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A stochastic model is developed by assuming the human (operator) redundancy in cold standby. For constructing this model, one unit is taken as electronic system which consists of hardware and software components and another unit is operator (human being). The system can be failed due to hardware failure, software failure and human failure. The failed hardware component goes under repair immediately and software goes for upgradation. The operator is subjected to failure during the manual operation. There are two separate service facilities in which one repairs/upgrades the hardware/software component of the electronic system and other gives the treatment to operator. The failure rates of components and operator are considered as constant. The repair rates of hardware/software components and human treatment rate follow arbitrary distributions with different pdfs. The state transition diagram and transition probabilities of the model are constructed by using the concepts of semi-Markov process (SMP) and regenerative point technique (RPT). These same concepts have been used for deriving the expressions (in steady state) for reliability measures or indices. The behavior of some important measures has been shown graphically by taking the particular values of the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Developmental Social Work is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of robust circuit structures remains a pivotal milestone in electronic device research. This article proposes an integrated hardware–software system designed for the acquisition, processing, and analysis of surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals. The system analyzes sEMG signals to understand muscle function and neuromuscular control, employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for pattern recognition. The electrical signals analyzed on healthy and unhealthy subjects are acquired using a meticulously developed integrated circuit system featuring biopotential acquisition electrodes. The signals captured in the database are extracted, classified, and interpreted by the application of CNNs with the aim of identifying patterns indicative of neuromuscular problems. By leveraging advanced learning techniques, the proposed method addresses the non-stationary nature of sEMG recordings and mitigates cross-talk effects commonly observed in electrical interference patterns captured by surface sensors. The integration of an AI algorithm with the signal acquisition device enhances the qualitative outcomes by eliminating redundant information. CNNs reveals their effectiveness in accurately deciphering complex data patterns from sEMG signals, identifying subjects with neuromuscular problems with high precision. This paper contributes to the landscape of biomedical research, advocating for the integration of advanced computational techniques to unravel complex physiological phenomena and enhance the utility of sEMG signal analysis.

Copyright of Economic Series of the Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov ENU is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A sensor-based automatic watering unit was developed to irrigate the paddy seedling trays. The watering unit comprised six flat spray nozzles with a direct current (DC) water pump and flow sensor, and these were kept at the top of the conveyor frame, which was actuated by a DC water pump with a solenoid valve to drop the water in trays. The actuation of the DC solenoid valve was controlled by a limit switch fitted to the conveyor frame, which sensed the moving trays on the conveyor. The performance of the developed unit was evaluated, and process optimization was performed using the Inscribed Central Composite Design in Response Surface Methodology. The effect of main operating parameters- chain conveyor speed (0.123, 0.196, and 0.27 m/s), spray operating pressure (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kg/cm2), and spray height (10,30 and 50 cm) on the performance of the sensor-based automatic watering unit was studied in terms of the amount of water spray requirement and coefficient of water spray uniformity in trays. The responses of the unit at its optimal parameter operation (spray operating pressure 4.5 kg/cm2, spray height 10 cm, and chain conveyor speed 0.14 m/s) were found to be 1.31 L/tray as the amount of water spray requirement and 92.41 % as the coefficient of water spray uniformity of the unit. Hence, it can be an efficient substitute with significantly less power consumption 41 W with a higher working capacity of 780 trays/h for watering into the paddy tray nursery. The developed sensor-based automatic smart watering unit saves irrigation water per square area of 68.90 %, 76.13 %, and 82.31 % compared to existing drip, sprinkler, and flood irrigation methods in mat-type paddy nurseries. The developed sensor-based automatic smart watering unit saves the watering cost INR 11,567.16 (140.02 USD) per hectare, reducing cost by 63.7 % compared to manual watering in the mat-type nursery preparation. Thus, an automatic smart watering unit in a paddy tray nursery offers consistent and uniform watering from an Indian perspective, promoting uniform germination, crop growth, and establishment. It conserves water by ensuring the right amount of water is applied at the right time, avoiding overwatering or under-watering.

