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Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of using machine learning methods to identify atypical behavior of bank employees when using e-mail. A feature space is formed that characterizes the behavior of e-mail users. The objects were previously clustered using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) and the fuzzy logic elements. The objects were marked using the inbuilt business rules, and the training sample was formed in the absence of marked data. The most informative features are selected, and a model of classification of e-mail users by the type of their behavior is constructed. A feature space is formed that defines the characteristics of a particular message to identify messages that are the information security incidents. Preliminary data processing was performed by removing the duplicates and encoding the categorical variables. A model of messages classification is constructed. The best combination of the machine learning method and the feature selection algorithm was determined using quality metrics. The constructed models allow specialists of cybersecurity departments of banks to identify employees with abnormal behavior and possibly involved in information leaks. A software tool in Python was developed that makes it easier to identify the final status of a message by partially replacing its manual detection for an automatic one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Sosial Humaniora is the property of Universitas Djuanda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phishing is used to spread malicious software and infect critical infrastructure networks. Since 2000, phishing has been gaining popularity among cybercriminals. One of the first big attempts was made in 2001, when in the chaos after the September 11 attacks, attackers sent their victims e-mails allegedly to verify their identity. The obtained data was used to steal bank data. Email has become one of the reliable means of real-time communication through which a huge number of people and organizations share their messages and data. With the dramatic increase in the number of email users, attackers are using email in a variety of ways to trick users into revealing their credentials. An example of email being used for a phishing attack is the spread of the Petya and NotPety virus in 2017, which originated from a Ukrainian state energy company and is considered part of the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war. The issue of countering phishing attacks in Ukraine and around the world in general remains acute. Internet users are constantly faced with attempts to get hold of their data. Large companies can also become victims, which can endanger the security of the state if a phishing attack is part of a cyber war. The work included an improved algorithm for detecting dangerous e-mails, which differs from the existing ones by a comprehensive approach to analysis using a previously unapplied method in this direction, which made it possible to increase the efficiency of the analysis with a short calculation time. The results of this work can be used to protect information and telecommunication networks from the spread of malicious software and/or data leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication scholars are increasingly concerned about biases that shape people's interactions with science. Past study has focused on echo chambers (cultivating social networks that reinforce existing worldviews). People's facilitation of scientific discourse between strangers also may be shaped by their attitudes. To study the latter, we employed a recent adaptation of Milgram's lost letter technique called the lost e-mail technique (LET). We conducted a preregistered field study using a large undergraduate university sample (N = 1,508) to examine how the LET might elucidate people's treatment of scientific information. We distributed four ostensibly misaddressed scientific messages and monitored the likelihood of these e-mails being facilitated by participants. Participants' beliefs about self-esteem's importance, assessed months earlier, were associated with increased facilitation of scientific claims congruent with (vs. incongruent with) these beliefs. Thus, people shape the spread of online information in a manner matching their beliefs, even for people outside their social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the impact that forms of digital marketing have on the decision of citizens or customers to buy online. It accurately represents the opinion of citizens why they decide to buy and what are elements that they see as crucial when deciding to buy. The research was conducted through an online questionnaire with a random sample of 305 respondents from different territories in Kosovo. The results were analyzed through the SPSS program (v.25). The research results show that the main reasons for using social media are related to obtaining information about products and services, but also for networking, offers, and promotions, entertainment, while the areas they buy the most are in terms of technology, clothing, and accessories, while the purchase of books and work tools has a lower level. The research is based on five stages of the process on which it is considered that buyers rely in advance to buy. Those stages are classified into the need for recognition, information research, evaluation, selection decision, and post-purchase evaluation. According to the results of research conducted through Amos SPSS and correlation, we conclude that e-mail marketing and mobile marketing have a positive correlation with the need for knowledge, information research, evaluation, and purchasing decision, while retargeting is correlated only with information research. and the need for purchase. In this context, we say that marketing models are a very important factor in citizens' decision-making for online shopping, but based on the results of e-mail marketing and mobile marketing plays a positive role in purchasing decision-making. In this context, I recommend that companies be careful in the forms of marketing through e-mail marketing and mobile marketing so that this has an even deeper impact on decision-making, based on the five stages of the process. which is also based on the decision to buy online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is one of the most important aspects of human life. In the recent times, numbers of technologies based on internet have been developed to make the communication as a more reliable and efficient in nature. Out of this numerous applications, E-mail is the most widely used and reliable way to communicate with each other. The existing system is not so effective for blind people. Our proposed system has enabled the Blind people to send and receive voice based e-Mail messages. The python script is used to design the system. The system uses python libraries like tensor flow, Pyglet, opencv and keras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-mail marketing is included in the literature as an electronic marketing tool that emerges with the development of the internet. The puspose of this study, carried out as a mapping review, is to provide an insight into the field of e-mail marketing, which is considered as a marketing tool. In the study, 57 marketing focused e-mail marketing studies in international academic journals between 1950-2019 were examined. In the selection of the studies, filtering was carried out using keywords, and studies not directly related to the field and marketing were excluded. With the studies examined, results were obtained regarding the theoretical background of e-mail marketing, the areas it focuses on, the sectors it is addressed, and the orientations of the studies. 