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This paper reports a study of the technological process of grinding plant residues of sunflower and the causal relationships of factors that form the system of quality indicators. The necessary prerequisites for determining rational modes and parameters of the roll crusher have been devised. A prototype of the roll crusher was designed and fabricated, in which the cutting knives are arranged along the entire width of the grip in a staggered manner, with the possibility to change the angle of inclination to the axis of drum rotation in the range of 5...20°. It was established that in the case of the right-side arrangement of the cutting edge of knives, the highest total level of the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 101‒150mm with an additional load weighing 800kg exceeded by 1.58times the corresponding indicators of the roll with an additional load of 600kg. The largest overall value of the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 0‒200mm when additionally loading the roll with 800kg was 1.13times higher than the corresponding indicators of the roll with an additional load of 600kg. In the range of 0‒200mm, with an additional load on the roll of 600kg, at the left-side arrangement of the cutting edge of the knives of the roll, higher total percentage of crushed stems was observed compared to the right-side arrangement. At a speed of 7.45km/h, 13.6km/h, the cumulative value of the percentage of crushed stems exceeded the corresponding indicators at the right-side arrangement of knives by 1.09times, at the speed of 18.6km/h – by 1.04times, at the speed of 22km/h – by 1.04times, respectively. It has been noted that at the left-side arrangement of the cutting edge of the knives of the roll, the percentage of crushed stems in the range of 51‒100mm, with an additional load of 600kg, exceeded the corresponding indicators with an additional load of 800kg. At the speed of 10.08km/h, it was exceeded by 1.9times; at the speed of 13.6km/h – by 1.44times; at the speed of 18.6km/h – by 1.96times; at the speed of 22km/h – by 1.99times, respectively

The development of the social aspect of the world community is closely related to the expansion of the range of digital services in cyberspace. A special place in which social networks occupy. The world's leading states are conducting information operations in this environment to achieve geopolitical goals. Such processes are reflected in real social and political life. This makes it possible to influence not only the social groups of society, but also to ensure manipulation in political "games" in the conduct of hybrid wars. The simultaneous interaction of social factors, influencing factors, the presence of communities in social networks forms a full-fledged socio-cyber-physical system capable of integrating real and virtual interactions to manage regional communities. The article proposes a method for predicting the assessment of social mutual influence between “formal” and “informal” leaders and regional societies. The proposed models make it possible to form not only a forecast of the influence of agents, but also the interaction of various agents, taking into account their formal and informal influences, the use of administrative resources, political moods of the regional society. This approach allows dynamic modeling based on impact and relationship analysis. The presented results of simulation modeling do not contradict the results of opinion polls and make it possible to form a set of measures that can be aimed at overcoming the negative impact on the regional society of both individual “leaders” and political parties. Analysis of the simulation results allows to increase both the political and social stability of the regional society, helps to prevent conflict moods and contradictions.

This paper proposes a circuit solution and a power source control algorithm for semi-automatic AC welding with improved energy and weight-size characteristics. A distinctive feature of the designed source is the absence of an input rectifier: welding is carried out with a high-frequency alternating current. That has made it possible to significantly reduce power losses in the source, as well as provide the possibility of implementing induction heating by connecting an inductor to the source output. Another distinctive feature of the designed source is an increased power factor and a reduced level of higher harmonics of the current consumed. The power factor of the described source reaches 0.94 against 0.5÷0.7 for sources equipped with a conventional rectifier with capacitive smoothing. The designed source's composition includes a power supply system for the wire feed drive with speed stabilization due to positive feedback on the motor current. That has made it possible to ensure the stable operation of the drive in a wide range of speeds. A model has also been developed of a flux wire welding torch containing a feed drive and a coil with a wire (up to 100mm in diameter), placed, in order to reduce the size, in the handle of the torch. In addition to the welding function, the source makes it possible to solve the tasks related to induction heating and/or hardening of small parts; to that end, a compact inductor is connected to its output. Tests of the source showed the feasibility of the proposed ideas and circuit solutions. The dimensions of the source are 190×107×65mm; weight, 1.4kg; output current, up to 120A. The proposed technical solution enables the construction of small-sized, lightweight, universal, easy-to-use power supplies for semi-automatic welding with the option of induction heating

Accurate and objective object analysis requires multi-parameter estimation with significant computational costs. A methodological approach to improve the accuracy of assessing the state of the monitored object is proposed. This methodological approach is based on a combination of fuzzy cognitive models, advanced genetic algorithm and evolving artificial neural networks. The methodological approach has the following sequence of actions: building a fuzzy cognitive model; correcting the fuzzy cognitive model and training knowledge bases. The distinctive features of the methodological approach are that the type of data uncertainty and noise is taken into account while constructing the state of the monitored object using fuzzy cognitive models. The novelties while correcting fuzzy cognitive models using a genetic algorithm are taking into account the type of data uncertainty, taking into account the adaptability of individuals to iteration, duration of the existence of individuals and topology of the fuzzy cognitive model. The advanced genetic algorithm increases the efficiency of correcting factors and the relationships between them in the fuzzy cognitive model. This is achieved by finding solutions in different directions by several individuals in the population. The training procedure consists in learning the synaptic weights of the artificial neural network, the type and parameters of the membership function and the architecture of individual elements and the architecture of the artificial neural network as a whole. The use of the method allows increasing the efficiency of data processing at the level of 16–24% using additional advanced procedures. The proposed methodological approach should be used to solve the problems of assessing complex and dynamic processes characterized by a high degree of complexity.

Soapstock is a large-tonnage waste of the oil and fat industry, the disposal of which is environmentally hazardous. Processing of soapstock into industrially valuable products, in particular, fatty acids, is promising. The method for producing fatty acids, which consists in sequential saponification of soapstock with sodium hydroxide solution, salting out with sodium chloride and decomposition with sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. The feature of this work is the study of the effect of salting out conditions of saponified soapstock on the yield and neutralization number of fatty acids. As an experimental sample, sunflower soapstock was used, the indicators of which correspond to DSTU 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): mass fraction of total fat – 67.3 %, fatty acids – 61.8 %, neutral fat – 5.5 %. Soapstock was subjected to preliminary saponification under the following conditions: duration 85 min., concentration of sodium hydroxide solution 45 %. After that, the saponified mass was subjected to salting out. The obtained core soap was decomposed with the sulfuric acid solution under the following conditions: temperature 90 °C, duration 40 min. Rational salting out conditions were determined: duration (80 min.) and sodium chloride concentration (16 %). Under these conditions, the fatty acid yield is 95.0 %, the neutralization number is 194.8 mg KOH/g. The resulting fatty acids comply with DSTU 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): the mass fraction of moisture and volatiles is 0.85 %, the mass fraction of total fat is 98.9 %, cleavage depth is 94.2 % oleic acid. This method of soapstock processing increases the fatty acid yield by 3.5 % compared to the method with saponification and decomposition, by 20.3 % compared to the method of soapstock decomposition with sulfuric acid. At the same time, the neutralization number increases by 4.1 % and 8.2 %, respectively. The improved method for fatty acids producing from soapstock provides highquality fatty acids with increased yield. Соапсток є багатотоннажним відходом олієжирової галузі, утилізація якогоє екологічно небезпечною. Перспективною є переробка соапстоку на цінні для промисловості продукти, зокрема, жирні кислоти. Досліджено спосіб одержання жирних кислот, який полягає в послідовно-муомиленні соапстоку розчином натрій гідроксиду, висолюванні натрій хлоридом та розкладанні розчином сірчаної кислоти. Особливістю роботи є дослідження впливу умов висолювання омиленого соапстоку на вихід та число нейтралізації жирних кислот. В якості дослідного зразку використано соняшниковий соапсток, показники якого відповідають ДСТУ 5033 (CAS 68952-95-4): масова частка загального жиру – 67,3 %, жирних кислот – 61,8 %, нейтрального жиру –5,5 %. Соапсток піддавали попередньому омиленню за умов: тривалість 85 хв., концентрація розчину натрій гідроксиду 45 %. Після цього омилену масу піддавали висолюванню. Одержане ядрове мило розкладали розчином сірчаної кислоти за умов: температура 90°С, тривалість 40 хв. Встановлено раціональні умови висолювання: тривалість (80 хв.) та конентрацію натрій хлориду (16 %). За цих умов вихід жирних кислот становить 95,0 %, число нейтралізації – 194,8 мг КОН/г. Одержані жирні кислоти відповідають ДСТУ 4860 (CAS 61788-66-7): масова частка вологи та летких речовин – 0,85 %, масова частка загального жиру – 98,9 %, глибина розщеплення – 94,2 % олеїнової кислоти. Даний спосіб обробки соапстоку дає можливість збільшити вихід жирних кислот на 3,5 % у порівнянні із способом з омиленням та розкладанням, на 20,3 % – у порівнянні із способом розкладання соапстоку сірчаною кислотою. При цьому число нейтралізації збільшується на 4,1 % та 8,2 % відповідно. Удосконалений спосіб одержання жирних кислот із соапстоку дозволяє виробляти жирні кислоти підвищеної якості із збільшеним виходом.

The method and structural scheme of an information-measuring system for determining the parameters of objects' movements (technological equipment in the quarry for extracting block natural stone) have been proposed. A distinctive feature of time video sequences containing images of measured objects is their adaptation and adjustment in accordance with the intensity of movement and accuracy requirements for measurement results. Structural and software-algorithmic methods were also applied for improving the accuracy of measurements of motion parameters, namely: complexation of two measuring channels and exponential smoothing of digital references. One of the measuring channels is based on a digital video camera, the second is based on an accelerometer mounted on an object and two integrators. Exponential smoothing makes it possible to take into consideration the previous countdowns of movement parameters with weight coefficients. That ensures accounting for the existing patterns of movement of the object and reducing the errors when measuring the parameters of movement by (1.4...1.6) times. The resulting solutions have been implemented in the form of an information and measurement system. The technological process of extracting blocks of natural stone in the quarry was experimentally investigated using a diamond-rope installation. Based on the contactless measurement of motion parameters, it is possible to ensure control over this process and improve the quality of blocks made of natural stone. Based on the experimental study of measurement errors, recommendations were given for the selection of adaptive parameters of a video sequence, namely the size of images and the value of the inter-frame interval. In addition, methods for the software-algorithmic processing of measuring information were selected, specifically exponential smoothing and averaging the coordinates of the contour of an object, measured in 30 adjacent lines of the image

A method of measuring cattle parameters using neural network methods of image processing was proposed. To this end, several neural network models were used: a convolutional artificial neural network and a multilayer perceptron. The first is used to recognize a cow in a photograph and identify its breed followed by determining its body dimensions using the stereopsis method. The perceptron was used to estimate the cow's weight based on its breed and size information. Mask RCNN (Mask Regions with CNNs) convolutional network was chosen as an artificial neural network. To clarify information on the physical parameters of animals, a 3D camera (Intel RealSense D435i) was used. Images of cows taken from different angles were used to determine the parameters of their bodies using the photogrammetric method. The cow body dimensions were determined by analyzing animal images taken with synchronized cameras from different angles. First, a cow was identified in the photograph and its breed was determined using the Mask RCNN convolutional neural network. Next, the animal parameters were determined using the stereopsis method. The resulting breed and size data were fed to a predictive model to determine the estimated weight of the animal. When modeling, Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey, Krasnaya Stepnaya breeds were considered as cow breeds to be recognized. The use of a pre-trained network with its subsequent training applying the SGD algorithm and Nvidia GeForce 2080 video card has made it possible to significantly speed up the learning process compared to training in a CPU. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in solving practical problems.