The research aimed to enhance the accuracy of setting and spiking skills among the players of the University of Baghdad's volleyball team for the academic year (2022-2023) through a visual stimuli system designed by the researcher. The system works to develop the accuracy of two skills simultaneously during the operation of the system, through the accuracy of setting on an electronic board that contains numbers. Based on this, the setter prepares for the required position according to the number displayed on the board. The system also works to enhance the accuracy of spikes through lights that operate simultaneously with the numbers and within the opponent's area. Based on the location of the light that illuminates the area, the player performs a spike (either straight or diagonal) onto the illuminated area, according to the type of stimulus. This integrated approach not only improves the precision of spiking skills but also provides realistic game scenarios, enhancing training effectiveness. The researcher intentionally employed the experimental method for a single group with both pre-test and post-test. The research population and sample comprised players from the university volleyball team for the 2022/2023 season, who were students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totaling 18 players. The research sample was intentionally selected, excluding the libero players, of whom there were 2. In addition to excluding the two players involved in the pilot experiment, the sample size was thus (14) players, representing (77.778%) of this population. Following the procedural steps, statistical analyses, and verification of scientific principles and parameters, the researcher arrived at the final form of the study. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS system to derive conclusions and applications aimed at improving the spatial accuracy of both researched skills based on their correlation with enhancing performance and motor control in the specific parts of each skill. The educational tool helped to define this free activity within the parameters of correct performance through the lighting controlled by the coach to direct the players' tasks and increase their attention in each part of the performance. This approach also catered to the detailed nuances required to showcase them along with proper skillful performance. Thus, the role of visual stimuli exercises is to facilitate the precise direction of the ball to the designated location through control and manipulation, by accelerating cognitive processes for players and enhancing their effectiveness. On the one hand, they support the motor pathway of the required skillful behavior and guide it, while also accelerating cognitive processes, or more precisely, increasing their effectiveness in organized training without exaggeration in the training environment. The researcher concluded that exercises involving visual stimuli within an innovative electronic system aid in enhancing the accuracy of the setting skill and improving the accuracy of the spiking skill in volleyball among the players of the University of Baghdad team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the institutional and operational dimensions of performance management of the Government Agency Performance Accountability System (SAKIP) of Higher Education. Empirically, the strengthening of both dimensions in higher education performance management includes, 1) Institutional guarantees stably through commitment, legitimacy, and digital leadership. 2) Operational systems through planning, measurement, and internal reporting and evaluation. To achieve the objectives of this research qualitative descriptive method was used. This research method is used to reveal the problems of higher education performance management. This research was conducted at Gorontalo State University (UNG). The informants of this research include elements of leadership, management team, lecturers, and education personnel who are directly involved and influenced by decision-making. Data collection was carried out by interview, observation, and documentation which were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman data analysis technique. The research findings show that performance management at UNG can be seen fundamentally and in a more macro perspective by, 1) The legality of providing internal policies as guidelines in carrying out university performance in a stable manner. 2) Information technology support through an integrated system of information systems in supporting the operational mechanism of higher education performance data management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the main provisions for studying systems of monitoring the implementation of framework CIS international documents in the domain of research, engineering, and innovation as part of taking steps determined by the Plan of Implementing the CIS Economic Development Strategy for the Period Up to 2030. A brief formulation is provided of the main works by VINITI RAS related to the creation of electronic systems for monitoring the implementation of the CIS documents on the CIS web portal as a tool for managing this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents a developed and implemented innovative system for electronic health care and prevention, using a complex assessment of momentary disturbances in the electrocardiographic signals, and through reasonable modeling and quantitative digital analyzes to diagnose people after physical, emotional or rehabilitation stress. The priorities of e-health and its main structures are discussed, as well as an analysis of the systemic characteristics of e-health and services. Adapted methods for the evaluation of electrocardiographic signals are proposed, which are statistically studied and applicable in practice for prevention. The developed innovative system for electronic health care and prevention through the analysis of electrocardiographic signals provides quantitative and qualitative assessments of the current state of the heart system in prevention for the purpose of health safety during exercise and training. The electronic health system has been implemented at the University of Ruse in the training of midwives, nurses and electronics engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to enhance the accuracy of setting and spiking skills among the players of the University of Baghdad's volleyball team for the academic year (2022-2023) through a visual stimuli system designed by the researcher. The system works to develop the accuracy of two skills simultaneously during the operation of the system, through the accuracy of setting on an electronic board that contains numbers. Based on this, the setter prepares for the required position according to the number displayed on the board. The system also works to enhance the accuracy of spikes through lights that operate simultaneously with the numbers and within the opponent's area. Based on the location of the light that illuminates the area, the player performs a spike (either straight or diagonal) onto the illuminated area, according to the type of stimulus. This integrated approach not only improves the precision of spiking skills but also provides realistic game scenarios, enhancing training effectiveness. The researcher intentionally employed the experimental method for a single group with both pre-test and post-test. The research population and sample comprised players from the university volleyball team for the 2022/2023 season, who were students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, totalling 18 players. The research sample was intentionally selected, excluding the libero players, of whom there were 2. In addition to excluding the two players involved in the pilot experiment, the sample size was thus (14) players, representing (77.778%) of this population. Following the procedural steps, statistical analyses, and verification of scientific principles and parameters, the researcher arrived at the final form of the study. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS system to derive conclusions and applications aimed at improving the spatial accuracy of both researched skills based on their correlation with enhancing performance and motor control in the specific parts of each skill. The educational tool helped to define this free activity within the parameters of correct performance through the lighting controlled by the coach to direct the players' tasks and increase their attention in each part of the performance. This approach also catered to the detailed nuances required to showcase them along with proper skillful performance. Thus, the role of visual stimuli exercises is to facilitate the precise direction of the ball to the designated location through control and manipulation, by accelerating cognitive processes for players and enhancing their effectiveness. On the one hand, they support the motor pathway of the required skillful behaviour and guide it, while also accelerating cognitive processes, or more precisely, increasing their effectiveness in organized training without exaggeration in the training environment. The researcher concluded that exercises involving visual stimuli within an innovative electronic system aid in enhancing the accuracy of the setting skill and improving the accuracy of the spiking skill in volleyball among the players of the University of Baghdad team.

