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In this article, we study human electromagnetic exposure to the radiation of an ultra dense network of nodes integrated in a floor denoted as ATTO-cell floor, or ATTO-floor. ATTO-cells are a prospective 5 G wireless networking technology, in which humans are exposed by several interfering sources. To numerically estimate this exposure we propose a statistical approach based on a set of finite difference time domain simulations. It accounts for variations of antenna phases and makes use of a large number of exposure evaluations, based on a relatively low number of required simulations. The exposure was expressed in peak-spatial 10-g SAR average (psSAR10g). The results show an average exposure level of ~4.9 mW/kg and reaching 7.6 mW/kg in 5% of cases. The maximum psSAR10g value found in the studied numerical setup equals around 21.2 mW/kg. Influence of the simulated ATTO-floor size on the resulting exposure was examined. All obtained exposure levels are far below 4 W/kg ICNIRP basic restriction for general public in limbs (and 20 W/kg basic restriction for occupational exposure), which makes ATTO-floor a potential low-exposure 5 G candidate., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Amethod for accurate determination of electromagnetic fields around the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) base stations (BSs) is developed in this paper. The influence of the characteristics of the WiMAX signal on the settings and parameters of the spectrum analyzer (SA) used for exposure assessment is investigated. Optimal settings of the SA are proposed, and the results obtained using simulations and measurements agree very well. A practical application in the neighborhood of a WiMAX BS is performed. The obtained electric field values correspond very well for the different settings and are compared with the reference levels for the general public and those for occupational exposure. The results of this paper can be used for practical measurement procedures of the exposure due to WiMAX signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the characteristics of the WiMAX signal on the settings and parameters of the spectrum analyzer used for exposure assessment is investigated in this paper. Optimal settings of the spectrum analyzer are proposed for accurate determination of electromagnetic exposure around WiMAX base stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the exposure around a base station, the frequency-selective electromagnetic field measurement with a spectrum analyzer and antenna is the most appropriate method. In this paper, a theoretical model for the wideband code division multiaccess signal, which is measured by a spectrum analyzer, is extended to the measurement of the signal used in the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), where the transmitted signal is subject to power control. The developed model is successfully validated by measurements. It is shown that the presence of power control has important implications on the achievable accuracy of the measurements. Based on the developed model, the optimal settings of the spectrum analyzer are proposed for the exposure assessment around UMTS base stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction factor dependent upon frequency, type of phantom, and incident polarization, which should be applied to the measured specific absorption rate is proposed for homogeneous phantoms. It is shown for an application of occupational exposure in the neighborhood of a base station antenna that this correction factor not underestimates realistic exposure of workers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 652–655, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22249 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disturbance caused by a measurement probe close to a ground plane is characterized. A trade-off must be made between disturbance and sensitivity. An optimal probe for electromagnetic exposure measurements above a ground plane in the neighborhood of a base station antenna is selected. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1610–1613, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21694 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of frequency-selective measurements for the assessment of the worst-case exposure to electromagnetic fields radiated by GSM base stations is widely accepted to check the compliance with the existing regulations when multiple frequency sources are present. In this paper, the influence of different settings of the spectrum analyzer (resolution bandwidth, sweep rate, and detector) on the accuracy of power measurements has been studied with simulations by using a simple model for the spectrum analyzer and the global system for mobile communications (GSM) signal. The effect of adjacent frequency channels, time modulated signals, and down link power control have been investigated. Based on the obtained simulation results, optimal spectrum analyzer settings have been proposed for the exposure assessment around GSM base stations. As a final result, the accuracy of the proposed optimal settings for the spectrum analyzer has been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]