Under the thermal action on wood when applying a protective screen made from fire-retardant fabric, the process of temperature transfer is natural. It has been proven that depending on the thermal properties of the coating of fire-proof fabric, this could lead to varying degrees of heat transfer. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the conditions for establishing low thermal conductivity and establishing a mechanism that inhibits heat transfer to wood. Given this, a mathematical model has been built of the process of heat transfer to wood when it is protected by a screen made of fire-proof fabric. According to the experimental data on determining the temperature on the non-heated surface of the fabric and the resulting dependences, the density of the heat flow transmitted to wood through fire-proof fabric was determined. Thus, with an increase in the temperature, the density of the heat flow to the surface of the wood through a protective screen made of fire-proof protected coating based on "Firewall-Attic" increases to a value above 16kW/m2, which is not sufficient for ignition of wood. Instead, the density of the heat flow through the protective screen of fire-proof fabric protected by the "Firewall-Wood"-based coating did not exceed 14kW/m2. This makes it possible to argue about the compliance of the detected mechanism of formation of heat-insulating properties in the protection of wood and the practical attractiveness of the proposed technological solutions. Thus, the peculiarities of inhibition of the process of heat transfer to wood through a protective screen made of fire-proof fabric under the action of a radiation panel imply the formation of a heat-insulating layer of coked cellular material when decomposing the coating. Thus, on the surface of the fire-proof fabric, a temperature above 280°C was achieved and, on an untreated surface of the fabric, it did not exceed 220°C, which is insufficient for the ignition of wood.

There is a tendency of intensive development of a new scientific area aimed at optimizing the processes of comprehensive ensuring the life of society and industrial processes of countries, specifically logistics, and its more important aspect, military logistics. This paper considers typical contradictions between the need and opportunities for additional development of the theory of processes involving this system. On the one hand, the military has important, dynamic, multifaceted processes for the comprehensive provision of their combat operations to analyze, which requires significant intensification of the development of methods and models for quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of the functioning of military logistics systems. On the other hand, there is now limited availability of theoretical developments and the practical application of the necessary, convenient, effective mathematical tools aimed at computerization of solving the problems of providing military scientific and technical problems in real time. Matrix technology for forecasting the dynamics of functioning of closed systems of military logistics of various military purposes is proposed. Matrix calculus makes it possible to obtain intermediate and ultimate results in a compact form and carry out complex and cumbersome calculations using effective algorithms. A method to precisely solve the system of linear differential equations describing processes of arbitrary type has been proposed. The method is based on the use of the operational calculus by Laplace. The possibilities of the method and procedures of forecasting are illustrated by solving practical military tasks that arise during the functioning of military logistics systems of varying complexity. These tasks differ in configuration, different numbers of possible states, and state transitions

This paper reports a study into the errors of process forecasting under the conditions of uncertainty in the dynamics and observation noise using a self-adjusting Brown's zero-order model. The dynamics test models have been built for predicted processes and observation noises, which make it possible to investigate forecasting errors for the self-adjusting and adaptive models. The test process dynamics were determined in the form of a rectangular video pulse with a fixed unit amplitude, a radio pulse of the harmonic process with an amplitude attenuated exponentially, as well as a video pulse with amplitude increasing exponentially. As a model of observation noise, an additive discrete Gaussian process with zero mean and variable value of the mean square deviation was considered. It was established that for small values of the mean square deviation of observation noise, a self-adjusting model under the conditions of dynamics uncertainty produces a smaller error in the process forecast. For the test jump-like dynamics of the process, the variance of the forecast error was less than 1%. At the same time, for the adaptive model, with an adaptation parameter from the classical and beyond-the-limit sets, the variance of the error was about 20% and 5%, respectively. With significant observation noises, the variance of the error in the forecast of the test process dynamics for the self-adjusting and adaptive models with a parameter from the classical set was in the range from 1% to 20%. However, for the adaptive model, with a parameter from the beyond-the-limit set, the variance of the prediction error was close to 100% for all test models. It was established that with an increase in the mean square deviation of observation noise, there is greater masking of the predicted test process dynamics, leading to an increase in the variance of the forecast error when using a self-adjusting model. This is the price for predicting processes with uncertain dynamics and observation noises.

This paper has determined the relevance of the issue related to improving the accuracy of the results of mathematical modeling of the software security testing process. The fuzzy GERT-modeling methods have been analyzed. The necessity and possibility of improving the accuracy of the results of mathematical formalization of the process of studying software vulnerabilities under the conditions of fuzziness of input and intermediate data have been determined. To this end, based on the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy network modeling, a fuzzy GERT model has been built for investigating software vulnerabilities. A distinctive feature of this model is to take into consideration the probabilistic characteristics of transitions from state to state along with time characteristics. As part of the simulation, the following stages of the study were performed. To schematically describe the procedures for studying software vulnerabilities, a structural model of this process has been constructed. A "reference GERT model" has been developed for investigating software vulnerabilities. The process was described in the form of a standard GERT network. The algorithm of equivalent transformations of the GERT network has been improved, which differs from known ones by considering the capabilities of the extended range of typical structures of parallel branches between neighboring nodes. Analytical expressions are presented to calculate the average time spent in the branches and the probability of successful completion of studies in each node. The calculation of these probabilistic-temporal characteristics has been carried out in accordance with data on the simplified equivalent fuzzy GERT network for the process of investigating software vulnerabilities. Comparative studies were conducted to confirm the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained. The results of the experiment showed that in comparison with the reference model, the fuzziness of the input characteristic of the time of conducting studies of software vulnerabilities was reduced, which made it possible to improve the accuracy of the simulation results.

To manage the operation of modern single-use products, it is necessary to evaluate their preservation indicators as uncontrolled, non-repairable, and maintenance-free objects. Data for assessing its parameters are considered as one-time censored samples with continuous monitoring, which does not correspond to the mode of storage of products during operation. Under the conditions of limited volumes of censored samples, it is problematic to identify the parametric model of persistence. To solve this problem, a non-parametric estimation-experimental method has been devised, which is a set of models for data generation, estimation of the function of the distribution of the preservation period and preservation indicators. The data generation model is represented by a scheme of operational tests and analytical relationships between the quantities of tested and failed articles. The model of estimating the distribution function describes the process of its construction on the generated data. Models for estimating preservation indicators are represented by ratios for their point and interval estimates, as functionals from the restored distribution function. Unlike the well-known ones, the developed method implements the assessment of indicators under the conditions of combined censorship. The method can be used to assess the preservation indicators of single-use articles with an error of at least 7%. At the same time, their lower confidence limits are estimated at 0.9 with an error not worse than 14% with a censorship degree of not more than 0.23. The restored distribution function agrees well (reliability 0.9, error 0.1) with the actual persistence of articles with censorship degrees of not more than 0.73, which is acceptable for solving the problems of managing their operation.

To enhance the efficiency of management of enterprises in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to improve logistic processes of delivery of livestock and crop production in the implementation of international road transportation. Delivery of cargo "just in time" is very important, so transportation time planning is relevant and allows reducing costs. The process of planning the delivery of perishable goods was described. The spread of the required time is presented for transportation with a varied degree of stochasticity. It was found that the specifics of customs clearance affect the availability of a certain minimum time required for such a procedure. The time of customs clearance of cargo and delay time affect the deadline for cargo registration in international road transportation. The widest spread of time is observed by the procedure of customs clearance of cargoes that takes from 12 to 25 hours, and the probability of customs clearance is only 0.435. Accordingly, this affects a decrease in indicators of "just in time" delivery. The functional dependence of the probability of transit time not exceeding the planned time was compared, depending on the data of the specified route. Based on probabilistic analysis, the possibility of unplanned deviations from the estimated terms of each stage was taken into account and the optimal set of time intervals, which allow obtaining the optimal probability of "just in time" delivery, was proposed. The total cargo delivery time does not change. The recommendations on formulating the requirements for road transport enterprises were given. Namely, to strengthen the requirements for the time of cargo transit. These requirements include the average speed of motion, the choice of appropriate transport, planning the route in terms of the speed mode of highways, etc.

The main task of this study consists in evaluating the state of funding for environmental protection measures and substantiating the ability of the state and local communities to increase investments in environmental protection. To this end, the following was studied from 2010 through 2020: 1)mechanisms of filling and using funds of the Environmental Protection Fund of state and local budgets; 2) proportions of distribution of environmental revenues and expenditures between levels of the budget system. The analysis results showed that opportunities of the public economy sector in terms of environmental investment are reduced because of imperfect distributing mechanisms: ‒the budgetary expenditures for environmental protection measures; ‒the environmental tax revenues to the budget funds. It was established that a significant part (about 70%) of the "environmental" funds of the public economy sector is directed to non-priority goals and measures. Less than half of the amount of environmental tax revenues is allocated for financing environmental activities. This does little to address pressing environmental issues and hinders the sustainable development of the country. There was a significant discrepancy between the tax burden on "polluters" of water bodies (3% of the total amount of environmental tax) and the levels of their polluting activities (30‒40% of all costs of the national economy to eliminate the effects of pollution). In order to increase public investments in the reproduction of the environmental and natural resource potential: 1)ways to improve the mechanism of using the Fund of Environmental Protection were proposed; 2)reserves for increasing capital environmental investments from the budget have been identified.

This paper reports the improved model of the unit for melting cheese masses. The device differs in the technique of heat supply to working tanks through the replacement of a steam jacket with heating by a flexible film resistive electric heater of radiative type (FFREhRT). The heat exchange surface of the working container was increased through heating the mixing device by FFREhRT. In addition, the unit is distinguished by utilizing secondary thermal energy of melting cheese masses (35...95°C) by converting it with Peltier elements into a low-voltage power supply to autonomous fans (3.5...12W) in order to cool the control unit. Such a solution would improve the efficiency of the proposed structure, which is explained by reducing the dimensional and weight parameters of the cheese melting unit by replacing the steam heating technique with an electric one. A decrease in the time to enter a stationary mode (85°C) when melting cheese masses was experimentally confirmed: for the bowl of the examined unit ‒ 575s, compared to the analog ‒ 725s. That confirms the reduction in the time to enter a stationary mode by 21% compared to the base unit B6-OPE-400. The estimation has established a 1.2-time decrease in the main indicator of resource efficiency of the specific energy consumption for heating the volume of a unit of product in the improved plant for melting cheese masses – 3,037.2kJ/kg, compared to the base B6-OPE-400 – 3,672.5kJ/kg. The results confirm an increase in resource efficiency that is achieved by the elimination of steam heat networks; the increased heat exchange surface of working bowls by heating the stirrer with the help of FFREhRT. The heat transfer that employs FFREhRT simplifies the operational indicators of the temperature stabilization system in the bowl of the cheese mass melting unit. The results reported here may prove useful when designing thermal equipment with electric heating while using secondary thermal energy.