On entering the digital era, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency introduced electronic land services, including electronic mortgage rights. To facilitate investment needs by applying for bank loans and to improve mortgage rights services in meeting the principles of transparency, timeliness, speed, convenience, effectiveness, and efficiency. This research aims to describe and analyze the arrangement of electronic mortgage rights system services, and the advantages and disadvantages faced by the organizers and users of the electronic mortgage rights system services. The type of research used is descriptive normative legal research. Secondary data were analyzed qualitatively. For the conclusion deductive logic was used. The research results showed that the types of services in the electronic mortgage rights system include registration of mortgage rights, transfer of mortgage rights, change of creditor name, and cancellation of liability electronically integrated mortgage rights service mechanisms. The land deed officials, creditors, and the land office experienced problems while registering mortgage rights in the electronic system. There are advantages and disadvantages to an electronic mortgage rights system. There are unclear settings. It is proposed that the rules regarding electronic mortgage rights must be revised regarding the improvement period for electronic mortgage rights applications. The provisions of Article 10 paragraph (3) of the Mortgage Rights Law cannot be implemented because the Electronic Mortgage Rights are based on land data that has been legalized and registered with the local land office. The provisions of Article 10 paragraph (3) of the Mortgage Rights Law must accommodate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 6 Jan 22 to 17 Feb 22, a total of 729,367 close contacts classified into four distinct groups (i.e., household, social, school and nursing/ welfare home contacts) were managed by the Health Risk Warning system. High COVID-19-positive rates were demonstrated amongst household contacts, i.e., 10.9% (37,220/342,302) were detected via antigen rapid test kits and 56.5% (4,952/8,767) were detected via polymerase chain reaction testing. Household contacts represent the highest risk of being infected by virtue of the sustained close-proximity interactions in the household setting. Social, school and nursing/ welfare home contacts continue to remain at-risk groups for close monitoring. At a population level, household and symptomatic close contacts should be the groups of focus in the early phases of the pandemic, including future potential waves involving COVID-19 variants of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the topic of the digitalization of the pension systems in the People’s Republic of China, the spread of the new social authentication methods and the new pension payment confirmation system in the country. The population ageing problem is forcing the government of the People’s Republic of China to develop new methods of social support for the retired citizens. The article deals with the problems of pension payment confirmation for the Chinese, who are currently abroad, as well as the methods of solving the issue. Special attention is paid to the problem of pension authentication through overseas Chinese multifunctional centers (MFC). The article studies the main positive and negative aspects of “traditional” and “new” methods of pension authentication.

AbstractThe power take-off (PTO) torque measuring system was designed, which includes a torque transducer and a digital wireless system to receive, process, and display the observed PTO torque. A dynamic PTO torque transducer was developed using strain gauges to fit in between the PTO shaft of the tractor and the universal shaft of the implement and simulated using SolidWorks software with 1000 Nm twisting moment along with 100 N load. To transmit torque signals from the revolving PTO shaft, an embedded system was developed. The embedded system was tested in the laboratory and under actual field conditions. The digital wireless embedded system comprised an amplifier cum analog to digital converter to amplify the received signal from the torque transducer and convert it into a digital value. A microcontroller processes the digital value given by the amplifier, and radio frequency (RF) receiver module was mounted on the Xbee explorer to receive the transmitted data from the RF module of signal processing and transmitter unit. The developed system was tested under field conditions, and data were compared with the existing commercial torque transducer. The results showed that the relative deviation between the observed mean PTO torque values obtained from the developed torque transducer and that from the existing torque transducer was 8.57% and 9.06% at 2.5 km/h and 3.5 km/h, respectively.

