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The potential toxicity of nanoscale particles has received considerable attention, but the fate of engineered nanomaterials in the environment has been studied only under a limited set of conditions. In the present study, batch and column experiments were performed to assess the aggregation and transport of nanoscale fullerene (nC60) particles in water-saturated quartz sands as a function of electrolyte concentration and species. As the electrolyte concentration increased from 1 to 100 mM, the change in nC60 particle diameter was minimal in the presence of NaCl but increased by more than sevenfold in the presence of CaCl2. The latter effect was attributed to the agglomeration of individual nC60 particles, consistent with a net attractive force between particles and suppression of the electrical double layer. At low ionic strength (3.05 mM), nC60 particles were readily transported through 40- to 50-mesh quartz sand, appearing in the column effluent after introducing less than 1.5 pore volumes of nC60 suspension, with approximately 30% and less than 10% of the injected mass retained in the presence of CaCl2 or NaCl, respectively. At higher ionic strength (30.05 mM) and in finer Ottawa sand (100-140 mesh), greater than 95% of the introduced nC60 particles were retained in the column regardless of the electrolyte species. Approximately 50% of the deposited nC60 particles were recovered from 100- to 140-mesh Ottawa sand after sequential introduction of deionized water adjusted the pH to 10 and 12. These findings demonstrate that nC60 transport and retention in water-saturated sand is strongly dependent on electrolyte conditions and that release of deposited nC60 requires substantial changes in surface charge, consistent with retention in a primary energy minimum.

Lithium–sulfur (Li−S) battery with a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode is a promising alternative to Li‐ion systems. However, the sluggish charge transfer of cathode and accumulation of inactive Li on anode remain persistent challenges. An advanced electrolyte additive with function towards both cathode and anode holds great promise to address these issues. Herein, we present a new strategy to boost sulfur activity and rejuvenate dead Li simultaneously. In the polar electrolyte containing I2−LiNO3 additives, I3−/IO3− are triggered significantly by the reaction between NO3− and I− ions. The I3−/IO3− are reactive to insulated Li2S product of cathode and inactive Li on anode, thus accelerating the conversion reaction of sulfur and recovering Li sources back to battery cycling. The in situ/ex situ spectroscopic and morphologic monitoring reveal the crucial role of iodine in promoting Li2S dissociation and inhibiting dendritic Li growth. With the modified electrolyte, the symmetric Li||Li cells deliver a lifespan of 4000 h with an overpotential less than 12 mV at 0.5 mA cm−2. For Li−S cells, 100 % capacity retention up to thousands of cycles and enhanced rate capability are available. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy on electrolyte engineering for practical applications of Li−S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the high compatibility with Li metal anodes, ethereal electrolytes have found widespread use in Li metal batteries. Unfortunately, their applications in high‐voltage Li metal batteries are hampered by a limited electrochemical window. In this study, a diluted ethereal electrolyte (with Li salt concentration < 1.5 m) is developed containing 1 m lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSI) and 0.3 m LiNO3 in a N‐methyl‐N‐propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PP13TFSI):dimethyl ether (DME) (v:v = 1:4) mixture for Li metal batteries with an aggressive high‐voltage cathode via the formation of an anion‐enriched solvation sheath. In contrast to high‐concentration electrolytes, the formation of the anion‐enriched solvation sheath in this design is facilitated by the addition of ionic liquids. Further theoretical calculations indicate that the presence of FSI− and NO3− anions in the first solvation sheath weakens the desolvation energy of the DME solvent, suggesting a faster desolvation process at the electrode interphase. Consequently, the designed electrolyte enables long‐term cycling of Li || LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) full cells over 1000 cycles at a high rate of 10 C. More notably, it also allows for a long cycle life of 100 cycles under a high rate of 5 C, even with limited negative capacity to positive capacity (N/P) ratio of 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium batteries have been essential technologies and become an integral part of our daily lives, powering a range of devices from phones to electric vehicles. To fully understand and optimize the performance of lithium batteries, it is necessary to investigate their