Ways to ensure the quality and safety of meat processing products are being devised at an intensive pace. To solve these tasks, various "barriers" are used: chemical, physical, microbiological, as well as their combinations. When performing this research, a critical analysis of existing "barriers" as techniques to stabilize the quality of meat products with long shelf life was carried out. It has been revealed that the main preferences of consumers are associated with natural additives that ensure the safety of products. The introduction of modern barrier technologies is a relevant issue as it could ensure the stability of quality indicators during storage. An important task is to use natural raw materials as barriers. To this end, an analysis of the antioxidant activity of extracts from various plant-based raw materials was carried out. The results make it possible to devise technologies for creating film coatings with bioprotective properties. The dynamics of changes in the microbiological contamination of large-piece semi-finished products from beef in the process of storage at different temperatures were studied. It was found that the use of film barrier coatings leads to a restraining of the growth of microflora and has a bacteriostatic effect, which helps extend the shelf life of semi-finished products compared to control samples. The implementation of this study's results could significantly prolong the shelf life of meat semi-finished products, including at positive temperatures, without the risk of microbiological spoilage and loss of quality and functional-technological characteristics., Разработка способов обеспечения качества и безопасности продуктов переработки мяса идет интенсивными темпами. Для решения этих задач используются различные «барьеры»: химические, физические, микробиологические и их сочетания. При выполнении научно-исследовательской работы проведен критический анализ существующих «барьеров», как способов стабилизации качества мясопродуктов при длительных сроках хранения. Выявлено, что основные предпочтения потребителей приходятся на натуральные добавки, обеспечивающие сохранность продукции. Внедрение современных барьерных технологий является острым вопросом, так как позволит обеспечить стабильность качественных показателей во время хранения. Актуальной задачей является использование натурального природного сырья в качестве барьеров. С этой целью был проведен анализ антиоксидантной активности экстрактов различного растительного сырья. Полученные результаты позволяют разработать технологии создания пленочных покрытий, обладающих биопротекторными свойствами. Изучена динамика изменения микробиологической обсемененности крупнокусковых полуфабрикатов из говядины в процессе хранения при различных температурах. Установлено, что использование пленочных барьерных покрытий приводит к сдерживанию роста микрофлоры и оказывает бактериостатическое действие, что способствует удлинению сроков хранения полуфабрикатов по сравнению с контрольными образцами. Внедрение результатов исследований позволит существенно увеличить сроки хранения мясных полуфабрикатов, в том числе и при положительных температурах, без риска микробиологической порчи и потери качественных и функционально-технологических характеристик., Розробка способів забезпечення якості та безпеки продуктів переробки м'яса йде інтенсивними темпами. Для вирішення цих завдань використовуються різні бар'єри: хімічні, фізичні, мікробіологічні та їх поєднання. При виконанні науково-дослідної роботи проведено критичний аналіз існуючих «бар'єрів», як способів стабілізації якості м'ясопродуктів при тривалих термінах зберігання. Виявлено, що основні переваги споживачів припадають на натуральні добавки, що забезпечують безпеку продукції. Впровадження сучасних бар'єрних технологій є гострим питанням, так як дозволить забезпечити стабільність якісних показників під час зберігання. Актуальним завданням є використання натуральної природної сировини як бар'єру. З цією метою було проведено аналіз антиоксидантної активності екстрактів різної рослинної сировини. Отримані результати дозволяють розробити технології створення плівкових покриттів, що мають біопротекторні властивості. Вивчено динаміку зміни мікробіологічної обсімененості крупношматкових напівфабрикатів з яловичини в процесі зберігання при різних температурах. Встановлено, що використання плівкових бар'єрних покриттів призводить до стримування зростання мікрофлори та чинить бактеріостатичну дію, що сприяє подовженню термінів зберігання напівфабрикатів у порівнянні з контрольними зразками. Впровадження результатів досліджень дозволить суттєво збільшити термін зберігання м'ясних напівфабрикатів, у тому числі і при позитивних температурах, без ризику мікробіологічного псування та втрати якісних та функціонально-технологічних характеристик.

Grapes are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates, mineral compounds, vitamins, phenolic compounds. and other vital components. It is known that fresh grapes can be used from September to December. To prolong the terms of consumption of this valuable raw material, the most appropriate varieties and conditions for storing grapes have been determined. White, pink, and red grape varieties were taken as the object of research. The changes in the activity of the pectinesterase enzyme were determined depending on the degree of ripening of table grape varieties, the change in the pectinesterase enzyme during storage of table grape varieties in various variants was investigated. Statistical processing and calculation of variations in the indicators of changes in the activity of the enzyme pectinesterase were performed, depending on the degree of ripening of grapes of the Shamakhi Marandi variety. During the study, the pectinesterase enzyme remained more stable in mature varieties. This means that in ripe table grape varieties, the absorption of nutrients in the respiratory process is significantly slowed down. However, as they mature, the activity of the pectinesterase enzyme gradually increases. Therefore, for long-term storage in refrigerated chambers, fully ripe varieties of table grapes were used; to this end, grapes of the white Ganja table variety, the pink Shamakhi Marandi variety, and the red Black Asma variety are more suitable. The comparison of the investigated variants showed that table grape varieties, when stored in a refrigerated chamber in a controlled atmosphere, at 3–4% CO2and 2–3% O2, retain better quality than other variants. When storing table grape varieties of various variants in the refrigerator, the enzyme activity decreases but is not completely suppressed.

Some vegetables and fruits are indispensable for the production of a wide range of food, juice and confectionery products, because of their chemical composition and biochemical properties. One of the factors hindering their widespread use in the food industry is the insufficient study of their functional and probiotic properties in the mentioned technological areas. The mechanical properties (approximated dependence, standard deviation, and limit stresses) of the carrot varieties Nantes-5 NABA and Chantenay-2461 intended for juice production have been studied. The enzymatic hydrolysis parameters have been determined based on the parameters of the optimal effect of enzyme preparations. As a result of experimental studies, by determining the extreme loads of squeezing and crushing carrots, the power consumption for grinding carrots was determined. The structure of the carrot pulp was revealed. The highest juice out yield put was observed in the Nantes-5 NABA variety. To increase the juice yield from the pulp, maceration was applied and parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. Complex two-stage mechanical grinding allowed the production of juice with high organoleptic properties. Antioxidant activity was determined before and after the maceration of carrots. The mode and parameters of the juice production technology were corrected during the research. Ready-made pulpy juice samples were tasted and evaluated. The safety of carrot puree during storage has been verified by analytical research data., Ряд плодово-овощных культур по своему химическому составу и биохимическим показателям является незаменимым сырьем для производства широкого спектра пищевых продуктов, соков функционального назначения и кондитерских изделий. Одним из факторов, препятствующих их широкому использованию в пищевой промышленности, является недостаточная изученность их функциональных и пробиотических особенностей в данном технологическом аспекте. Изучены механические свойства (приближенная зависимость, стандартное отклонение и предельные напряжения) сортов моркови Nant-5NABA и Shantane-2461, предназначенных для получения сока. Параметры ферментативного гидролиза определены на основании параметров оптимального действия ферментных препаратов. В результате экспериментальных исследований путем определения экстремальных нагрузок выжимки и дробления моркови были установлены силовые затраты на измельчение моркови. В исследовательской работе была выявлена структура мякоти моркови. Результаты исследования показали, что больше всего выход сока был у сорта Nant-5 NABA. Чтобы увеличить выход сока из мякоти, была опробована мацерация мякоти и определены параметры ферментативного гидролиза. Комплексное двухступенчатоемеханическое измельчение позволяет получить сок с высокими органолептическими свойствами. Получены результаты по исследованию антиоксидантной активности моркови до и после мацерации. В исследовании была проведена коррекция режима и параметров технологии производства сока. Проведена оценка путем дегустации готового сока с мякотью. Безопасность морковного пюре в ходе его хранения была проверена по показателям аналитических исследований., Ряд плодово-овочевих культур за своїм хімічним складом та біохімічними показниками є незамінною сировиною для виробництва широкого спектру харчових продуктів, соків функціонального призначення та кондитерських виробів. Одним із факторів, що перешкоджають їхньому широкому використанню в харчовій промисловості, є недостатня вивченість їхніх функціональних та пробіотичних особливостей в даному технологічному аспекті. Вивчені механічні властивості (наближена залежність, стандартне відхилення та граничні напруги) сортів моркви Nantes-5 NABA та Chantenay-2461, призначених для отримання соку. Параметри ферментативного гідролізу визначені на підставі параметрів оптимальної дії ферментних препаратів. В результаті експериментальних досліджень шляхом визначення екстремальних навантажень вичавки та дроблення моркви були встановлені силові витрати на подрібнення моркви. У дослідницькій роботі було виявлено структуру м'якоті моркви. Результати дослідження показали, що найбільший вихід соку був у сорту Nantes-5 NABA. Щоб збільшити вихід соку з м'якоті, було випробувано мацерацію м'якоті та визначено параметри ферментативного гідролізу. Комплексне двоступеневе механічне подрібнення дозволяє отримати сік з високими органолептичними властивостями. Отримано результати дослідження антиоксидантної активності моркви до і після мацерації. У дослідженні було проведено корекцію режиму і параметрів технології виробництва соку. Проведена оцінка шляхом дегустації готового соку з м'якоттю. Безпека морквяного пюре під час його зберігання була перевірена за показниками аналітичних досліджень.

The modern system of relations between countries is being transformed with the spread of digitalization. Accordingly, there is a need to study the practical aspects of digitalization of trade as a major component of international relations. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of digitalization processes on the performance and economic security of trade. The main directions for the development of digitalization in trade were determined and the influence of digital technologies on the economic security of trade entities (enterprises) was investigated. The main components of the economic security of trade enterprises were identified. The main difficulties in the development of the digital economy were highlighted. The main directions for the development of digitalization of trade enterprises were determined. The list of factors that most influence the formation of trade turnover was substantiated: income of the population, number of trade workers, inventories, producer price indices, digital technologies (telecommunications, data processing, etc.). Methods of economic statistics (statistical observation, dynamic and structural analysis) were used to test the hypothesis of the relationship between informatization and economic security of trade enterprises. Methods of correlation and regression analysis were used to study the strength of the relationship between the volume of turnover and the factors that determine it. Based on the modeling, a statistically significant relationship was identified between the indicators of the volume of information and related services and trade volumes, which confirms the dependence of the economic security of trade enterprises on digitalization. The proposal to supplement the already existing methodology for assessing the economic security of the trade enterprise with indicators reflecting the impact of digital technologies was justified. The results of the study can be useful for adapting strategies for the development of trade enterprises in the context of the global digital ecosystem.

The combination of several non-guaranteed random energy sources (RES), conventional sources, and nonconstant consumer loads in a local system leads to stochastic power imbalances. This study objective consists in determining the possibilities of ensuring the power balance in a hybrid power generation system with a standby generator and a search for the methods of calculating the optimal parameters to achieve energy balance. This objective is achieved by simulating the processes inherent in wind and solar power engineering and the regimes of energy consumption through a combination of random functions with a standard probability distribution. Aggregated data on weather factors for several years in a region with a high renewable energy potential which can be used to describe the behavior of wind and solar energy over time were used as experimental data. The use of multiple simulations of random processes with calculated parameters has made it possible to draw conclusions about the presence of certain ratios of power and the generator control modes. These ratios can determine minimum energy and consumption losses, reduce the likelihood of energy imbalance, more efficiently use the reserved power. Specific features of the stochastic nature of RES related to the presence of trends and random fluctuations at short hourly intervals were additionally taken into account. Possibilities of varying the conditions of and switching on and off of the standby generator were provided. The existence of some ranges was established for the installed power of the generator outside which its use becomes inefficient. The proposed approach makes it possible to find the probability of various system states, assess the reliability of energy supply, and minimize unproductive losses.