Copyright of Jurist-Diction is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advantages and prospects are considered of using an electronic system for spatial measurement of air motion parameters having a fixed incoming flow receiver and ultrasonic instrumentation channels with frequency primary informative signals and a built-in computer on various aviation equipment and small-sized aircraft. Analytical models were developed, the calculation and analysis of instrumental and methodic errors of the instrumentation channels of the electronic system under consideration was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an electronic system was built to determine the mass and volume of orange fruits from their dimensions using ultrasonic sensors. The system hardware parts include a metal box, three ultrasonic sensors, a load-cell sensor, an Arduino board, a memory card module, a voltage converter, a keypad, a display and a power adapter. A computer program was written to obtain data from ultrasonic sensors and determine the mass and volume of fruits using regression relationships in Arduino software. 100 samples of orange fruits (Dezful local variety) were picked randomly from a garden and various measurements were done to determine the main physical properties of fruits including three dimensions, mass (M), and volume (V). The system output values for mass and volume of orange fruits with their actual values had no significant difference at 1% probability level. The root mean square error (RMSE) in determining the oranges mass and volume by the system were 9.02 g and 10.90 cm3, respectively. In general, the proposed system performance was acceptable and it can be used for determining the mass and volume of orange fruits.

In the world, there is currently an inefficiency at the level of food safety, in 2020 in Colombia there were 268 outbreaks of ETA'S (Foodborne diseases) involving 3079 sick people. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, 600 million people got sick of which 420.000 died from this cause which generates different outbreaks of ETA'S [1]. This project aims to design a prototype which can preserve food safety focused on food at the time of being distributed to the final consumer, based on a traction system exerted by a conveyor belt through a hermetic box using an electronic system to drive spray lines completing the process in a drying line, thus obtaining a safer food at the time of ingestion, a saving of 70% water is achieved compared to previous prototypes used for the same purpose.

Copyright of Visión Electrónica is the property of Fondo de Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The power take-off (PTO) torque measuring system was designed, which includes a torque transducer and a digital wireless system to receive, process, and display the observed PTO torque. A dynamic PTO torque transducer was developed using strain gauges to fit in between the PTO shaft of the tractor and the universal shaft of the implement and simulated using SolidWorks software with 1000 Nm twisting moment along with 100 N load. To transmit torque signals from the revolving PTO shaft, an embedded system was developed. The embedded system was tested in the laboratory and under actual field conditions. The digital wireless embedded system comprised an amplifier cum analog to digital converter to amplify the received signal from the torque transducer and convert it into a digital value. A microcontroller processes the digital value given by the amplifier, and radio frequency (RF) receiver module was mounted on the Xbee explorer to receive the transmitted data from the RF module of signal processing and transmitter unit. The developed system was tested under field conditions, and data were compared with the existing commercial torque transducer. The results showed that the relative deviation between the observed mean PTO torque values obtained from the developed torque transducer and that from the existing torque transducer was 8.57% and 9.06% at 2.5 km/h and 3.5 km/h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, Humanities & Management Sciences is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, an electronic system was built to determine the mass and volume of orange fruits from their dimensions using ultrasonic sensors. The system hardware parts include a metal box, three ultrasonic sensors, a load-cell sensor, an Arduino board, a memory card module, a voltage converter, a keypad, a display and a power adapter. A computer program was written to obtain data from ultrasonic sensors and determine the mass and volume of fruits using regression relationships in Arduino software. 100 samples of orange fruits (Dezful local variety) were picked randomly from a garden and various measurements were done to determine the main physical properties of fruits including three dimensions, mass (M), and volume (V). The system output values for mass and volume of orange fruits with their actual values had no significant difference at 1% probability level. The root mean square error (RMSE) in determining the oranges mass and volume by the system were 9.02 g and 10.90 cm³, respectively. In general, the proposed system performance was acceptable and it can be used for determining the mass and volume of orange fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation of electronic taxation systems helps every company to be able to control, verify and simplify its tax operations. It allows them to manage all their obligations in a faster and more efficient way. In this study, we aim to deduce from the accountants' perspective, what attitudes, practices and compliance with tax obligations are being carried out as a result of the implementation of electronic invoicing. Likewise, to note the benefits it has brought to Micro and Small Enterprises during COVID-19 in Peru. Methods: We used methods of applied research with a quantitative and non-experimental approach. The sample consisted of 384 accountants who manage taxation in their respective companies in Metropolitan Lima, to whom a questionnaire was applied as a data collection instrument. Results: The study sample believes that the use of an electronic issuance system can help combat tax evasion (9.6%), cumbersome tax audits (38.8%), informality (9.4%), falsification of payment vouchers (8.9%), loss and deterioration of payment vouchers (9.1%) and informality (8.3%). They also consider, in their opinion, that the use of the electronic tax system has greatly facilitated the taxation processes (96.6%), generated a reduction in costs (96.4%), reduced the use or consumption of paper (96.9%) and streamlined the administrative and accounting operations (97.4%) of the MSEs Conclusions: It is evident that the sample is in favour of the implementation with an electronic tax system in their business. This new system would be a promising means to help businesses voluntarily comply with their tax obligations. In turn, it generates a positive effect on tax collection and compliance levels.