internal states and processes through various characterization methods. Neutron imaging has been an indispensable complementary characterization technique to X-ray imaging or electron microscopy because of the unique interaction principle between neutrons and matter. It provides particular insights into the various states of matter inside lithium batteries, including the Li+ concentration in solid electrodes, the Li plating/stripping behavior of Li-metal anodes, the Li+ diffusion in solid ionic conductors, the distribution of liquid electrolytes and the generation of gases. This review aims to highlight the capabilities and advantages of neutron imaging in characterizing lithium batteries, as well as its current state of application in this field. Additionally, we discuss the potential of neutron imaging to contribute to the ongoing development of advanced batteries through its ability to visualize internal evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn batteries are attracting extensive attentions, but their application is still hindered by H2O‐induced Zn‐corrosion and hydrogen evolution reactions. Addition of organic solvents into aqueous electrolytes to limit the H2O activity is a promising solution, but at the cost of greatly reduced Zn anode kinetics. Here we propose a simple strategy for this challenge by adding 50 mM iodine ions into an organic‐water (1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME)+water) hybrid electrolyte, which enables the electrolyte simultaneously owns the advantages of low H2O activity and accelerated Zn kinetics. We demonstrate that the DME breaks the H2O hydrogen‐bond network and exclude H2O from Zn2+ solvation shell. And the I− is firmly adsorbed on the Zn anode, reducing the Zn2+ de‐solvation barrier from 74.33 kJ mol−1 to 32.26 kJ mol−1 and inducing homogeneous nucleation behavior. With such electrolyte, the Zn//Zn symmetric cell exhibits a record high cycling lifetime (14.5 months) and achieves high Zn anode utilization (75.5 %). In particular, the Zn//VS2@SS full cell with the optimized electrolyte stably cycles for 170 cycles at a low N : P ratio (3.64). Even with the cathode mass‐loading of 16.7 mg cm−2, the full cell maintains the areal capacity of 0.96 mAh cm−2 after 1600 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene carbonate (EC) is taken as the essential electrolyte component in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high permittivity and film‐forming ability. However, its high melting point (36.4 °C) and strong solvation energy severely hinder Li+ transportation and Li+ desolvation process under low temperatures, resulting in capacity loss and even Li plating on graphite anode. Herein, a five‐membered heterocyclic compound isoxazole (IZ), similar to EC molecule, is well‐formulated to substitute EC for low‐temperature operation of graphite anode. It is revealed that IZ with dispersed charge distribution exhibits a weaker solvation ability than EC with highly polar carbonyl group, which induces relatively more anions into the solvation sheath to form contact ion pairs and aggregates. The tamed electrolyte not only exhibits high ionic conductivities over wide‐temperature range but also generates an inorganic‐rich interphase with low activation barrier for smooth Li+ ions threading. This enables graphite anode with an impressive reversible capacity of 263 mAh g‐1 at the low temperature of −30 °C (a room‐temperature retention of as high as 71.5%), nearly twice higher than graphite with EC‐based electrolyte. This study provides an alternative electrolyte recipe to relieve the anxiety of LIBs operated under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite anode suffers from great capacity loss and even fails to charge (i.e. Li+‐intercalation) under low temperature, mainly arising from the large overpotential including sluggish de‐solvation process and insufficient ions movement in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, an electrolyte is developed by utilizing weakly solvated molecule ethyl trifluoroacetate and film‐forming fluoroethylene carbonate to achieve smooth de‐solvation and high ionic conductivity at low temperature. Evolution of SEI formed at different temperatures is further investigated to propose an effective room‐temperature SEI formation strategy for low‐temperature operations. The synergetic effect of tamed electrolyte and optimized SEI enables graphite with a reversible charge/discharge capacity of 183 mAh g−1 at −30 °C and fast‐charging up to 6C‐rate at room temperature. Moreover, graphite||LiFePO4 full cell maintains a capacity retention of 78 % at −30 °C, and 37 % even at a super‐low temperature of −60 °C. This work offers a progressive insight towards fast‐charging and low‐temperature batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide solid electrolytes with high conductivity that is close to that of liquid electrolyte have been considered