The paper presents the results of testing and research of the characteristics of a controlled autonomous magnetoelectric synchronous generator with a magnetic shunt. Structurally, the studied generator is a modified asynchronous machine in which the rotor is made with permanent magnets and an additional system in the form of a magnetic shunt. By adjusting the winding current of the magnetic shunt, the output voltage of the generator is regulated. The following characteristics were investigated: the no-load characteristic during operation with permanent magnets and when the winding current of the magnetic shunt changes with forward and reverse polarity. Also, the external characteristic for active and active-inductive loads; the control characteristic when the load current changes at a constant generator voltage. Analysis of the obtained characteristics makes it possible to determine the limits of regulation of the external characteristic, which is ≈40% relative to the main magnetic flux. The obtained regulation depth allows maintaining the stability of the external characteristic for power factors not exceeding 0.9, which is the usual passport value for autonomous power plants based on synchronous generators. Comparison of the data of research conducted on the experimental setup shows sufficient convergence for engineering and practical tasks. The maximum quantitative difference is 9.3%, which suggests the adequacy of the previously developed mathematical model. The control characteristic, constructed experimentally at constant generator voltage, is the control law of the magnetic shunt winding for the studied generator. The investigated version of a synchronous generator with a magnetic shunt should be used for autonomous power plants, renewable energy systems, and autonomous power supply systems.

A two-dimensional mathematical model of the thermoelastic state has been built for a circular plate containing a curvilinear inclusion and a crack, under the action of a uniformly distributed temperature across the entire piece-homogeneous plate. Using the apparatus of singular integral equations (SIEs), the problem was reduced to a system of two singular integral equations of the first and second kind on the contours of the crack and inclusion, respectively. Numerical solutions to the system of integral equations have been obtained for certain cases of the circular disk with an elliptical inclusion and a crack in the disk outside the inclusion, as well as within the inclusion. These solutions were applied to determine the stress intensity coefficients (SICs) at the tops of the crack. Stress intensity coefficients could later be used to determine the critical temperature values in the disk at which a crack begins to grow. Therefore, such a model reflects, to some extent, the destruction mechanism of the elements of those engineering structures with cracks that are operated in the thermal power industry and, therefore, is relevant. Graphic dependences of stress intensity coefficients on the shape of an inclusion have been built, as well as on its mechanical and thermal-physical characteristics, and a distance to the crack. This would make it possible to analyze the intensity of stresses in the neighborhood of the crack vertices, depending on geometric and mechanical factors. The study's specific results, given in the form of plots, could prove useful in the development of rational modes of operation of structural elements in the form of circular plates with an inclusion hosting a crack. The reported mathematical model builds on the earlier models of two-dimensional stationary problems of thermal conductivity and thermoelasticity for piece-homogeneous bodies with cracks.

Nail polish, in particular gel polish, is the most commonly used cosmetic product. A component of the gel polish, which determines the consumer color characteristics of the gel polish. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising pigments. To expand the range of colors and shades of pigments, the use of LDH with colored host and guest cations is promising. The parameters of synthesis and color characteristics of samples of Zn-Co and Cu-Co hydroxide pigments were studied. To obtain LDH with Co as a guest cation in the synthesis, the conversion of cobalt to the trivalent state was carried out at a temperature of 80°C using oxidation with atmospheric oxygen or sodium hypochlorite. The oxidation efficiency was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis by the presence or absence of cobalt-containing phases. The color characteristics of the synthesized pigment samples were studied by spectroscopic measurement and calculation in RGB, CIELab, and LCH color models. The low efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of Zn-Co LDH synthesis with atmospheric oxygen at an elevated synthesis temperature of 80°C was shown, while cobalt was released as a separate Co3O4phase. A higher efficiency of cobalt oxidation at the moment of synthesis using sodium hypochlorite with the formation of Zn-Co LDH was revealed. It is recommended to use the hypochlorite oxidation of Co2+to Co3+in the LDH synthesis with Co in the form of a guest cation. The formation of a separate phase of zinc oxide was found in both types of oxidation due to the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide. Comparative analysis of color characteristics showed that all samples have a brown color of different saturation. It was revealed that during the formation of Co-containing LDH, the lightness of the color decreases. Color saturation increases in the case of a colored host cation, such as Cu.

The sound series are considered as an addition to visual and thermal imaging information flows when using computerized monitoring systems (CS). A minimum complete structure of spaced microphones for collecting data on sound rows, which is suitable for calibrating, isolating and transmitting data on sound anomalies (SA), is proposed. Duplication of the data transmission channel by wire and Wi-Fi module for recording and determining the type and coordinates of the SA is provided. An experimental receiving module has been assembled, which includes microphones, amplifiers and signals matching boards for digital and analog forms, an ARDUINO UNO WIFI REV2 controller with an integrated Wi-Fi module. It is presented that its addition with a personal computer and a smartphone with the Android operating system forms a CS for remote wireless control of the course of the experimental analysis of sound series. It has been confirmed experimentally that its structure is minimally complete. An algorithm was developed and a software package was written in C/C++ languages. It is shown that the number of microphones is selected from the conditions of the problem from 1 to 5, but their number is limited to five digital inputs of the ARDUINO UNO WIFI REV2 board. A wave representation of the law of temporal changes in intensity and the integral norm of SA is applied. The possibilities of calibrating all data of sound series in analog and digital form are demonstrated. The article presents the suitability of testing the algorithms for determining the phases of echograms from time series data, containing SAs of different origins and recorded by three different microphones. The effect of connecting a Wi-Fi module on reducing the voltage drop by 0.5–1 V is shown. The necessity of an additional registration condition for all microphones is demonstrated. The software interfaces for the calibration of the receiving module and the operation of the mobile application have been developed.

The technology of forming film solar cells based on CdS / CdTe configuration of the "superstrat" type on a flexible substrate has been improved. To increase the efficiency of the developed solar cells on a flexible substrate, a chemical etching procedure in a nitrogen-phosphorus mixture was added to the traditional "chemical treatment". The conducted studies of the output parameters of the developed device structures showed that the highest values are observed in the case of chemical etching, both before the "chloride treatment" and after it. In the course of the study, it was found that a mandatory procedure in the formation of effective device structures is chemical etching in a nitrogen-phosphorus mixture both before the "chloride treatment" and after it. Carrying out the described procedures made it possible to obtain solar cells on a flexible substrate with an efficiency of 13.1 %. The increase in the efficiency of solar cells with two-stage chemical etching can be explained by the formation of excess tellurium on the surface, which leads to a decrease in resistance and, therefore, to a more efficient penetration of chlorine during the subsequent chloride treatment. Analysis of the transverse cleavage of the investigated device structures demonstrates significant grain growth and surface smoothness of the base layer, which ensures good adhesion with back contact. A study of the degradation resistance of the developed device structures during operation has been carried out. It was found that the obtained solar cells based on CdTe on a flexible substrate have a high degradation resistance and after 10 bending cycles there is no decrease in the output parameters. Thus, it has been established that chemical etching in a nitrogen-phosphorus mixture is a mandatory procedure for the formation of efficient solar cells on a flexible substrate.

The variety of applications of yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG)-based luminescent materials and the morphology necessary for these purposes required the development of many technologies for their synthesis. All synthesis technologies used are complex. The structural phase of yttrium-aluminum garnet is formed with any technology, at temperatures exceeding 1,500 °C. The starting materials for the synthesis are metal oxides of aluminum, yttrium and other oxides for activation and modification. It seems possible to use hard radiation to form a new phase. Radiation synthesis of ceramics is realized in less than 1 s, without the use of any additives and influences. The synthesis was carried out at the electron accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk). In this work, we studied the spectral-kinetic and quantitative characteristics of luminescence for the first time obtained by the method of radiation synthesis of ceramic samples of yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with cerium with statistical processing of their values. The dependences of the reproducibility of the spectral characteristics of the luminescence of the samples on the preliminary preparation of the charge for synthesis have been investigated. Several cycles of luminophore brightness studies have been performed. It is shown that the obtained ceramics based on yttrium-aluminum garnet doped with cerium possesses the required spectral-kinetic properties, and the efficiency of conversion of the chip radiation into luminescence is achieved, which is comparable to that available in commercial phosphors. The maximum measured values of the position of the bands are from 553.5 to 559.6 nm. Brightness values range from 4,720 to 1,960 cd/m2. It was found that the main reason for the scatter in the characteristics of the luminescent properties of ceramics of yttrium-aluminum garnet, activated by cerium obtained by radiation assisted synthesis is the high rate of synthesis and, especially, the high rate of cooling of the samples., Разнообразие применений люминесцирующих материалов на основе иттрий алюминиевого граната ИАГ и нужной для этих целей морфологии потребовало разработки множества технологий их синтеза. Все используемые технологии синтеза сложны. Структурная фаза иттрий-алюминиевого граната формируется при любых технологиях, при температурах, превышающих 1500°C. Исходными материалами для синтеза являются оксиды алюминия, иттрия и других для активации и модификации. Представляется возможным использование жесткой радиации для формирования новой фазы. Радиационный синтез керамики реализуется за время меньше 1с, без использования каких-либо добавок и воздействий. Синтез осуществлялся на ускорителе электронов Института ядерной физики (г. Новосибирск). Проведены исследования спектрально-кинетических и количественных характеристик люминесценции впервые полученных методом радиационного синтеза образцов керамики иттрий-алюминиевого граната активированного церием со статистической обработкой их значений. Исследованы зависимости воспроизводимости спектральных характеристик люминесценции образцов от предварительной подготовки шихты к синтезу. Выполнены несколько циклов исследований яркости люминофоров. Показано, что полученная керамика на основе иттрий-алюминиевого граната, активированного церием обладает необходимыми спектрально-кинетическими свойствами, достигнута эффективность преобразования излучения чипа в люминесценцию, сопоставимая с имеющейся в промышленных люминофорах. Предельные измеряемые значения положения полос от 553,5 до 559,6нм. Значения яркости находятся в пределах от 4720 до 1960кд/м2. Установлено, что основной причиной разброса характеристик люминесцентных свойств керамик иттрий-алюминиевого граната, активированного церием, полученной путем радиационного синтеза является высокая скорость синтеза и, особенно, высокая скорость охлаждения образцов, Різноманітність застосувань люмінесціюючих матеріалів на основі ітрій-алюмінієвого гранату (ІАГ) та необхідної для даних цілей морфології викликала необхідність розробки безлічі технологій їх синтезу. Всі використовувані технології синтезу складні. Структурна фаза ітрій-алюмінієвого гранату формується за будь-яких технологій, при температурах, що перевищують 1500 °C. Вихідними матеріалами для синтезу є оксиди алюмінію, ітрію та інших металів для активації та модифікації. Можливе використання жорсткого випромінювання для формування нової фази. Радіаційний синтез кераміки здійснюється менш ніж за 1 с, без використання будь-яких добавок і впливів. Синтез проводився на прискорювачі електронів Інституту ядерної фізики (м. Новосибірськ). Проведено дослідження спектрально-кінетичних та кількісних характеристик люмінесценції вперше отриманих методом радіаційного синтезу зразків кераміки на основі ітрій-алюмінієвого гранату активованого церієм зі статистичною обробкою їх значень. Досліджено залежності відтворюваності спектральних характеристик люмінесценції зразків від попередньої підготовки шихти до синтезу. Виконано кілька циклів досліджень яскравості люмінофорів. Показано, що отримана кераміка на основі ітрій-алюмінієвого граната, активованого церієм має необхідні спектрально-кінетичні властивості, досягнута ефективність перетворення випромінювання чіпа в люмінесценцію, порівнянна з наявною в промислових люмінофорах. Граничні вимірювані значення положення смуг становлять від 553,5 до 559,6 нм. Значення яскравості знаходяться в межах від 4720 до 1960 кд/м2. Встановлено, що основною причиною розкиду характеристик люмінесцентних властивостей кераміки на основі ітрій-алюмінієвого гранату, активованого церієм, отриманої шляхом радіаційного синтезу є висока швидкість синтезу і, особливо, висока швидкість охолодження зразків.