Introduction The cereal combine harvester is one of the agricultural machines that works in difficult conditions and its parts are constantly under various static and dynamic loads. For the optimal design of vehicle parts, types and values of loads applied to them must be determined correctly. The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate an electronic system that could instantly measure and store the amount of vertical load exerted on the rear axle of grain combine harvester in various conditions to be used in the design and optimization of the axle.Materials and Methods Main components of the designed system included a steel coupling, a disc loadcell (H2F-C2-10t ZEMIC model), an electronic board for amplifying loadcell output voltage, a data logger (AdvanTech DAQ Navi model), a 12-volt battery, and a laptop. A special steel coupling was designed in CATIA software for connecting the loadcell to the axle. The loadcell was placed between the coupling plates and then the coupling was installed on the center point of the rear axle of a JD 955 combine harvester. A standard tensile-compression testing machine (Cantam STM-150) was used to calibrate the loadcell. The relationship between the input load and the loadcell output voltage was linear and had a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9991). In the static test, the vertical load exerted on the axle was recorded by the electronic system while the combine was stopped and the combine engine was in ON/OFF modes. In the dynamic test, the combine was driven in three positions including asphalt road, dirt road, and wheat field at three different forward speeds, and loads on the rear axle were recorded by the electronic system. Finally, the data obtained from the tests were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications in Excel and SPSS software.Results and Discussion The average static loads on the combine rear axle in ON and OFF modes were 14.908 and 14.905 kN, respectively. The results of the Student's t-test of paired samples to compare the values of axle vertical loads in two modes of static load measurement showed that there is no significant difference between the axle loads in ON and OFF mode of the engine at 1% probability level. The average vertical loads on the rear axle of the combine were equal to 15.20, 15.27, and 15.28 kN, while driving on asphalt roads at speeds of 10, 15, and 20 km h-1 respectively. These values were equal to 17.57, 17.99, and 18.15 kN, while driving on the dirt road at speeds of 2, 4, and 6 km h-1 respectively, and they were equal to 16.47, 18.01, and 17.78 kN when harvesting wheat in the field at speeds of 3, 4, and 5 km h-1 respectively. The average load applied on the axle in the turning path was more than the load applied in the straight path, which indicates load transfer to the rear axle during turning. The effect of forward speed and path type on the amount of axle load was significant at a 1% probability level, but their interaction was not significant. Therefore, the critical conditions for applying load on the rear axle of combine harvester are occurred while combine turns with high forward speed, and the design of the axle should be based on these conditions. The maximum load on the axle was obtained equal to 50 kN on the dirt road, which was due to the combine movement on a steep uphill at the end of the path.Conclusion Evaluation of the system in different conditions showed that the performance and accuracy of the system are acceptable and the data of this system can be trusted and used to measure the vertical load on the rear axle of the combine. The current rear axle of the JD955 combine harvester looks relatively safe, but at some very rugged elevations, especially steep uphills, it suffers from a lot of stress that may cause damage. So, optimizing the axle such as increasing the thickness of the triangular piece in the middle of axis and using a stronger alloy for the middle areas of the axle are recommended.