to be one of the most promising electrolytes for all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Unfortunately, the narrow electrochemical windows of sulfide electrolyte and contact loss at the interface upon cycles much limits the application of sulfide‐based ASSLBs. In this work, an organic quinone cathode, 5,7,12,14‐pentacenetetrone (PT), is used to fabricate an ASSLB with a sulfide electrolyte of glass ceramic 70Li2S‐30P2S5 (LPS). Based on the various in situ/ex situ analyses, it is successfully demonstrated that the decomposition of LPS is negligible and the corresponding effects on interfacial impedance are reversible with optimized carbon additives. In addition, the inherent low Young's modulus of the PT electrode efficiently prevents the contact loss at the interface. As a result, the PT‐based ASSLBs deliver a high specific capacity (312 mAh g−1) and an excellent capacity retention (90.6%) over 500 cycles which is superior to previous reports. Moreover, a carbon‐free ASSLB is constructed by employing Mo6S8 as conductive additives in a PT‐based cathode, which shows an improved rate performance and a long life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical applications of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) are challenged by their safety concerns when using liquid electrolytes (LEs). Solid‐state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) can address this challenge and have drawn increased attention recently. Normally, GPEs are prepared separately and then assembled into cells, which undoubtedly result in dissatisfactory solid/solid interfacial compatibility and low ionic conductivity. Fortunately, in situ GPEs are proposed to address the above challenges and simplify the preparation process. Typically, LE precursor is injected into the cells and gradually transformed into a quasi‐solid gel state under the conditions of thermal or chemical initiators. Consequently, the obtained in situ GPEs could fully infiltrate the electrode and better interface contact of gel electrolyte/electrode is thus inherited. In this review, the authors focus on the in situ GPEs used in lithium batteries (LBs), and summarize recent progress of the design, synthesis, and applications of in situ GPEs. Based on the different ways of triggering polymerization, there are mainly three methods: thermochemical gelation, polymerization by additional chemical initiators, and cross‐linking initiated by LiO bond. Composite GPEs based on in situ solidification method are introduced as a promising strategy to improve the electrochemical performances. Finally, up‐to‐date research progresses are discussed, and perspectives are provided on the development and challenges of in situ GPEs to meet the requirements for their practical applications in LBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limitations inherent in current intercalation‐based Li‐ion batteries, much research attention has focused on potential successors to Li‐ion batteries such as lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries and lithium–oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries. In order to realize the potential of these batteries, the use of metallic lithium as the anode is essential. However, there are severe safety hazards associated with the growth of Li dendrites, and the formation of "dead Li" during cycles leads to the inevitable loss of active Li, which in the end is undoubtedly detrimental to the actual energy density of Li‐metal batteries. For Li‐metal batteries under practical conditions, a low negative/positive ratio (N/P ratio), a electrolyte/cathode ratio (E/C ratio) along with a high‐voltage cathode is prerequisite. In this Review, we summarize the development of new electrolyte systems for Li‐metal batteries under practical conditions, revisit the design criteria of advanced electrolytes for practical Li‐metal batteries and provide perspectives on future development of electrolytes for practical Li‐metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to undesired Zn corrosion and the formation of Zn dendrites in aqueous electrolytes, most of the examples of aqueous Zn batteries with reported excellent performance are achieved with low Zn‐utilization (<0.6 %) in the anode and low mass‐loading (<3 mg cm−2) in the cathode. Herein, we propose a new organic electrolyte for Zn batteries, which contains a zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (Zn‐TFMS) salt and a mixed solvent consisting of propylene carbonate (PC) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). We demonstrate that this electrolyte with an optimized PC/TEP ratio not only exhibits high ionic conductivity and a wide stable potential window, but also facilitates dendrite‐free Zn plating/stripping. In particular, the TEP solvent makes the electrolyte nonflammable. Finally, a 2 V Zn//polytriphenylamine composite (PTPAn) battery is fabricated with the