This paper reports a method, built in the form of a logic function, for describing the working spaces of manipulation robots analytically. A working space is defined as a work area or reachable area by a manipulation robot. An example of describing the working space of a manipulation robot with seven rotational degrees of mobility has been considered. Technological processes in robotic industries can be associated with the positioning of the grip, at the required points, in the predefined coordinates, or with the execution of the movement of a working body along the predefined trajectories, which can also be determined using the required points in the predefined coordinates. A necessary condition for a manipulation robot to execute a specified process is that all the required positioning points should be within a working space. To solve this task, a method is proposed that involves the analysis of the kinematic scheme of a manipulation robot in order to acquire a graphic image of the working space to identify boundary surfaces, as well as identify additional surfaces. The working space is limited by a set of boundary surfaces where additional surfaces are needed to highlight parts of the working space. Specifying each surface as a logic function, the working space is described piece by piece. Next, the resulting parts are combined with a logical expression, which is a disjunctive normal form of logic functions, which is an analytical description of the working space. The correspondence of the obtained analytical description to the original graphic image of working space is verified by simulating the disjunctive normal form of logic functions using MATLAB (USA).

The main purpose of using the hybrid evolutionary algorithm is to reach optimal values and achieve goals that traditional methods cannot reach and because there are different evolutionary computations, each of them has different advantages and capabilities. Therefore, researchers integrate more than one algorithm into a hybrid form to increase the ability of these algorithms to perform evolutionary computation when working alone. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with fuzzy logic control (FLC) approach for function optimization. Fuzzy logic is applied to switch dynamically between evolutionary algorithms, in an attempt to improve the algorithm performance. The HEF hybrid evolutionary algorithms are compared to GA, PSO, GAPSO, and PSOGA. The comparison uses a variety of measurement functions. In addition to strongly convex functions, these functions can be uniformly distributed or not, and are valuable for evaluating our approach. Iterations of 500, 1000, and 1500 were used for each function. The HEF algorithm’s efficiency was tested on four functions. The new algorithm is often the best solution, HEF accounted for 75 % of all the tests. This method is superior to conventional methods in terms of efficiency, Основной целью использования гибридного эволюционного алгоритма является достижение оптимальных значений и целей, которых не могут достичь традиционные методы, и поскольку существуют различные эволюционные вычисления, каждый из них имеет различные преимущества и возможности. Поэтому исследователи объединяют более одного алгоритма в гибридную форму для увеличения способности этих алгоритмов выполнять эволюционные вычисления. В данной работе предлагается новый алгоритм для гибридного генетического алгоритма (GA) и оптимизации роя частиц (PSO) с управлением на основе нечеткой логики (FLC) для оптимизации функций. Нечеткая логика применяется для динамического переключения между эволюционными алгоритмами для повышения производительности алгоритма. Проведено сравнение гибридных эволюционных алгоритмов HEF с GA, PSO, GAPSO и PSOGA. При сравнении используются различные функции измерения. Помимо сильно выпуклых функций, эти функции могут быть равномерно распределены или нет, и являются важными для оценки нашего подхода. Для каждой функции использовались 500, 1000 и 1500 итераций. Эффективность алгоритма HEF была проверена на четырех функциях. Новый алгоритм часто оказывается лучшим решением, на него приходится 75 % всех испытаний. Этот метод превосходит традиционные методы с точки зрения эффективности, Основною метою використання гібридного еволюційного алгоритму є досягнення оптимальних значень і цілей, яких не можуть досягти традиційні методи, і оскільки існують різні еволюційні обчислення, кожен з них має різні переваги і можливості. Тому дослідники об'єднують більше одного алгоритму в гібридну форму для збільшення здатності цих алгоритмів виконувати еволюційні обчислення. У даній роботі пропонується новий алгоритм для гібридного генетичного алгоритму (GA) і оптимізації рою частинок (PSO) з управлінням на основі нечіткої логіки (FLC) для оптимізації функцій. Нечітка логіка застосовується для динамічного перемикання між еволюційними алгоритмами для підвищення продуктивності алгоритму. Проведено порівняння гібридних еволюційних алгоритмів HEF з GA, PSO, GAPSO і PSOGA. При порівнянні використовуються різні функції вимірювання. Окрім сильно опуклих функцій, ці функції можуть бути рівномірно розподілені чи ні, і є важливими для оцінки нашого підходу. Для кожної функції використовувалися 500, 1000 і 1500 ітерацій. Ефективність алгоритму HEF була перевірена на чотирьох функціях. Новий алгоритм часто виявляється кращим рішенням, на нього припадає 75 % всіх випробувань. Цей метод перевершує традиційні методи з точки зору ефективності

A bun with a mixture of germinated cereals of wheat, oats, barley, and corn is an innovative product rich in dietary fiber, replaceable and essential amino acids, micro and macro elements, vitamins. In the process of germination, grains accumulate a large number of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes, which worsen the structural and mechanical properties of the crumb of pastry products, as a result of which it becomes sticky and wrinkled. The experimental study reported in this work aimed to improve the organoleptic indicators and prolong the freshness of pastry products whose formulation includes a mixture of germinated grains. The expediency has been proven of using the polycomponent mixture "Solodok" (Ukraine) in the amount of 3.0% to the mass of flour in the production of pastry products in whose formulation 50% of flour was replaced with a mixture of germinated grains. The application of the polycomponent mixture "Solodok" has a positive effect on the organoleptic and structural-mechanical properties of the product crumb. The composition of the polycomponent mixture includes safe food additives and ingredients such as ground cinnamon, dry wheat gluten, apple pectin, and ascorbic acid. It has been proven that products with the addition of the polycomponent mixture retain freshness longer, which was confirmed by a lower rate of staleness, by 59.2%, compared to control. The stale processes in the case of using a polycomponent mixture are inhibited due to the greater accumulation of dextrins compared to control. Thus, the total content of dextrins in a pastry product is 1.668% to DM (dry matter) while in the bun "Tsilyushcha", it is 2.443% to DM. The study results show the technological effectiveness of the use of the "Solodok" polycomponent mixture to slow down the staleness of products and provide products enriched with a mixture of germinated cereals with satisfactory consumer properties.

The necessity to optimize the nutritional value of marmalade by using physiologically functional ingredients containing vitamins, dietary fiber, minerals, and other useful substances in its composition has been substantiated. Specifically, using the multicomponent fruit-and-berry paste from apples, quince, black currant has been proposed, which is obtained by an improved technique. The technique is characterized by the rapid dehydration (30...45 s, at 50°C) of the blended paste in a rotor plant to 28...30% of dry matter. When studying the dependences of the effective viscosity of paste compositions on the shear rate, it was found that the paste that demonstrated the best indicators contained apple in the amount of 40%; quince ‒ 50%; black currant ‒ 10%. It has been experimentally proven that the rational amount of fruit-and-berry paste is 30% with a decrease in agar by 30%. This makes it possible to obtain the jelly-fruit marmalade on agar with a mass fraction of moisture of 18%, a total acidity of 10degrees, and a mass fraction of reducing substances not more than 28%. The products have a sweet-sour taste, with a pleasant aftertaste and the smell of black currant, rich purple color, jelly-like form, and non-tight consistency. The strength of the new samples of marmalade with a decrease in the amount of agar is 18.9kPa, similar to that of control. The improved technology makes it possible to expand the range of "healthy products", which is achieved by the partial replacement of raw materials with a fruit-and-berry paste, which contains a significant number of physiologically functional components. This allows for an increase in the nutritional value of marmalade, as well as a decrease in the formulation amount of agar, which is expensive, by 30%. In addition, gentle concentration modes improve the process of paste making

This paper considers a model of the neural network for semantically segmenting the images of monitored objects on aerial photographs. Unmanned aerial vehicles monitor objects by analyzing (processing) aerial photographs and video streams. The results of aerial photography are processed by the operator in a manual mode; however, there are objective difficulties associated with the operator's handling a large number of aerial photographs, which is why it is advisable to automate this process. Analysis of the models showed that to perform the task of semantic segmentation of images of monitored objects on aerial photographs, the U-Net model (Germany), which is a convolutional neural network, is most suitable as a basic model. This model has been improved by using a wavelet layer and the optimal values of the model training parameters: speed (step) ‒ 0.001, the number of epochs ‒ 60, the optimization algorithm ‒ Adam. The training was conducted by a set of segmented images acquired from aerial photographs (with a resolution of 6,000×4,000 pixels) by the Image Labeler software in the mathematical programming environment MATLAB R2020b (USA). As a result, a new model for semantically segmenting the images of monitored objects on aerial photographs with the proposed name U-NetWavelet was built. The effectiveness of the improved model was investigated using an example of processing 80 aerial photographs. The accuracy, sensitivity, and segmentation error were selected as the main indicators of the model's efficiency. The use of a modified wavelet layer has made it possible to adapt the size of an aerial photograph to the parameters of the input layer of the neural network, to improve the efficiency of image segmentation in aerial photographs; the application of a convolutional neural network has allowed this process to be automatic.

The subject of this research is the technology of reengineering and control of parts of aircraft objects (AOs) and technological equipment for their manufacture. The predefined accuracy of the keel of a light aircraft and molding surfaces of technological equipment for its manufacture has been ensured by using reengineering technology and CAD systems. A portrait of the actual physically existing keel of a light aircraft was built in the *.stl file format using the software Artec Studio (USA). The control and comparison of the geometry of the shapes of the analytical standard with the actual physically existing keel of a light aircraft based on its portrait have been implemented. The methods used are the analysis and synthesis of the experimental geometry of shapes, the method of expert evaluations. The following results were obtained: based on the analysis and synthesis, the presence of significant errors in the accuracy of the manufacture of the keel for a light aircraft in the range from −5.26mm to +5.39mm was detected. It has been shown that the key factor is the keel's relative plane indicator, which is outside the tolerance margin and is 85%. It was decided to fabricate new technological equipment from another material – organic plastics. Control of the technological equipment made from organic plastics for the keel of a light aircraft showed that the shape-forming surfaces of the equipment have appropriate shapes and sizes corresponding to the existing analytical standard and are devoid of inaccuracies that occurred in the previous version. The range of keel margins that was made using the new technological equipment from organic plastics is from –0.51mm to +0.34mm while the relative plane of the keel outside the tolerance margin does not exceed 15%. The study results showed the adequacy of the decisions taken, ensuring the predefined accuracy for the keel of a light aircraft and molding surfaces of technological equipment for its manufacture.