Abstract Introduction The Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon is in the process of converting the surveillance reporting from a cumbersome paper-based system to a web-based electronic platform (DHIS-2) to have real-time information for early detection of alerts and outbreaks and for initiating a prompt response. Objectives This paper aimed to document the Lebanese experience in implementing DHIS-2 for the disease surveillance system. It also targets to assess the improvement of reporting rates and timeliness of the reported data and to disclose the encountered challenges and opportunities. Methodology This is a retrospective description of processes involved in the implementation of the DHIS-2 tool in Lebanon. Initially, it was piloted for the school-based surveillance in 2014; then its use was extended in May 2017 to cover other specific surveillance systems. This included all surveillance programs collecting aggregate data from hospitals, medical centers, dispensaries, or laboratories at the first stage. As part of the national roll-out process, the online application was developed. The customized aggregated-based datasets, organization units, user accounts, specific and generic dashboards were generated. More than 80 training sessions were conducted throughout the country targeting 1290 end-users including health officers at the national and provincial levels, focal persons who were working in all public and private hospitals, laboratories, and medical centers as well. Completeness and timeliness of reported data were compared before and after the implementation of DHIS-2. The unveiled challenges and the main lessons learned during the roll-out process were discussed. Results For laboratory-based surveillance, completeness of reporting increased from 70.8% in May to 89.6% in October. Timeliness has improved from 25 to 74%. For medical centers, an improvement of 8.1% for completeness and 9.4% in timeliness was recorded before and after training sessions. For zero reporting, completeness remains the same (88%) and timeliness has improved from 74 to 87%. The main challenges faced during the implementation of DHIS-2 were mainly infrastructural and system-related in addition to poor internet connectivity, limited workforce, and frequent changes to DHIS-2 versions. Conclusion Implementation of DHIS-2 improved timeliness and completeness for aggregated data reporting. Continued on-site support, monitoring, and system enhancement are needed to improve the performance of DHIS-2.

Singapore, like many other nations globally, had to contend with significant caseloads arising from the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper focuses on using technology as an intervention for pandemic management. With scant scientific evidence on effective medications and vaccinations (i.e., pharmaceutical interventions) initially, disease containment strategies predominated during the early phases. Non-pharmaceutical interventions were critical in slowing disease transmission and preventing public healthcare institutions from being overwhelmed. Such interventions could be broadly divided into case-based interventions (e.g., contact tracing and quarantining of close contacts) and population-based measures (e.g., mask use and social distancing). The paper describes Singapore’s experience in the operational implementation of contact-based interventions, and illustrates how harnessing the digital edge enabled fast, accurate, resource-efficient, and flexible execution of ground operations. Singapore applied digital technology and developed an integrated system to facilitate issuance and acknowledgement of quarantine orders, submission of COVID-19 test results, and collection of antigen rapid test kits at the population level. Data was obtained from this proprietary centralised, automated platform. The paper demonstrates how such simple, yet elegant systems could have a direct impact on disease transmission in an outbreak setting and on population health. Moving forward, it is recommended that technology and digital solutions feature prominently in work process designs beyond COVID-19 such as in the management of emerging infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for research of conducted interferences from power devices of the aircraft at the stage of modernization is proposed. The technique makes it possible to identify the ways of propagation and reduction of interference, to evaluate the effectiveness of measures taken to improve the electromagnetic compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous rise of electrical energy demand worldwide has led to many problems related to efficient use of electrical energy, consequently posing difficult challenges to electricity consumers of all levels—from households to large companies' facilities. Most of these challenges could be overcome by the accurate prediction of electricity demand. Additionally, balance responsibility includes the penalty-based financial mechanism causing extra expense for badly estimated consumption, above the allowed imbalance limits. In this paper, a method for electricity consumption prediction based on artificial neural networks is proposed. The electricity consumption dataset is obtained from a cold storage facility, which generates data in hourly intervals. The data obtained are measured for a period of over 2 years and then separated to four seasons, so different models are developed for each season. Five different network structures (ordinary RNN, LSTM, GRU, bidirectional LSTM, bidirectional GRU) for five different values of horizon, i.e., input data (one day, two days, four days, one week, two weeks) are examined. Performance indices, such as mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE), are used in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative comparisons among the obtained models. The results show that the modifications of recurrent neural networks perform much better than ordinary recurrent neural networks. GRU and LSTMB structures with horizons of 168h and 336h are found to have the best performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Narcotic drugs are used as an effective analgesic in diseases such as cancers and malignancies after surgery and addiction treatment. The available data show that the burden of addiction in Iranian society is not decreasing despite several thousand addiction treatment centers in the country. This issue reveals the importance of the proper use of narcotic drugs and the legal and controlled distribution in our society. One of the critical issues in medicine is the discussion of the correct supply of drugs, mainly controlled drugs, and narcotics, which are very prone to consumption and trafficking. Targeted distribution of these drugs can be a big step towards combating drug trafficking and drug abuse in Iran and preventing the illegal market for narcotic analgesics. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution method of analgesic drugs in Iran. Methods: Qualitative method was used to study the distribution system and access to narcotic drugs in Iran. Data analysis was performed by an inductive method and developing models and themes. In the sampling process of experts, up to 40 interviews were conducted in person by the researcher. Results: The main factors affecting the distribution of narcotic drugs in Iran were identified, and solutions for the optimal distribution of these drugs were presented. This study showed the importance and role of regulatory bodies, monitoring system, supply and distribution system, electronic system, and the place of supply of narcotic drugs that have affected the distribution of narcotic drugs in Iran. Conclusion: The problem that can be seen outside the control of the organization's inspectors on the performance of these centers is due to a large number of pharmacies and MMT centers, and this is one of the disorders and obstacles to the principle of monitoring the distribution process within the system. Also, we need to consider the main factors affecting the distribution of narcotic drugs.