optimized electrolyte; it shows a high rate and a long lifetime (2400 cycles) even with a high mass‐loading (16 mg cm−2) of PTPAn in the cathode and with a high Zn‐utilization (3.5 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐based aqueous supercapacitors are attracting extensive attention. However, most of the reported long‐life and high‐power performances are achieved with low Zn‐utilization (<0.6 %) and low mass loading in cathode (<2 mg cm−2). And, many obtained high energy densities are generally evaluated without considering the mass of Zn‐anode. Herein, we propose a Zn‐based hybrid supercapacitor, involving a metal organic framework derived porous carbon cathode, a Zn‐anode and an N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)‐based electrolyte containing Zn2+. We demonstrate that the charge storage of cathode mainly occurs in macropores, showing high rate performance at high mass loading (40 mg cm−2). Furthermore, the aprotic nature of electrolyte and formation of Zn2+‐DMF complex avoid the Zn‐corrosion and dendrite formation. Therefore, the supercapacitor shows a long‐life (9,000 cycles) with a high Zn‐utilization (2.2 %). When calculated with the total mass of cathode (40 mg cm−2) and Zn‐anode, the energy density reaches 25.9 Wh kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a carbonate-based electrolyte optimized with dual cations and ionic liquid for high-efficiency Li metal batteries with a high-voltage cathode. An average coulombic efficiency of Li deposition of 99.6% is achieved due to the salt-rich solid electrolyte interphase and Na guided uniform Li plating. The Li‖‖NCM811 cells can be cycled with limited Li (N/P = 1) over 90 cycles. An additional advantage is that it improves the thermal stability of the NCM811 cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impedance evolution profiles of Gr||Gr cells (with different SEI formation temperatures) under test temperature of c)+40 °C, d)+25 °C and e) -20 °C, respectively. f) The corresponding fitted Rt values under different test temperatures. gl GLO:44U/07nov22:anie202213688-fig-0003.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 3 The SEI film analysis of Gr electrodes under different formation temperatures. Corrigendum: Synergy of Weakly-Solvated Electrolyte and Optimized Interphase Enables Graphite Anode Charge at Low Temperature GLO:44U/07nov22:anie202213688-fig-0002.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 2 The electrochemical behaviors of Gr electrodes under different formation temperatures. a) The voltage evolution profiles of Li||Gr half cells under different working temperatures to indicate the capacities and initial coulombic efficiencies. b) Schematic diagram of Gr||Gr cell and its equivalent circuit used for the impedance analysis, with the only impedance of Li+ migrating through SEI (Rt). [Extracted from the article]

Lithium metal is an ideal anode for high‐energy rechargeable batteries at low temperature, yet hindered by the electrochemical instability with the electrolyte. Concentrated electrolytes can improve the oxidative/reductive stability, but encounter high viscosity. Herein, a co‐solvent formulation was designed to resolve the dilemma. By adding electrochemically "inert" dichloromethane (DCM) as a diluent in concentrated ethyl acetate (EA)‐based electrolyte, the co‐solvent electrolyte demonstrated a high ionic conductivity (0.6 mS cm−1), low viscosity (0.35 Pa s), and wide range of potential window (0–4.85 V) at −70 °C. Spectral characterizations and simulations show these unique properties are associated with the co‐solvation structure, in which high‐concentration clusters of salt in the EA solvent were surrounded by mobile DCM diluent. Overall, this novel electrolyte enabled rechargeable metallic Li battery with high energy (178 Wh kg−1) and power (2877 W kg−1) at −70 °C. Batteries in a cold climate: A cosolvent electrolyte with a unique cosolvation structure, has a wide stable electrochemical window (0–4.85 V), sufficient ionic conductivity (0.6 mS cm−1), and low viscosity (0.35 Pa s) at −70 °C, which facilitated preparation of a rechargeable metallic lithium battery for use in extreme temperatures with a high energy density of 178 Wh kg−1 at −70 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flexible Li‐air batteries (LABs) have been considered as promising power sources for wearable electronics owing to its higher energy density. However, when operated in ambient air, problems arise, such as Li anode passivation, poor cycle life as well as leakage of liquid electrolyte. Herein, we present a LAB with a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME, G4) gel electrolyte, in which the gel is formed in situ through a cross‐linking reaction between the liquid G4 and the lithium ethylenediamine (LiEDA) grown on the surface of Li anode. We demonstrate that the gel can efficiently alleviate the corrosion of the Li