were reported and countermeasure methods for the problem were proposed. When the PV capacity is insufficient for the output required by the VSM inverter, the PV-VSM control system may become unstable. This is caused by a drop in the capacitor voltage of the DC/DC converter due to insufficient PV output. The limiter control system is designed to address this problem by combining the headroom estimation system with the current limiting algorithm. The proposed limiter control system is validated on solar radiation ramp fluctuations as a test case and found that the system was effective in supressing PV-VSM instability. In our simulation case, the PV-VSM with our limiter control can continue to operate stably even if the PV available power is 0.03 [p.u.] short of the inverter's reference power by the solar power ramp fluctuation, as long as the inverter installation rate is less than 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage to home electric appliances due to lightning surges has recently become more common. The installation of SPDs (surge protective devices) in interior wiring is a countermeasure against damage and is also becoming more widespread after amendment of the regulation on indoor wires in 2005. Past study showed an effective method in which the earth line of the SPD is connected with that of home appliances and is grounded at one place in the home. However, because the methods of installing the distribution line in homes vary, it is difficult to estimate the effect of SPDs in every home, and high-precision analysis by EMTP for interior wiring and SPD in the home is required. In this study, experiments were conducted with interior wiring and varistors, which constitute SPDs, and this paper reports the results of those experiments and of EMTP analytical models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(4): 24-33, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (). DOI 10.1002/eej.21062 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As society becomes ever more dependent on electronics, interest in the patterns of lightning hazards in low-voltage distribution lines including residences is growing. However, there have been few studies on low-voltage distribution lines and many things remain unknown about the propagation patterns of lightning surges in the field, particularly the intrusion of lightning surges into residences. The Tokyo Electric Power Company has conducted field research of phenomena accompanying lightning flashes to actual distribution systems using lightning-activated cameras as well as lightning surge waveform detectors, obtaining invaluable 101 datasets of lightning flashes between 2002 and 2007. This paper analyzes typical observation examples and estimates the lightning surge propagation routes in low-voltage distribution lines. In some examples, it is inferred that a lightning current flowed in the reverse direction from the residence to the low-voltage distribution line caused by ground potential rise due to the nearby lightning to the ground. These results will be useful for clarifying lightning surge propagation patterns in low-voltage distribution lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probability distribution of surge discharging current of arresters provided a basis for conventional theory of grounding systems. In order to rationalize the grounding systems, it is necessary to grasp the statistical data of lightning surges on distribution lines caused by direct lightning strokes and indirect lightning strokes. Lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines had been continuously observed for the rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines. The observation had been carried out with still cameras and monitoring sensors of lightning surges. This makes it possible to discover new interesting facts that can be useful for rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines. Cumulative frequency distribution of conventional data is close to that of ZnO discharging current in the case of direct strokes and indirect strokes through TEPCO's observation. Moreover, to verify the cumulative current distribution in concrete poles, the authors have compared the cumulative distribution of current through ground lines with that of current through ground lines and concrete poles. The results show that the distribution of current through ground lines and concrete poles is larger than that of current through only ground lines for high currents exceeding 1 kA. This fact suggests that lightning surge current flows not only in ground lines but also in concrete poles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 36–44, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20468 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]