Developing an electronic records management system has always been challenging for most organisations, healthcare fraternity not excluded. The paper sought to investigate the landscaping of electronic systems using functional patient records management activities and life cycle. The rationale is to share views and guide organisations that are struggling with providing specifications for a functional records management system. The study used a qualitative approach to apply the literature in supporting the views about landscaping electronic systems by using functional records management activities and life cycle. The study revealed that without consideration of records management activities, the likelihood is that the system may not be properly functional. The best way to landscape an electronic system for records management is to use records management activities and life cycle. This will assist in avoiding critical omissions to ensure that all records management system operational activities are included. The paper is proposing a new way of landscaping the electronic system by using the records management functional activities and life cycle. It also provides a framework to guide the implementers or electronic system developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the containment of fine dust (especially PM 2.5 and PM 10) emitted into the atmosphere is particularly acute, especially in industrialized countries. However, there are particular areas where it is still not adequately considered. One of these is the construction site sector. The aim of this work is to design a flexible, economical, and easy-to-use system, which allows for the detection of the emissions produced in critical circumstances such as the demolition of a building. To this end, a data logger and five customized nodes were designed through a five-step method. The data logger is able to transmit data to a PC, making them available in real time. The study was conducted on a reconstruction site in L'Aquila, Italy, a city severely affected by the earthquake in 2009, for two working days and a public holiday. Even if not presenting substantial critical issues in relation to the latter, the experimental results show that the emissions of PM 2.5 and PM 10 detected during the demolition activity far exceed, in some moments, the threshold values. In fact, peaks as high as about 123 μg/m3 for PM 2.5 and over 1000 μg/m3 for PM 10 have been detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The cereal combine harvester is one of the agricultural machines that works in difficult conditions and its parts are constantly under various static and dynamic loads. For the optimal design of vehicle parts, types and values of loads applied to them must be determined correctly. The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate an electronic system that could instantly measure and store the amount of vertical load exerted on the rear axle of grain combine harvester in various conditions to be used in the design and optimization of the axle. Materials and Methods Main components of the designed system included a steel coupling, a disc loadcell (H2F-C2-10t ZEMIC model), an electronic board for amplifying loadcell output voltage, a data logger (AdvanTech DAQ Navi model), a 12-volt battery, and a laptop. A special steel coupling was designed in CATIA software for connecting the loadcell to the axle. The loadcell was placed between the coupling plates and then the coupling was installed on the center point of the rear axle of a JD 955 combine harvester. A standard tensile-compression testing machine (Cantam STM-150) was used to calibrate the loadcell. The relationship between the input load and the loadcell output voltage was linear and had a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9991). In the static test, the vertical load exerted on the axle was recorded by the electronic system while the combine was stopped and the combine engine was in ON/OFF modes. In the dynamic test, the combine was driven in three positions including asphalt road, dirt road, and wheat field at three different forward speeds, and loads on the rear axle were recorded by the electronic system. Finally, the data obtained from the tests were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications in Excel and SPSS software. Results and Discussion The average static loads on the combine rear axle in ON and OFF modes were 14.908 and 14.905 kN, respectively. The results of the Student's t-test of paired samples to compare the values of axle vertical loads in two modes of static load measurement showed that there is no significant difference between the axle loads in ON and OFF mode of the engine at 1% probability level. The average vertical loads on the rear axle of the combine were equal to 15.20, 15.27, and 15.28 kN, while driving on asphalt roads at speeds of 10, 15, and 20 km h-1 respectively. These values were equal to 17.57, 17.99, and 18.15 kN, while driving on the dirt road at speeds of 2, 4, and 6 km h-1 respectively, and they were equal to 16.47, 18.01, and 17.78 kN when harvesting wheat in the field at speeds of 3, 4, and 5 km h-1 respectively. The average load applied on the axle in the turning path was more than the load applied in the straight path, which indicates load transfer to the rear axle during turning. The effect of forward speed and path type on the amount of axle load was significant at a 1% probability level, but their interaction was not significant. Therefore, the critical conditions for applying load on the rear axle of combine harvester are occurred while combine turns with high forward speed, and the design of the axle should be based on these conditions. The maximum load on the axle was obtained equal to 50 kN on the dirt road, which was due to the combine movement on a steep uphill at the end of the path. Conclusion Evaluation of the system in different conditions showed that the performance and accuracy of the system are acceptable and the data of this system can be trusted and used to measure the vertical load on the rear axle of the combine. The current rear axle of the JD955 combine harvester looks relatively safe, but at some very rugged elevations, especially steep uphills, it suffers