anode, and thus the LAB shows a cycle performance over 1175 hours (humidity: 10 % to 40 %), which is much superior to previous reports. Furthermore, the in situ formed gel enhances the electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact, which thus enables the cable‐type LAB to exhibit a great flexibility. Air gel: The liquid electrolyte G4 is converted into a gel through an in situ cross‐linking reaction for use in flexible Li–air batteries. The good electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact and improved Li anode stability contribute to the enhanced cycle and bending performance of the battery in ambient air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rechargeable batteries have been used to power various electric devices and store energy from renewables, but their toxic components (namely, electrode materials, electrolyte, and separator) generally cause serious environment issues when disused. Such toxicity characteristic makes them difficult to power future wearable electronic devices. Now an environmentally friendly and highly safe rechargeable battery, based on a pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone (PTO) cathode and zinc anode in mild aqueous electrolyte is presented. The PTO‐cathode shows a high specific capacity (336 mAh g−1) for Zn2+ storage with fast kinetics and high reversibility. Thus, the PTO//Zn full cell exhibits a high energy density (186.7 Wh kg−1), supercapacitor‐like power behavior and long‐term lifespan (over 1000 cycles). Moreover, a belt‐shaped PTO//Zn battery with robust mechanical durability and remarkable flexibility is first fabricated to clarify its potential application in wearable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Crossover of liquid fuel remains a severe problem for conventional direct liquid fuel cells even when polymer electrolyte membranes are applied. Herein, we report for the first time a membrane‐free direct liquid fuel cell powered by alkaline hypophosphite solution. The proof‐of‐concept fuel cell yields a peak power density of 32 mW cm−2 under air flow at room temperature. The removal of the polymer electrolyte membrane is attributed to the high reactivity and selectivity of Pd and α‐MnO2 towards the hypophosphite oxidation on the anode and oxygen reduction on the cathode, respectively. The discharge products are analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the faradaic efficiencies have been calculated after discharging at 10 mA cm−2 for 20 hours. The non‐toxicity of hypophosphite and membrane‐free fuel cell structure provide huge potential for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Carbon‐based electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) generally exhibit high power and long life, but low energy density/capacitance. Pore/morphology optimization and pseudo‐capacitive materials modification of carbon materials have been used to improve electrode capacitance, but leading to the consumption of tap density, conductivity and stability. Introducing soluble redox mediators into electrolyte is a promising alternative to improve the capacitance of electrode. However, it is difficult to find one redox mediator that can provide additional capacitance for both positive and negative electrodes simultaneously. Here, an ambipolar organic radical, 2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) is first introduced to the electrolyte, which can substantially contribute additional pseudo‐capacitance by oxidation at the positive electrode and reduction at the negative electrode simultaneously. The EDLC with TEMPO mediator delivers an energy density as high as 51 Wh kg−1, 2.4 times of the capacitor without TEMPO, and a long cycle stability over 4000 cycles. The achieved results potentially point a new way to improve the energy density of EDLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium-air battery has been proposed as the next-generation energy-storage device with a much higher energy density compared with the conventional lithium-ion battery. However, lithium-air batteries currently suffer enormous problems including parasitic reactions, low recyclability in air, degradation, and leakage of liquid electrolyte. Besides, they are designed into a rigid bulk structure that cannot meet the flexible requirement in the modern electronics. Herein, for the first time, a new family of fiber-shaped lithium-air batteries with high electrochemical performances and flexibility has been developed. The battery exhibited a discharge capacity of 12 470 mAh g−1 and could stably work for 100 cycles in air; its electrochemical performances were well maintained under bending and after bending. It was also wearable and formed flexible power textiles for various electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A base–acid hybrid electrolytic system with a low onset voltage of 0.78 V for water electrolysis was developed by using