42 of the studies examined are empirical and 15 are conceptual. It has been concluded that the most studied area is consumer behavior, the highest number of publications are included in the journal "Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice" and that 2016 is the year in which the most publications were made in the literatüre related to 11 studies. With the results obtained in the study, a niche field proposal is presented to academicians who want to move to a different area, and the areas not covered in the e-mail marketing literature are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses e-mail communications between university students and their lecturer in the Czech Republic. Politeness strategies employed in 200 Czech students' e-mail apologies sent to a lecturer were analysed. Students use multiple strategies to create a positive self-image of a committed and reliable student, combining direct expressions of apology, explanations, and acknowledgement of responsibility. The most frequent strategies were direct, prototypically performatives or hedged performatives. The high level of direct forms is consistent with findings of previous research on Slavic cultures. Nearly half of the e-mails included structures with directive illocution (request for information), which shifts responsibility to an authority; however, this could be interpreted as a form of politeness because students show that they value their lecturer's opinion and are willing to follow their advice. Although students primarily employ strategies based on negative politeness, which is perceived as unmarked in an institutional setting, the closing sections of the e-mails contain positive politeness in complimentary closings, and thanking is prevalent. • Politeness in Czech students' e-mail apologies sent to a lecturer was analysed. • Students use multiple strategies to create a positive self-image. • The most frequent strategies were direct, including performatives. • Nearly half of the e-mails include structures with directive illocution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry is a fragmented one that relies on the collaboration of diverse stakeholders for the success of a project. Many times, stakeholders involved in the process are scattered in physical locations distant from the jobsite, making communication through media such as telephone and e-mail necessary, instead of face-to-face communication. Specific features of these communication media often affect how accurately information is conveyed from one party to another. This paper seeks to understand the benefits and challenges of telephone and e-mail communication and how they influence communications between site supervision and design personnel to help construction students and recent graduates to improve their communication and collaboration skills. Interviews with professionals were held and a quasi-experiment with students and professionals was performed as a two-phased, sequential study. Results indicate an alignment with Media Synchronicity Theory while also showing how the influence of the AEC industry-specific context, such as project-related record-keeping, influences the choice of media. From these results, a summary table and a set of guidelines for effective communication are presented to help students and young professionals become aware of media limitations so that they can effectively communicate in the AEC industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many employees read and respond to work‐related e‐mails in the evenings after work, the mechanisms through which after‐hours e‐mailing influences well‐being remain poorly understood. In particular, there has been limited consideration of whether different characteristics of after‐hours e‐mails (frequency, duration, perceived tone) may trigger work‐related rumination that influences employee well‐being at bedtime (i.e., the end of the post‐work period). To address this gap in the literature, data were collected from 59 employees during a 5‐day daily survey period. We expected after‐hours e‐mail frequency, duration, and perceived tone to indirectly relate to employee vigour and fatigue at bedtime (two common well‐being criteria) via affective rumination and problem‐solving pondering (two major forms of work‐related rumination). Our results indicated that a more negatively perceived after‐hours e‐mail tone influenced both vigour and fatigue via affective rumination. Further, our findings suggested diverging implications of after‐hours e‐mailing frequency and duration for problem‐solving pondering, with longer duration and more frequent after‐hours e‐mailing co‐varying with higher and lower levels of this form of rumination, respectively. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering various characteristics of after‐hours e‐mailing and corresponding implications of work‐related rumination when studying employee well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-mail is an efficient and reliable data exchange service. Spams are undesired email messages which are randomly sent in bulk usually for commercial aims. Obfuscated image spamming is one of the new tricks to bypass text-based and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-based spam filters. Image spam detection based on image visual features has the advantage of efficiency in terms of reducing the computational cost and improving the performance. In this paper, an image spam detection schema is presented. Suitable image processing techniques were used to capture the image features that can differentiate spam images from non-spam ones. Weighted k-nearest neighbor, which is a simple, yet powerful, machine learning algorithm, was used as a classifier. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed schema as it is evaluated over two datasets. The first dataset is a real and benchmark dataset while the other is a real-like, modern, and more challenging dataset collected from social media and many public available image spam datasets. The obtained accuracy was 99.36% and 91% on benchmark and the proposed dataset, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend toward personal archiving is rising, but no official archives are interested in the "precious" information possessed by average citizens. Consequently, citizen data is stored on cloud drives, USB devices, and optical media that cannot be considered to be reliable or trustworthy. This article describes the Citizen Archive solution, which aims to be the place where citizens can preserve their precious data. Furthermore, we discuss some previously implemented, functional, and tested solutions considering e-mail preservation workflow and PDF splitting workflow. The experiences from pilot users of the Citizen Archive are also reviewed in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concise and effective business English communication underpins successful organisations. During the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) much of the working day is spent in some form of communication, usually e-mails. This paper examines the effectiveness of English communication between integral parts of a business operation during the 4IR. A mixed methods approach utilising a non-experimental design was used to investigate effective business communication using e-mails in English in a medium sized organisation in South Africa. A questionnaire consisting of 10 Likert type scale questions and 5 open ended questions was used. Purposive sampling was utilised as the population was small (150 employees, final sample 55) thus results cannot be generalised. Certain barriers to communication were identified which were considered important. For instance, many staff members were second language English speakers and often misunderstand e-mails. As a result, they reported that they felt frustrated in their working life and were demotivated. It was concluded that many e-mails were challenging to staff and needed to be written in everyday English not business language. The authors recommended that workshops and initial training in business language skills when people enter the organisation should be undertaken. Human Resources could also audit the use of appropriate English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was more discussion of e-mails and e-mail servers in the 2016 election than any previous campaign. Yet, practically no attention was paid to the actual e-mails distributed by campaigns themselves. This study explores how presidential campaigns used e-mail as a strategic tool during the 2016 election. We collected and analyzed e-mails from all major party candidates over 10 months leading up to election day. The campaigns were organized into three categories based on how successful they were and how seriously they were run. Comparing the use of e-mail within each category and between them illuminates variation in how campaigns used e-mail, including during the primaries and the general election between Clinton and Trump. Notably, the Trump campaign e-mails were more participatory, fitting the populist theme of the campaign, and the Clinton campaign made the surprising strategic decision to stop direct e-mail communication to passive e-mail subscribers over two months before election day. Overall this study demonstrates how some strategies, such as the frequency of emailing, focus on fundraising, and consistent forms of interactions have become widely accepted norms. Further, it is clear that e-mail remains valuable for campaigns and an important subject for scholarship, despite its mundane nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business communication online has developed over time due to the constant change of modern communication technologies. Researchers affirm that digital technologies have both positive and negative impact on business communication. Creativity in business communication turns to be crucial in the realization of business opportunities. However, it is linked not only to imagination or original ideas. It also means innovation and innovativeness, the use of innovative digital technologies that help to fuel great ideas, enhance critical thinking, open new ways to business ambitions. The study is devoted to the analysis of linguistic aspects in computer-mediated business communication. Two types of digital business discourse - e-mail and websites of insurance companies - are analyzed with the focus on their linguistic features. From the linguistic point of view computer-mediated business communication differs from conventional business communication and the use of lexicon (e.g. special formal and standard vocabulary) is critical in making this communication successful. Grammatical features of business language are also of great relevance. Stylistic features employed in business communication are also crucial since they help to provide emphasis, achieve clarity and freshness of expression. Linguistic elements of computer-mediated communication in e-mails and analysed websites do not always coincide. The analysis has shown that websites tend to be less formal and compared to e-mails are more exposed to creative linguistic expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to reflect on the value of e-mails for recruiting and interviewing in a specific context in qualitative research, and second, to reflect on the benefits of the reflexive practice in sharing the research experience for gaining a deeper understanding of the field. The purpose is to raise points for consideration in research design for the e-mail method in this type of study. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws on reflexivity and integrates fieldwork experiences to present the shared reflections and insights into the enabling and constraining aspects of using e-mail interviews with hard-to-access participants such as senior executives of international businesses. Findings: Closer consideration needs to be given to the use of e-mail interviewing in the research design for such studies, especially regarding culturally held preconceptions about the research environment and how the inevitable challenges in engaging in cross-border research may be resolved. Originality/value: The paper yields unanticipated insights into the potential of e-mail interviewing for studies that require responses from key informants who are otherwise unlikely to participate in the research. The paper brings greater transparency to researchers regarding the realities of using the method in this context, and thus, it expands the hitherto small repertoire of such studies in qualitative international business research. The contribution also lies in the value of deliberately creating a space for reflexive conversations that open the possibility of more profound understandings in qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]