from a lot of stress that may cause damage. So, optimizing the axle such as increasing the thickness of the triangular piece in the middle of axis and using a stronger alloy for the middle areas of the axle are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of development of the system of spatial measurement of air parameters of the aircraft motion with improved mass-dimensional and cost characteristics is substantiated. The functional scheme is given, the technique of forming informative signals is revealed as well as analytical models of their processing and spatial determination of the air parameters of the aircraft motion in the measurement channels of the electronic system with one fixed receiver of the incident air flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of communication disorders, augmentative and alternative communication methods are one the options ahead to solve the problems of these people. Since there are no complex tools for Persian-speaking children with communication disorders, we decided to design communication assistant software for these children that produces sound output. Materials and Methods: In the first step, 337 basic Persian words were selected based on an extensive literature review on basic words of Persian-speaking children and consultation with experts. To evaluate the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI), nine speech and language pathologists commented about the appropriateness of the words and 247 words remained. Then, the images of the remaining words were designed by a graphic designer, and, their CVI was evaluated by 6 speech and language pathologists. In the next step, words were audio recorded by an experienced speaker in the studio. Then, a programmer designed the AAC software as a cross-platform software based on the words and their images using the C # programming language. Results: According to Lawshe's model, for nine experts, the words with a CVR value of >0.78 have remained. In addition, the CVI of the final 247 words was 0.95 and the total CVI for images was estimated as 0.8. Conclusion: The results revealed that the designed electronic AAC system has a good content validity for Persian-speaking children with communication disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new electronic system is designed for methane gas laser analyzers using the tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique. This electronic system is presented in such a way that, based on this technique, optical wavelength and stability confirm the power of the laser light source. The proposed design includes current and temperature control circuits, amplifier circuits, and laser sensor circuits. This system leads to the control of laser light power. Due to the high cost of a laser sensor distributed feedback diode (DFB) and the impossibility of purchasing it for the actual implementation of the proposed electronic system, the design and simulation stage of this system was performed in the proteus simulator environment at normal atmospheric temperature and constant control flow conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed new electronic system based on the TDLAS technique detected the amount of leaking methane gas by generating a wavelength of 1653.72 nm related to the DFB laser sensor and displaying it on display during calculation. The test of optical wavelength stability, optical power, and methane gas wavelength generation by the laser sensor in the proteus simulator environment at different distances is excellent and remarkable. These results show that if we buy a laser sensor and build a gas analyzer device, we can achieve perfect results by using the device with the provided technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon is in the process of converting the surveillance reporting from a cumbersome paper-based system to a web-based electronic platform (DHIS-2) to have real-time information for early detection of alerts and outbreaks and for initiating a prompt response.Objectives: This paper aimed to document the Lebanese experience in implementing DHIS-2 for the disease surveillance system. It also targets to assess the improvement of reporting rates and timeliness of the reported data and to disclose the encountered challenges and opportunities.Methodology: This is a retrospective description of processes involved in the implementation of the DHIS-2 tool in Lebanon. Initially, it was piloted for the school-based surveillance in 2014; then its use was extended in May 2017 to cover other specific surveillance systems. This included all surveillance programs collecting aggregate data from hospitals, medical centers, dispensaries, or laboratories at the first stage. As part of the national roll-out process, the online application was developed. The customized aggregated-based datasets, organization units, user accounts, specific and generic dashboards were generated. More than 80 training sessions were conducted throughout the country targeting 1290 end-users including health officers at the national and provincial levels, focal persons who were working in all public and private hospitals, laboratories, and medical centers as well. Completeness and timeliness of reported data were compared before and after the implementation of DHIS-2. The unveiled challenges and the main lessons learned during the roll-out process were discussed.Results: For laboratory-based surveillance, completeness of reporting increased from 70.8% in May to 89.6% in October. Timeliness has improved from 25 to 74%. For medical centers, an improvement of 8.1% for completeness and 9.4% in timeliness was recorded before and after training sessions. For zero reporting, completeness remains the same (88%) and timeliness has improved from 74 to 87%. The main challenges faced during the implementation of DHIS-2 were mainly infrastructural and system-related in addition to poor internet connectivity, limited workforce, and frequent changes to DHIS-2 versions.Conclusion: Implementation of DHIS-2 improved timeliness and completeness for aggregated data reporting. Continued on-site support, monitoring, and system enhancement are needed to improve the performance of DHIS-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]