a ceramic Li-ion exchange membrane to separate the oxygen-evolving reaction (OER) in a basic electrolyte solution containing the Li-ion and hydrogen-evolving reaction (HER) in an acidic electrolyte solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A lithium-air fuel cell combined an air cathode in aqueous electrolyte with a metallic lithium anode in organic electrolyte can continuously reduce O2 to provide capacity. Herein, the performance of this hybrid electrolyte based lithium-air fuel cell under the mixed control of alkalinity and temperature have been investigated by means of galvanistatic measurement and the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectra. Electromotive force and inner resistance of the cell decrease with the increase of LiOH concentration in aqueous electrolyte. The values ranged from 0.5 to 1.0M could be the suitable parameters for the LiOH concentration of aqueous electrolyte. Environment temperature exhibited a significant influence on the performance of lithium-air fuel cell. The lithium-air fuel cell can provide a larger power at elevated temperature due to the decrease of all resistance of elements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A lithium-air fuel cell with a new designed cell structure for improved stability is proposed. The cell consists of two subunits: an energy conversion unit that employs a cation exchange membrane and a reaction-product recycling unit that collects/removes LiOH and thus protects the LISICON plate from corrosion under strong alkaline conditions. The aqueous electrolyte recycling system allows the newly structured Li-air fuel cell to attain higher theoretical energy density, and hence potential application as an alternative energy source for transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In present work, we report a new type rechargeable lithium battery, in which a Cu-cathode in aqueous electrolyte and a Li-anode in non-aqueous electrolyte are united together by a lithium super-ionic conductor glass film (LISICON) through which only lithium-ions can pass. During the charge–discharge process, combining with the dissolution–deposition of metallic Cu (or Li) electrode, lithium ions transfer between aqueous electrolyte solution and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. In Li–Cu system, for the first time, the dissolution/deposition process of metallic Cu was used as cathode reaction to replace the Li-insertion/extraction reaction within conventional lithium-ion battery. The Cu-cathode is renewable, and displays a high capacity. The concept of Li–Cu system may provide a new direction for future lithium batteries study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A conventional design of each rechargeable lithium-ion battery contains a cathode and an anode with an electrolyte that transfers Li-ions inside the battery. Following this, the hybrid electrolyte system was further extended to a series of prototype batteries, such as Li-air, Li-S, Li-Cu metal, Li-AgO and Li-redox flow batteries, et al. [[3]]. Benefitting from the segregated hybrid electrolytes, electrode reactions in the cathode and anode are not interacted, ensuring the feasibility of oxygen redox reaction in aqueous catholyte and the high energy density from Li-metal anode. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study on the redox mediator which act as electron-hole transfer agent for rechargeable lithium-air (Li-O2) battery. It says that Peter Bruce and colleagues describe a solution oxidation reaction through the introduction of redox mediator as an electron-hole transfer agent. It states that the redox mediator help oxidation of solid Li-O2 and it is molecule dissolved in electrolyte. It adds that the researchers constructed O2 with the use of one million lithium hypochlorite (LiClO) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Based on an acidic–alkaline double electrolyte, we designed and fabricated a novel Zn/KMnO4 aqueous cell with a high operating voltage of 2.8 V. The theoretical energy density of this aqueous cell is even compatible with organic electrolyte-based lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper-catalyzed O2reduction in aqueous electrolyte and the Li-anode in organic electrolyte were united together by a ceramic Li-ions exchange film to form a lithium–air fuel cell. The achieved results demonstrate the cycle between Cu and Cu2O can be used to catalyze O2electrochemical reduction based on the copper-corrosion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper-catalyzed O2reduction in aqueous electrolyte and the Li-anode in organic electrolyte were united together by a ceramic Li-ions exchange film to form a lithium–air fuel cell. The achieved results demonstrate the cycle between Cu and Cu2O can be used to catalyze O2electrochemical reduction based on the copper-corrosion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cycling