Highways are an intensive source of environmental pollution. Atmospheric air is exposed to the fastest anthropogenic influence. Therefore, a particularly important task is to minimize the level of air pollution near the highway. An effective method for solving this problem is the use of protective barriers of various shapes installed near highways. At the stage of designing these protective structures, an important task arises to assess their effectiveness. Estimation of the effectiveness of protective barriers by the method of the physical experiment takes considerable time to set up and conduct an experiment, as well as analyze the results of physical modeling. This method is not always convenient during design work. An alternative method is the method of mathematical modeling. For the designer, it is very important to have mathematical models that make it possible to quickly obtain a predictive result and take into consideration a set of important factors on which the effectiveness of the protective barrier depends. A method has been devised that makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of using protective barriers to reduce the level of air pollution near the highway. It was found that an increase in barrier height by 80% leads to a 22% decrease in the concentration of impurities behind the barrier. It was established that applying a barrier with a height of 1.5m leads to a 26% decrease in the concentration of impurities in buildings adjacent to the highway. A method has been devised to assess the effectiveness of using absorbent "TX Active" surfaces on the protective barrier located near the highway. This study's result revealed that the application of a barrier with one "TX Active" surface leads to a decrease in the concentration of NO behind the barrier by an average of 43%. When using a barrier with two "TX Active" surfaces, a decrease in the NO concentration behind the barrier is 85% on average

Solving optimization problems is an ever-growing subject with an enormous number of algorithms. Examples of such algorithms are Scatter Search (SS) and genetic algorithms. Modifying and improving of algorithms can be done by adding diversity and guidance to them. Chaotic maps are quite sensitive to the initial point, which means even a very slight change in the value of the initial point would result in a dramatic change of the sequence produced by the chaotic map Arnold's Cat Map. Arnold's Cat Map is a chaotic map technique that provides long non-repetitive random-like sequences. Chaotic maps play an important role in improving evolutionary optimization algorithms and meta-heuristics by avoiding local optima and speeding up the convergence. This paper proposes an implementation of the scatter search algorithm with travelling salesman as a case study, then implements and compares the developed hyper Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search (SACMS) method against the traditional Scatter Search Algorithm. SACMS is a hyper Scatter Search Algorithm with Arnold's Cat Map Chaotic Algorithm. Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search shows promising results by decreasing the number of iterations required by the Scatter Search Algorithm to get an optimal solution(s). Travelling Salesman Problem, which is a popular and well-known optimization example, is implemented in this paper to demonstrate the results of the modified algorithm Scatter Arnold's Cat Map Search (SACMS). Implementation of both algorithms is done with the same parameters: population size, number of cities, maximum number of iterations, reference set size, etc. The results show improvement by the modified algorithm in terms of the number of iterations required by SS with an iteration reduction of 10–46 % and improvements in time to obtain solutions with 65 % time reduction, Решение задач оптимизации является предметом постоянно растущего интереса с огромным количеством алгоритмов. Примерами таких алгоритмов являются разбросанный поиск (РП) и генетические алгоритмы. Изменение и совершенствование алгоритмов может осуществляться путем добавления разнообразия и ориентированности. Хаотические карты довольно чувствительны к начальной точке, что означает, что даже небольшое изменение значения начальной точки приведет к резкому изменению последовательности, создаваемой хаотической картой кота Арнольда. Карта кота Арнольда – это техника хаотической карты, которая предоставляет длинные неповторяющиеся случайные последовательности. Хаотические карты играют важную роль в улучшении алгоритмов эволюционной оптимизации и метаэвристик, избегая локальных оптимумов и ускоряя сходимость. В данной работе предлагается реализация алгоритма разбросанного поиска с коммивояжером в качестве примера, реализуется и сравнивается разработанный гипер-метод разбросанного поиска по карте кота Арнольда (РПККА) с традиционным алгоритмом разбросанного поиска. РПККА – это гипер-алгоритм разбросанного поиска с хаотическим алгоритмом карты кота Арнольда. Разбросанный поиск по карте кота Арнольда показывает многообещающие результаты за счет уменьшения количества итераций, необходимых для алгоритма разбросанного поиска для получения оптимального решения (решений). В данной работе для демонстрации результатов модифицированного алгоритма разбросанного поиска по карте кота Арнольда (РПККА) реализована задача коммивояжера, которая является популярным и хорошо известным примером оптимизации. Реализация обоих алгоритмов осуществляется с одинаковыми параметрами: размер популяции, количество городов, максимальное количество итераций, размер эталонного набора и т.д. Результаты показывают улучшение модифицированного алгоритма по количеству итераций, необходимых для РП, с сокращением итераций на 10–46 % и улучшением времени получения решений с сокращением времени на 65 %., Вирішення задач оптимізації є предметом постійно зростаючого інтересу з величезною кількістю алгоритмів. Прикладами таких алгоритмів є розкиданий пошук (РП) і генетичні алгоритми. Зміна та вдосконалення алгоритмів може здійснюватися шляхом додавання різноманітності та орієнтованості. Хаотичні карти досить чутливі до початкової точки, що означає, що навіть невелика зміна значення початкової точки призведе до різкої зміни послідовності, створюваної хаотичною картою кота Арнольда. Карта кота Арнольда – це техніка хаотичної карти, яка надає довгі неповторювані випадкові послідовності. Хаотичні карти відіграють важливу роль у вдосконаленні алгоритмів еволюційної оптимізації та метаевристики, уникаючи локальних оптимумів та прискорюючи збіжність. У даній роботі пропонується реалізація алгоритму розкиданого пошуку з комівояжером в якості прикладу, реалізується і порівнюється розроблений гіпер-метод розкиданого пошуку по карті кота Арнольда (РПККА) з традиційним алгоритмом розкиданого пошуку. РПККА – це гіпер-алгоритм розкиданого пошуку з хаотичним алгоритмом карти кота Арнольда. Розкиданий пошук по карті кота Арнольда показує багатообіцяючі результати за рахунок зменшення кількості ітерацій, необхідних для алгоритму розкиданого пошуку для отримання оптимального рішення (рішень). У даній роботі для демонстрації результатів модифікованого алгоритму розкиданого пошуку по карті кота Арнольда (РПККА) реалізована задача комівояжера, яка є популярним і добре відомим прикладом оптимізації. Реалізація обох алгоритмів здійснюється з однаковими параметрами: розмір популяції, кількість міст, максимальна кількість ітерацій, розмір еталонного набору і т.д. Результати показують поліпшення модифікованого алгоритму за кількістю ітерацій, необхідних для РП, зі скороченням ітерацій на 10–46 % і поліпшенням часу отримання рішень зі скороченням часу на 65 %.

This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of bamboo apus (gigantochloa apus) as a natural reinforced composite material. Bamboo’s laminates of gigantochloa apus were used as reinforcement on the epoxy resin matrix. The parameters examined in this study are the configuration of lamina and compaction pressure. Laminate configuration varies in the number, thickness and direction of the lamina. Compaction pressures of 1.5 MPa, 2 MPa, and 2.5 MPa were used to fabricate the Laminated Bamboo Composites (LBCs). The stem of bamboo with a length of 400 mm was split to obtain bamboo lamina with a size of 400×20 mm. The thickness of bamboo lamina is varied between 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm. The bamboo lamina is then preserved by watering it with a preservative solution in the form of 2.5 % sodium tetraborate solution and dried in an oven until the water content reaches 10 %. LBCs were made with a hand lay-up method. After the LBCs were molded, they were pressed with 3 variations of dies compaction 1.5 MPa, 2 MPa and 2.5 MPa. The tensile and bending tests were carried out on the LBCs. Tensile testing is performed in accordance with ASTM standard D3039 and the bending tests were conducted based on ASTM standard D7264. The results show that at each compaction pressure, the highest tensile and bending strength was achieved by LBCs with a thickness of 1 mm of bamboo lamina and 7 layers of bamboo laminates. The LBC with thinner bamboo lamina reinforcement and more layers has the highest tensile strength and bending strength, even it has a lower mass fraction. The LBCs with laminates oriented 0° exhibited greater tensile and bending strengths than the LBCs with laminates structured –45°/+45° and 0°/90°. The LBCs with the 0° laminates direction is matrix fracture followed by lamina fracture. In the 0°/90° direction, matrix fracture is followed by delamination in the 90° and 0° laminates direction. Delamination and lamina clefting were observed in LBCs with laminates oriented +45°/–45°., Данное исследование направлено на изучение механических свойств струнного бамбука (gigantochloa apus) в качестве природного армированного композитного материала. Ламинаты бамбука gigantochloa apus использовались в качестве армирования на матрице из эпоксидной смолы. Параметрами, рассмотренными в данном исследовании, являются конфигурация пластин и давление уплотнения. Конфигурация ламината варьируется в зависимости от количества, толщины и направления пластин. Для изготовления слоистых бамбуковых композитов (СБК) использовали давления уплотнения 1,5 МПа, 2 МПа и 2,5 МПа. Стебель бамбука длиной 400 мм был расщеплен для получения бамбуковой пластины размером 400×20 мм. Толщина бамбуковой пластины варьируется в пределах 1 мм, 1,5 мм и 2 мм. Затем бамбуковую пластину консервируют, поливая ее консервирующим раствором в виде 2,5 % раствора тетрабората натрия и сушат в печи до тех пор, пока содержание воды не достигнет 10 %. СБК были изготовлены методом ручной укладки. После формования СБК их прессовали с 3 вариантами уплотнения 1,5 МПа, 2 МПа и 2,5 МПа. Были проведены испытания СБК на растяжение и изгиб. Испытания на растяжение проводятся в соответствии со стандартом ASTM D3039, а испытания на изгиб – по стандарту ASTM D7264. Результаты показывают, что при каждом давлении уплотнения наибольшая прочность на растяжение и изгиб была достигнута в СБК с толщиной бамбуковой пластины 1 мм и 7 слоями бамбуковых ламинатов. СБК с более тонким армированием бамбуковой пластиной и большим количеством слоев имеет самую высокую прочность на растяжение и изгиб, даже при более низкой массовой доле. СБК с ламинатами, ориентированными под углом 0°, обладают большей прочностью на растяжение и изгиб, чем СБК с ламинатами, структурированными под углом –45°/+45° и 0°/90°. СБК с направлением ламинатов 0° – это разрыв матрицы с последующим разрывом пластины. В направлении 0°/90° разрыв матрицы сопровождается расслоением в направлении ламинатов под углом 90° и 0°. Расслоение и расщепление пластины наблюдались в СБК с ориентацией ламинатов +45°/–45°, Дане дослідження спрямоване на вивчення механічних властивостей струнного бамбука (gigantochloa apus) в якості природного армованого композитного матеріалу. Ламінати бамбука gigantochloa apus використовувалися в якості армування на матриці з епоксидної смоли. Параметрами, розглянутими в даному дослідженні, є конфігурація пластин і тиск ущільнення. Конфігурація ламінату варіюється в залежності від кількості, товщини і напрямку пластин. Для виготовлення шаруватих бамбукових композитів (ШБК) використовували тиски ущільнення 1,5 МПа, 2 МПа і 2,5 МПа. Стебло бамбука довжиною 400 мм було розщеплене для отримання бамбукової пластини розміром 400×20 мм. Товщина бамбукової пластини варіюється в межах 1 мм, 1,5 мм і 2 мм. Потім бамбукову пластину консервують, поливаючи її консервуючим розчином у вигляді 2,5 % розчину тетраборату натрію і сушать в печі до тих пір, поки вміст води не досягне 10 %. ШБК були виготовлені методом ручного укладання. Після формування ШБК їх пресували з 3 варіантами ущільнення 1,5 МПа, 2 МПа і 2,5 МПа. Були проведені випробування ШБК на розтягнення і вигин. Випробування на розтягування проводяться відповідно до стандарту ASTM D3039, а випробування на вигин – за стандартом ASTM D7264. Результати показують, що при кожному тиску ущільнення найбільша міцність на розтяг і вигин була досягнута в ШБК з товщиною бамбукової пластини 1 мм і 7 шарами бамбукових ламінатів. ШБК з більш тонким армуванням бамбуковою пластиною і великою кількістю шарів має найвищу міцність на розтяг і вигин, навіть при більш низькій масовій частці. ШБК з ламінатами, орієнтованими під кутом 0°, мають більшу міцність на розтяг і вигин, ніж ШБК з ламінатами, структурованими під кутом –45°/+45° і 0°/90°. ШБК з напрямком ламінатів 0° – це розрив матриці з подальшим розривом пластини. У напрямку 0°/90° розрив матриці супроводжується розшаруванням в напрямку ламінатів під кутом 90° і 0°. Розшарування і розщеплення пластини спостерігалися в ШБК з орієнтацією ламінатів +45°/–45°

