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Dietary fruits and vegetables play a vital role as food and drugs and are the main sources of antioxidant defences against degenerative diseases, such as brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases, immune system deteriorations, and cancers, brought on by oxidative damage. Phyllanthus emblica is a significant herbal remedy used in conventional medicine to recover lost strength and power. In this research, the potential value of Phyllanthus emblica as a food and drug is researched. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin contents as well as the nutritional value, vitamin C, vitamin E, and mineral contents of different organs of P. emblica were evaluated. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts and fractions of different organs of P. emblica were determined. A total of eleven flavonoids, simple phenolic, tannin-related phenolic, and tannin molecules were isolated from a hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves and fruits. The structures were identified by spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature values as gallic acid (1), naringenin 7-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3,3′-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), 1-O-galloyl glycerol (4), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), flavogallonic acid bislactone (6), corilagin (7), ethyl gallate (8), urolithin M5 (9), (E)-p-coumaroyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (10), and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (11). Among them, compounds 3 and 10 are first isolated from the plant. Molecular docking was performed to investigate the comparative interactions between positive controls (galantamine and donepezil) and selected compounds utilizing acetylcholinesterase (4EY7) as a target receptor. Results exhibited the potency of these compounds against the target receptor. In summary, P. emblica has a wealth of minerals, vitamins C and E, and polyphenolic phytochemicals that may work together to treat infectious disease, prevent and/or treat oxidative-damage-related illnesses including Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new [nilotinins M8‒M10 (1‒3)] and two known [tamarixinin A (4) and gemin D (5)] ellagitannins and seven simple phenolics [gallic acid (6), methyl gallate (7), 3,4-di-O-methylgallic acid (8), ellagic acid (9), 3-O-methylellagic acid (10), methyl ferulate 3-O-sulphate (11), and 7,4′-di-O-methylkaempferol (12)] were isolated from the halophytic plant Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamaricaceae). Their structures were determined based on intensive spectroscopic studies and comparisons with reported data. Compounds 4, and 6–8 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania major. Compounds 4, 6 and 7 showed promising cytotoxic properties against A549 (IC50 29 ± 2.3, 10.5 ± 0.7, and 20.7 ± 1.9 μg/mL), while compounds 4 and 7 showed higher growth-inhibitory effects against L. major promastigotes (IC50 40.5 ± 2.7 and 38.4 ± 2.5 μg/mL), as compared with the standards doxorubicin (IC50 0.42 µg/mL) and miltefosine (IC50 9.43 μg/mL), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ellagitannin monomer, lythracin M (1), and a dimer, lythracin D (2), along with eight known monomers (3 − 10) were isolated from Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae) leaves. Lythracin M (1) is a C -glycosidic ellagitannin with a flavogallonyl dilactone moiety that participates in the creation of a γ-lactone ring with the anomeric carbon of the glucose core. Lythracin D (2) was determined as an atropisomer of the reported lythcarin D. These newly discovered structures (1 and 2) were determined by intensive spectroscopic experiments and by comparing DFT-calculated 1H 1H coupling, 1H NMR chemical shifts, and ECD data with experimental values. The anti-acetylcholinesterase assay of the compounds 1 – 10 revealed that the C-1 ellagitannin epimers [casuarinin (7 ; IC 50 = 34 ± 2 nM) and stachyurin (8 ; IC 50 = 56 ± 3 nM)], and the new dimer (2 ; IC 50 = 61 ± 4 nM) possess enzyme inhibitory effects comparable to the reference drug (donepezil, IC 50 = 44 ± 3 nM). Molecular docking of compounds 1 – 10 with AChE identified the free galloyl moiety as an important pharmacophore in the anticholinesterase activity of tannins. [Display omitted] • Two new (1 and 2) and eight known ellagitannins (3 – 10) were isolated from leaves of L. inermis. • The stereo-structure of 1 was established based on DFT calculations and intensive spectroscopic studies. • The anti-AChE activity of 1 – 10 was evaluated experimentally and by using molecular docking. • The ellagitannins 2 , 7 , and 8 are promising anti-AChE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatographic separation of an aqueous acetone extract of the galls from Tamarix aphylla using gels resulted in isolation of an ellagitannin, phyllagallin M1 ( 13 ), a gallo-ellagitannin, phyllagallin D1 ( 14 ), and four gallotannins, phyllagallin M2 ( 15 ) and phyllagallins D2–D4 ( 16 – 18 ), in addition to four known ellagitannins and three phenolics of lower molecular weight structurally related to hydrolyzable tannins. The structures of the six new tannins were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical data. Among the phenolics, flavogallonic acid dilactone ( 8 ), which is presumed to be biogenetically produced by C–C oxidative coupling of an ellagic acid unit with a galloyl residue, shows an exceptional oxidative pattern of gallic acid residues in plants of the family Tamaricaceae. Although the ellagitannin tamarixellagic acid ( 4 ) was reported to be a constituent of the galls of T. aphylla , such compounds with anomalous location of the DHDG moiety at O-3 on the glucopyranose core have not been observed among the tannins of tamaricaceous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of plant extracts or plant-derived compounds in the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) was researched. Determining the exact metabolite implicated in the formation of NPs would necessitate comprehensive investigations. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are gaining a lot of attention because of their unique properties and effectiveness against a wide range of bacteria and fungi, as well as their potential for usage in catalytic, optical, electrical, and microelectronics applications. In the course of this study, we aimed to formulate CuNPs utilizing pure tamarixinin A (TA) ellagitannin isolated from Tamarix aphylla galls. The main particle size of the formed CuNPs was 44 ± 1.7 nm with zeta potential equal to −23.7 mV, which emphasize the stability of the CuNPs. The X-ray diffraction spectroscopy showed a typical centered cubic crystalline structure phase of copper. Scanning electron microscopy images were found to be relatively spherical and homogeneous in shape. The antimicrobial properties of TA, as well as its mediated CuNPs, have been evaluated through well diffusion assays against four bacterial, Bacillus subtilis NCTC 10400, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and two fungal, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus, strains. The distinctive antimicrobial activities were noted against the fungal strains and the Gram-negative bacterial strains P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. coli ATCC 25922. In conclusion, CuNPs mediated by TA can be applied for combating a wide range of bacterial and fungal species especially C. albicans, Asp. flavus, and P. aeruginosa in a variety of fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation on tannins having antitumor properties led to the isolation of two new C -glycosidic ellagitannins (1 and 2) along with seven known ellagitannins (3 – 9) and a related polyphenolic constituent (10) from Lawsonia inermis leaves. Our intensive HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD spectroscopic studies of new tannins have shown that one (1) has a monomer structure of C -glycosidic tannin, and the other (2) has a dimeric structure of 2,3- O -hexahydroxydiphenoyl glucopyranose and a C -glycosidic tannin. Among the known compounds, one (3) is a C -glycosidic tannin that was isolated first of all from nature, five were C -glycosidic tannins, vescalagin (4), 1- O -methylvescalagin (5), castalagin (6), stachyurin (7), and casuarinin (8), and one was an O- glycosidic ellagitannin, tellimagrandin II (9). The remaining phenolic constituent from the leaves was identified as valoneic acid dilactone (10). The ellagitannins 1 , and 3 – 9 demonstrated noticeable cytotoxicity on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-4, and Ca9–22), and lower effects on human oral normal cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF). Tellimagrandin II (9) had the highest tumor-specific cytotoxicity, and also cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in HSC-2 cells. These findings showed that L. inermis ellagitannins may be a candidate for the production of anti-oral cancer materials. [Display omitted] • Two new (1 and 2), a first isolated from nature (3), and six knowns (4 – 9) ellagitannins, and a related phenolic (10) were isolated from leaves of L. inermis. • The ellagitannins (1 , 3 – 9) exhibited higher cytotoxicity against human oral cancer cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-4, and Ca9–22) than against human normal oral cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF). • Tellimagrandin II (9) induced cleavage of PARP1 in HSC-2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]