stability of spinel LiMn 2 O 4 with different particle sizes, varying from nano to micrometer scales, was studied in aqueous electrolyte at both room-temperature (25 °C) and elevated temperature (60 °C). The electrochemical test results indicate that LiMn 2 O 4 exhibits almost same good cycling stability and rate capability at room temperature despite of the particle size, while it shows significant difference at the elevated temperature: LiMn 2 O 4 with large particle size shows much better cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 93% after 50 cycles, while the sample with smaller particle size shows poorer cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 78%. Mn dissolution and thus leading to the electrode polarization which is mainly responsible for the capacity fading during cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The hydrogel electrolyte ink for 3D printing is proposed. • The hydrogel electrolyte ink has good rheological properties. • Printing inks for various dimensional patterns and structural models is realized. • Hydrogel electrolyte exhibits good electrochemical and mechanical properties. • Flexible zinc ion micro-batteries achieve a high area capacity of 6.45 mAh cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2. Hydrogel electrolytes have wide applications in flexible zinc ion micro-batteries (FZIMBs) due to their excellent mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and ionic conductivity. However, traditional templating methods are limited to fabricating two-dimensional and simple three-dimensional structures, making them insufficient for preparing complex structures in FZIMBs. Here, we report a printable hydrogel electrolyte ink with excellent rheological properties. By utilizing 3D printing technology, we achieve the preparation of a custom-shaped, double-network crosslinked polyacrylamide-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose hydrogel electrolyte (PHHE). The PHHE exhibits high ionic conductivity (31.72 mS cm−1), good cycling stability, and mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, we constructed FZIMBs with high areal capacities (6.45 mAh cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2) and good mechanical flexibility by leveraging PHHE and 3D printing technology. Integrating FZIMBs with a pressure sensing component, we establish a sensing interaction system, demonstrating practical applications of flexible wearable devices. This work presents a novel method for the preparation of customized hydrogel electrolytes and highlights the significant potential of FZIMBs in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Aqueous Na-ion batteries have been extensively studied for large-scale energy storage systems. However, their wide application is still limited by their inferior cycle stability (<3000 cycles) and poor temperature tolerance. Furthermore, many of the reported high rate behaviors are achieved at a low mass loading (<3 mg cm−2) of the electrodes. Herein, we propose an aqueous Na-ion battery which includes a Ni-based Prussian blue (NiHCF) cathode, a carbonyl-based organic compound, 5,7,12,14-pentacenetetrone (PT) anode and a "water-in-salt" electrolyte (17 mol kg−1 NaClO 4 in water). Its operation involves the reversible coordination reaction of the PT anode and the extraction/insertion of Na+ in the NiHCF cathode. It is demonstrated that the wide internal spaces of the PT anode and NiHCF cathode can not only buffer the volumetric change induced by Na+ storage, but also enable fast kinetics. The full cell exhibits a supercapacitor-like rate performance of 50 A g−1 (corresponding to a discharge or charge within 6.3 s) and a super-long lifespan of 15,000 cycles. Moreover, the excellent rate performance can still be preserved even with a high mass loading of the electrodes (15 mg NiHCF cm−2 and 8 mg PT cm−2). Especially, the cell can work well in a wide temperature range, from −40 to 100 °C, showing a typical all-climate operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An electrochemical route from Ti metal plate in KOH and Ba(OH)2 electrolyte at room temperature is first established for the synthesis of BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Anodic sparks play a key role, and KOH concentration is one of the most significant factors which affect the appearance of anodic sparks in this method. XRD patterns show that the powder obtained in our study is a pure perovskite phase BaTiO3 with a cubic structure, whose size and morphology are subsequently studied by TEM. The mean diameter of the particles is 13.8nm and the standard deviation (S.D.) fitted is 6.26nm. It is also found that the mean size of the obtained nanoparticles increase from 13.8nm to 168.0nm, when 60vol.% absolute ethanol is replaced by distilled water as the solvent of the electrolyte. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A mid-temperature coal tar pitch (CP) was extracted by pyridine and heat-treated to obtain a mesophase coal tar pitch (MCP). The microstructures of refined coal tar pitch (RCP) and MCP were observed, and the properties of MCP were improved by electrochemical hydrogenation. Electrolytic systems, such as electrolytic cells, electrolytic solvents, supporting electrolytes, and cathode materials, used for electrochemical hydrogenation of MCP are discussed. The results showed that the hydrogen content (H%) and ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) of hydrogenated MCP (HMCP) were increased, and the softening point (SP) was decreased in comparison with untreated MCP. IR and 1H-NMR spectra established that –CH3 and –CH2 had appeared in HMCP, and the ratio of aromatic hydrogen to aliphatic hydrogen of HMCP was decreased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • The morphology–property relationship of SPAN is established. • The SPAN with large fragments in ether electrolyte triggers polysulfide shuttling. • The soluble polysulfides may generate from SPAN by breaking −S−S x −S− bonds. • The disproportion reaction of Li 2 S with −S x − clusters also produces polysulfides. • The rearrangement of SPAN is rationally utilized to prompt its reaction kinetics. Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is one of the most promising cathode materials with high energy density. However, irreversible shuttling effect is easily triggered by formation of soluble polysulfides (Li 2 S n , 2< n ≤8) in ether electrolytes. The major challenge relies in the control of molecular rearrangement of SPAN to avoid spontaneous generation of Li 2 S n. This work reveals the morphological and structural roles that responsible for the compatibility of SPAN with ether electrolytes. Besides the length of the covalently bonded –S x – chains in the pyrolyzed PAN backbone, the protection of SPAN fragments from robust interactions with solvents enables a stable cycling of electrodes. The freestanding SPAN cathode with a continuous fibrous network exhibits a much higher electrochemical stability than its powder counterparts. The single-phase solid-solid reaction of SPAN with Li+ can be realized with Li 2 S as the sole discharge product. Nevertheless, the reversible reaction is kinetically dominated by the activation of the produced Li 2 S. The recharge ability and rate capability can be improved by rationally controlling the molecular rearrangement of SPAN. The trace amount of in-situ generated Li 2 S n acting as a chemical mediator can promote the reversible decomposition of Li 2 S, offering a new insight into cathode design of Li–S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pre-intercalated polypyrrole prevents interlayer structure collapse. • Optimized electrolyte inhibits formation of by-product. • The battery shows high performance in wide temperature range from −40 °C and 120 °C. Vanadium based oxides have gained extensive attention for cathode of Zn2+ batteries because of their open framework and high theoretical capacity. However, their cycle life is still restricted by vanadium dissolution, structure collapse and interface side reaction. Herein, we rationally designed conductive polypyrrole (PPy) intercalated V 2 O 5 (PPy-V 2 O 5) cathode material and 5m NaClO 4 + 1m Zn(CF 3 SO 3) 2 electrolyte to address above issues at the same time. The introduced PPy can prevent structure collapse, while the 5m NaClO 4 + 1m Zn(CF 3 SO 3) 2 electrolyte can inhibit the dissolution and interface side reaction of PPy-V 2 O 5. Therefore, the Zn//PPy-V 2 O 5 battery exerts a high reversible capacity of 450.6 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, and excellent capacity retention of 90.0% at 10 A g−1 after 8500 cycles. Remarkably, the modifications on both cathode and electrolyte bring great high and low-temperature performance, maintaining 90.9% capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 under −40 °C, and working smoothly and safely up to 120 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An all-solid-state battery was fabricated by using a PEO-base solid polymer as electrolyte and an organic material anthraquinone (AQ) as cathode. The anthraquinone delivers a specific discharge capacity of 183 mAh g − 1 at first cycle at current density of 20 mA g − 1 at 65 °C. The use of solid polymer electrolyte reduces the dissolution of organic active material greatly, improving the cycle performance of the battery. Therefore, the all-solid-state battery delivers a better cycling property. It can still retain a capacity of 136 mAh g − 1 after 50 cycles, corresponding to a capacity retention of 74%, while capacity retention of the cell using liquid electrolyte was only 28% after 20 cycles. The all-solid-state battery shows more stable interfacial resistance during charge–discharge process. It displays good rate ability and a better thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]