This paper reports a study into determining the dynamic load and strength of the bearing structure of a covered freight car under operational modes. A feature of the freight car's bearing structure is that the girder beam has a closed cross-section. To reduce the dynamic load of the frame, the girder beam is filled with a material with viscoelastic properties. Such a solution could contribute to the transformation of the kinetic energy of impact (due to jerk, stretching, compression) into work of viscoelastic friction forces, and, consequently, to reducing the load on the bearing structure. To substantiate the proposed improvement, the dynamic load on the bearing structure of a covered freight car was mathematically modeled. The calculation was performed for the case of joint impacts at shunting. The study was carried out in a flat coordinate system. It was established that the maximum accelerations acting on the bearing structure of a covered freight car were about 37m/s2. The calculated acceleration value is 3.2% lower than that obtained for the bearing structure of a covered freight car without filler. The results of calculating the strength of the load-bearing structure of a covered freight car are given. In this case, a finite-element method was applied. The maximum equivalent stresses occur in the zones of interaction between the girder beam and the pivot beams, and amount to 319.5MPa, which is 8% lower than permissible. The calculation was also performed regarding other operational modes of loading the freight car's bearing structure. The model of the dynamic load on the bearing structure of a covered freight car was verified according to the F-criterion. The research reported here could contribute to designing innovative rolling stock structures, thereby improving the efficiency of their operation.

The high pressure fuel system is the fundamental system that forms the indicator of the minimum fuel consumption per unit of the vessel's path. The calculation of the optimal control of the vessel complex with the main diesel engine is performed according to the criterion of the minimum fuel consumption per unit path at a given average velocity of the vessel. The propulsion of a vessel with a main diesel engine is described by equations. The equations contain a significant number of parameters, the reduction of which is performed by introducing dimensionless quantities, followed by bringing the equations into dimensionless forms. This made it possible to present a solution to the optimal control law for the main vessel diesel engine as part of the vessel complex. Optimal control of the vessel complex under stormy navigation conditions has been investigated. The calculations of the control law of the vessel complex, which ensure the movement of the vessel with the maximum average velocity in conditions of stormy navigation, are presented. It is determined that the established law of control of the vessel complex ensures the minimum fuel consumption per mile at a given average velocity of its movement. The influence of a high-pressure fuel system on the optimal control of a vessel diesel engine has been investigated. Thus, the calculated studies indicate that for all values of the parameters of the vessel complex according to the law of control of the fuel system Ф=а+b∙C2(τ), they give fuel savings up to 6% per unit of way in comparison with the law of control of the vessel complex Ф=а+b∙(c1(τ)/c2(τ)). The obtained ratios during modeling and optimal control of the main diesel engine of the vessel complex allow using the dynamic programming method to analyze the fuel consumption per unit path with optimal control compared to the corresponding constant control

Conventional process schemes of municipal sewage water treatment, advantages, and disadvantages of the methods applied when removing biogenic elements were considered. It was shown that the existing shortcomings cause additional explicit costs and difficulties when disposing of the resulting waste. Low efficiency of the removal processes themselves causing residual concentrations of biogenic elements in the treated sewage water was also shown. A process scheme for treating municipal sewage water was proposed. It includes the use of a photobioreactor of a proposed design for the removal of biogenic elements due to the metabolism of microalgae. It was experimentally shown that the use of Euglena gracilis strain for removal of phosphates in initial concentrations of 4, 7, and 14 mg/dm3from sewage water is the most efficient way. It makes it possible to reduce these concentrations to residual 0…0.55 mg/dm3in four days. A 3.75…5.58 times increment of microalgae biomass during this period was also shown. A mathematical model was constructed for calculating the time of staying the sewage water and microalgae mixture in a photobioreactor to achieve the required degree of removal of biogenic elements. Based on the proposed model and experimental studies, the required time of staying in the rector working area was calculated. It was shown that with the use of Euglena gracilis strain but without removal of biogenic elements at previous purification stages (process schemes including only mechanical purification), the time of mixture staying in the working zone was 37.81 hrs. With partial removal of biogenic elements at the stage of biological treatment (0.55 mg/dm3total nitrogen, 0.91 mg/dm3ammonium nitrogen, 0.44 mg/dm3phosphates), this time was reduced to 26.66 hrs. It was found that the use of Euglena gracilis strain instead of Chlorella vulgaris (FC-16) in the removal of phosphates results in a 2-time increase in the process efficiency and a 50 % decrease in time of mixture staying in the working zone. Recommendations for calculating geometric parameters of photobioreactors of the proposed design were given for use in the process schemes

This paper describes the process of shooting a mobile armored combat vehicle with directed fragmentation-beam shells as a discrete-continuous random process. Based on this approach, a stochastic model has been proposed in the form of a system of Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations. A universal model of the process of defeating a moving armored target with directed fragmentation-beam shells has been built, which would provide preconditions for experimental studies into the effectiveness of various variants of the components of the artillery system for three-shot firing. The execution of an artillery task is considered as a set of certain procedures characterized by the average value of its duration. They are dependent on the firing phases involving a prospective automatic gun and the explosive destruction of fragmentation-beam shells while the explosive destruction of each shell case is characterized by the self-propagation of the reaction of explosive transformations based on tabular data on the target. An indicator of the functionality of various design options for fragmentation-beam shells is the probability of causing damage by «useful fragments» in the vulnerable compartments of a combat armored vehicle. Devising universal models for the process of shooting a moving armored vehicle forms preconditions for further full-time experiments in accordance with the design solutions defined as a result of modeling. It is possible to use the developed discrete-continuous stochastic model in other modeling tasks to determine the optimal value of defeat. As regards the practical application of discrete-continuous stochastic models, one can argue about the possibility of reducing the cost of performing design tasks related to weapons by 25% and decreasing the likelihood of making mistakes at the stage of system engineering design

The main factors influencing the choice of individual subjects of the scientific activity or potential partners and executors for scientific and educational projects were analyzed. The specific features of choosing project executors of different categories were indicated. The functional responsibilities of project participants in accordance with the project structure were described. The individually oriented method for choosing subjects of scientific activity as executors of scientific and educational projects was developed, taking into account the productivity of their scientific activities in the past and considering the structure of projects. To determine the merits of the subjects of scientific activity, which are included in the relevant scientific subject spaces, it is necessary to apply the procedure of their productivity assessment. In addition, it is necessary to predict a change in productivity in the future based on retrospective data for this subject. Next, it is required to solve the multi-criteria problem of the choice among the subjects of scientific activity who are quite productive in the opinion of the project manager. The use of the developed method reduces the subjective impact on making a decision regarding the choice of project executors. This is due to the fact that they are chosen by automated calculation of scientometric indicators of subjects, guided only by open sources of information. The individually oriented method for the selection of subjects of scientific activity was verified on the example of the formation of three applications of research projects. As a result, the average percentage of scientists who meet the requirements of project managers for each scientific subject space was about 46.55%. The percentage of those involved in the project from those who were selected is about 24.07%. The probability of cooperation is higher among those who have an average H-index.

Conceptual foundations of organizational and economic support for the development of enterprises in the hospitality industry have been developed, taking into account the level of use of information and communication technologies. It has been determined that the main results of the influence of information technologies on the hospitality industry are the optimization of business processes, as well as the transformation of the target consumer of hospitality services. The types of information and communication technologies are systematized depending on the direction of the business processes of the cycle of providing hospitality services. It has been substantiated that through the active use of information and communication technologies, hospitality industry enterprises satisfy the needs of customers in full in accordance with modern requirements. The relationship was established between the results of assessing the level of organizational and economic support for the development of information and communication technologies and the strategic choice of enterprises in the hospitality industry. Three types of strategies are identified – information expansion, improvement, retention and further development – depending on the low, medium and high level of development of information and communication technologies, respectively. The directions of increasing the level of development of information and communication technologies of the hospitality industry at different levels are proposed. The developed theoretical and methodological provisions can be useful in the formation of the concept of strategic development of the hospitality industry. The use of the proposed toolkit reflects the results, both quantitatively (increasing demand for hospitality services, improving financial performance, etc.) and in a qualitative form (improving the quality of service, creating a positive image, etc.).

Toothed gears are the most common mechanical gears in machine building, which are characterized by high reliability and durability, a constant transfer number, and which can transmit high torque. During toothed gear operation, the surfaces of the teeth slide, which gives rise to friction forces and wears their working surfaces. To prevent this, the surfaces of the teeth need constant lubrication. This paper considers the design of a gear tooth engagement, which does not have friction between the surfaces of the teeth since they roll over each other without slipping. The profile of the tooth of such a gear is outlined by congruent arcs, symmetrical relative to the line that connects the center of rotation of the toothed wheel with the top of the tooth. These symmetrical curves at the top of the tooth intersect at the predefined angle. In the depressions of the wheel, adjacent teeth also intersect at the same angle. Such a condition can be ensured by a curve that at all its points crosses the radius-vector emanating from the coordinate origin, also at a stable angle equal to half of the given one. This curve is a logarithmic spiral. If the number of teeth of the drive and driven wheels is the same, then their teeth are congruent. Otherwise, the profiles of the teeth would differ but they could be outlined by congruent arcs of the same logarithmic spiral of the same length taken from different areas of the curve. The minimum possible angle at the top of the teeth is straight. At acute angle, the toothed gear operation is impossible. To build gear wheels with a right angle at the top of the tooth, it would suffice to set the number of teeth of the drive and driven wheels. The center-to-center distance is calculated using the derived formula. The transfer number of such a gear is variable but, with an increase in the number of teeth, the range of its change decreases. The algorithm of wheel construction is given.

A model of a rotary film evaporator with a film-forming element with a reflective heated surface has been developed. This will allow stabilizing the hydraulic movement of the cut wave flow due to the reflective surface of the geometric shape for the forced direction of the cut raw material to the heating surface. Autonomous heating of the reflective surface additionally provides a temperature effect in the conditions of movement of particles of raw materials after cutting. The analysis of the experimental and theoretical parameters of heat transfer made it possible to substantiate the criterion equation for determining the heat transfer coefficient of an evaporator with the proposed film-forming element and a reflective heated surface for calculating the coefficient from the working surface to the raw material. The resulting equation takes into account the influence of the vertical component of the motion of the raw material film, centrifugal movement during the rotation of the film-forming element, mixing of the boiling film of the raw material with steam bubbles, and the geometric characteristics of the film-forming blade on the hydrodynamic flow of the raw material. The calculation of the rotary-film evaporator was carried out using the criterion equation and the obtained useful heat exchange surface – 0.75 m2. The specific metal consumption in a rotary film evaporator with a film-forming element having a reflective surface is 57 kg/m2, compared to the vacuum evaporator traditionally used in canning industries (410kg/m2), which is 7.1 times less. The duration of the temperature effect on the raw material is also reduced: a rotary film evaporator – 200 s and 3600 s in a traditional apparatus. The data obtained will be useful for the design of rotary-film devices of different geometric parameters using articulated blades with a reflective plate.

Monitoring of arterial blood saturation with oxygen (oxygenation) has gained special significance as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A new method for computer processing of saturation records (so-called SaO2signals), based on the study of differentials (increments) from signals, was proposed. Finding a differential for a time series involves calculating the difference between the pairs of its adjacent elements. The differential is non-zero only if the elements in a pair are different. The study of differentials together with primary signals for a set of records (20subjects) shows that the spectrum of observed levels of blood saturation is discrete and limited (from 2 to 10levels). In addition, changes in saturation levels (switches) occur only between the nearest levels. New indicators of the variability of blood saturation were proposed. These are the frequencies of saturation level switches (event intensities) and the intervals between them. It was established that these indicators are described by statistical distributions of Poisson and Erlang, respectively. Comparison of new variability indicators with the most reliable statistical – inter-quartile range – indicates that the new indicators also provide for the division of the data set into three subgroups according to the magnitude of variability. This division is statistically significant at a confidence level of 0.99 in both approaches, however, the division into sub-groups is slightly different in these methods. It was shown that the proposed indicators of the variability of SaO2signals are scale-invariant, that is, they do not depend on the length of observation interval. This is a consequence of the fractality of the positions of differentials in the observation interval. The established switch frequencies for subgroups in order of increasing variability are (0.06, 0.11, and 0.20)Hz. These frequencies are manifested on Fourier spectra of differentials of SaO2

Electrochemical devices based on nickel hydroxide electrodes are used in different areas. The main ones are chemical current sources, variable transparency “smart” windows, devices for carrying out electrocatalytic reactions, sensors for determining various substances. In this regard, methods of nickel hydroxide synthesis are of great interest, especially those that allow forming nickel hydroxide directly on the surface of electrodes. One of these methods is electrochemical deposition with cathodic current polarization. The available information on nickel hydroxide synthesis from nickel solutions was considered. It was shown that the available data mainly covered information on dilute solutions from 0.01 to 0.25mol/L Ni(NO3)2. In addition, no comparison was found in the literature for the efficiency of the cathodic formation of Ni(OH)2at different concentrations of nickel nitrate. To eliminate the lack of information, the dependence of the current efficiency on the concentration of nickel nitrate in the electrodeposition solution was determined at a constant cathode current density of 0.625mA/cm2. The resulting dependence decreased nonlinearly with increasing concentration. The nickel hydroxide deposit formed in this case had an X-ray amorphous structure, and it depended little on the Ni(NO3)2concentration. In addition, the current efficiency reached zero at concentrations of 1.5mol/L Ni(NO3)2and higher. However, with polyvinyl alcohol in the solution and at Ni(NO3)2concentrations of 1.5 and 2mol/L, electrochemically and electrochromically active Ni(OH)2films were deposited. The current efficiency calculated indirectly for 1.5 and 2mol/L Ni(NO3)2solutions was 3.2 and 2.3%, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that polyvinyl alcohol affected the mechanism of nickel hydroxide electrodeposition from aqueous solutions of nickel nitrate.

This paper investigates the quality of inkjet printing on corrugated cardboard with various characteristics such as the presence of surface coating, the type of cardboard structure, the corrugated layer profile, and the corrugated cardboard height. The color characteristics of the corrugated board surface of studied samples were analyzed in the CIE Lab system; the value of the discrepancy in the shade of white was established when compared with the reference values of the ISO 12647 standard. During the study, the main criteria for assessing the quality of color reproduction of inkjet imprints were analyzed: an indicator of the general contrast level (K), the value of color differences for the basic tone shades (ΔE), and the volume of the body color coverage (ΔE2). It was found that when printing on various types of corrugated cardboard, there is a general decrease in the overall contrast value. The actual level of color differences is ΔE=10...45 and exceeds the permissible standards for the color reproduction quality. This adversely affects the reproduction of different color tones in the printed image. In general, the quality of color reproduction differs for the test samples of corrugated cardboard in terms of the magnitude of the spread in the values of color distortions on the tone shades. The influence of the main characteristics of the investigated samples of corrugated cardboard on the quality indicators of inkjet printing has been analyzed. In particular, a significant influence of the index of color characteristics of the surface of corrugated cardboard L* and the type of corrugated board structure on the quality of color reproduction has been established. The study results reported here could make it possible to reasonably approach the selection of the corrugated board structure that is optimal in composition, increase the productivity of the technological process for manufacturing containers, and stabilize the quality of printing on corrugated cardboard

The information technology that implements evaluation of redundant information using the methods of preprocessing and segmentation of digital images has been devised. The metrics for estimating redundant information containing a photo image using the approach based on texture variability were proposed. Using the example of aerial photography data, practical testing and research into the proposed assessment were carried out. Digital images, formed by various optoelectronic facilities, are distorted under the influence of obstacles of various nature. These obstacles complicate both the visual analysis of images by a human and their automatic processing. A solution to the problem can be obtained through preprocessing, which will lead to an increase in the informativeness of digital image data at a general decrease in content. An experimental study of the dependence of image informativeness on the results of overlaying previous filters for processing digital images, depending on the values of parameters of methods, was carried out. It was established that the use of algorithms sliding window analysis can significantly increase the resolution of analysis in the time area while maintaining a fairly high ability in the frequency area. The introduced metrics can be used in problems of computer vision, machine and deep learning, in devising information technologies for image recognition. The prospect is the task of increasing the efficiency of processing the monitoring results by automating the processing of the received data in order to identify informative areas. This will reduce the time of visual data analysis. The introduced metrics can be used in the development of automated systems of air surveillance data recognition.

It was proposed to improve the existing method of determining the quality of interaction of the elements of subsystems of the Machine Operator-Machining Center-Control Program for manufacturing parts (MO-MC-CP) system. This method combines estimates of social (machine operator), technical (machining center), and informational (control program for manufacturing parts) subsystems. Improvements were achieved through the use of four independent indices which are defined separately. One index takes into account single, double and triple interactions of integrated indicators where values of specific weight of weight coefficients depend on the sample size. The other three indices are a synergistic effect where the weight coefficients do not depend on the sample size. Therefore, the model of this index was modified at the expense of additional subsystems. Existing approaches to determining the indices are not focused on the assessment of the quality of interaction of the MO-MC-CP system, have software limitations, and work with limited sample sizes. With this in mind, it was decided to improve the existing tools of determining the quality indices of interaction to assess levels of interaction of the subsystem elements. The proposed software-implemented methods and the technology of index assessment improve the efficiency of the assessment of complex systems. Experimental verification has shown the superiority of interaction quality indices over those in the existing methods. A sign of efficiency is as follows: a smaller value of mean-square deviation of the proposed indices in comparison with the existing ones: S(ІQI1)=0.812; S(ІQI2)=0.271; S(ІQI3)=0.675; S(ІQI4)=0.57 and S(І)=0.947; S(І)=0.833; S(І)=0.594, respectively. The results obtained in the study of the interaction quality index are useful and important because they make it possible to better assess the interaction of subsystem elements and apply the proposed technology at industrial enterprises.

The aeration rate for the degree of purification of highly concentrated galvanic wastewater from zinc and ferrum ions was investigated using various activation methods. It is shown that the intensity of aeration has a significant effect on the quality of wastewater treatment and the characteristics of water treatment sludge. The efficiency of the use of an energy-saving method for activating the ferritization process with the use of electromagnetic pulses for the extraction of zinc ions from wastewater has been confirmed. It was determined that with an increase in the aeration rate to 3.5dm3/min per 1dm3of the reaction mixture and the use of thermal activation of the process, the residual concentration of zinc ions remains within the range of 0.12÷0.2mg/dm3. In this case, the concentration of ferrum ions decreases to values of 0.08÷0.14mg/dm3. It was found that at an aeration rate of 2.5dm3/min and the use of pulsed electromagnetic (EMP) activation, the residual concentrations of heavy metal ions decrease to values of 0.08÷0.16mg/dm3. Comparison of the results indicates the advisability of using low rates of aeration of the reaction mixture. This, together with the use of resource-saving EMR process activation, allows to achieve a significant reduction in energy costs. The quantitative phase composition of ferritization precipitates was determined, in which the crystalline phases of zinc ferrite Zn2Fe2O4and magnetite Fe3O4, as well as ferrum oxyhydroxide FeO (OH) and sodium sulfate Na2SO4, prevail. It is found that with an increase in the volumetric aeration rate, the proportion of the ferrite phase increases. At an aeration rate of 2.0dm3/min, more than 85% of the zinc ferrite phase was found in the sediments. Taking into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of precipitates, it is recommended to use them in the production of building materials. The experimental results obtained make it possible to provide a comprehensive processing of liquid galvanic waste.

This paper reports a series of experimental studies to establish regularities of the integrated effect exerted on the specific heat capacity of polymer nanocomposites by such factors as the temperature regime of their production, the value of the mass fraction of the filler, and the temperature of the composite material. The studies were conducted for nanocomposites based on polypropylene filled with carbon nanotubes. When obtaining composites, the method of mixing the components in the melt of the polymer was used. During the studies, the temperature of nanocomposites varied from 295 to 455K, the mass fraction of the filler ‒ from 0.3 to 10%. The basic parameter of the technological mode for obtaining composite materials, the value of overheating the polymer melt relative to its melting point, varied in the range of 10...75K. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity of the considered composites is sensitive to changes in the overheating of the polymer melt only in the region maximum values of the specific heat capacity. Concentration dependences of the specific heat capacity of the considered nanocomposites at different values of their temperature and the level of overheating of the polymer melt have been built. The studies have been carried out to identify the effects of the influence of the above parameters on the coefficient of thermal diffusivity of nanocomposites. It has been established, in particular, that an increase in the level of overheating the polymer could lead to a very significant increase in the coefficient of thermal diffusivity, which is all the more significant the higher the proportion of filler and the lower the temperature of the composite material. It is shown that the level of overheating the polymer melt relative to its melting point is a parameter that can be used as the basis for the creation of polymer composite materials with specified thermophysical properties.