60 results on '"Stem cell line"'
Search Results
2. Cloning Technology
- Author
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Pollard, Irina and Pollard, Irina
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Pluripotent stem cell regulation in Spain and the Spanish National Stem Cell Bank
- Author
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B. Aran, Dunja Lukovic, Anna Veiga, Rocio Aguilar-Quesada, Instituto de Salud Carlos III - ISCIII, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III
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Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Library science ,Cell Differentiation ,Context (language use) ,Tissue Banks ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biobank ,Regenerative medicine ,Cell Line ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Spain ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Research center ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The Spanish National Stem Cell Bank (Banco Nacional de Líneas Celulares, BNLC) was established in 2006 thanks to a change in the legislative framework in Spain. The Law 14/2006 updated the previous Assisted Reproduction Techniques Law (Law 45/2003) allowing the use of the surplus frozen embryos following IVF for research. The BNLC has a network structure with 3 nodes: the Regenerative Medicine Program (IDIBELL), the Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) in Valencia and the Andalusian Public Health System Biobank (SSPA Biobank) in Granada. The aim of the BNLC is to guarantee throughout the national territory the availability of human stem cell lines for biomedical research. At present time, there are 40 human embryonic stem cell lines (hESC) and 171 human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (hiPSC) registered in the BNLC. These lines are fully characterized and available in the context of research projects approved by the Technical Committee of the BNLC. The National Spanish Stem Cell Bank is supported by the Plataforma de Proteomica, Genotipado y Líneas Celulares (PT1770019/0015) (PRB3), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Sí
- Published
- 2020
4. In vitro modeling of early mammalian embryogenesis
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Eric D. Siggia, Mijo Simunovic, and Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
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0303 health sciences ,Embryogenesis ,Biomedical Engineering ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Bioengineering ,Embryo ,02 engineering and technology ,Biology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Embryonic stem cell ,In vitro ,Article ,Cell biology ,Biomaterials ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tissue culture ,Embryology ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,0210 nano-technology ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Synthetic embryology endeavors to use stem cells to recapitulate the first steps of mammalian development that define the body axes and first stages of fate assignment. Well-engineered synthetic systems provide an unparalleled assay to disentangle and quantify the contributions of individual tissues as well as the molecular components driving embryogenesis. Experiments using a mixture of mouse embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cell lines show a surprising degree of self-organization akin to certain milestones in the development of intact mouse embryos. To further advance the field and extend the mouse results to human, it is crucial to develop a better control of the assembly process as well as to establish a deeper understanding of the developmental state and potency of cells used in experiments at each step of the process. We review recent advances in the derivation of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells, and we highlight recent efforts in reconstructing the structural and signaling aspects of embryogenesis in three-dimensional tissue cultures.
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- 2020
5. I6 passages : on the reproduction of a human embryonic stem cell line from Israel to France
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Noémie Merleau-Ponty, Sigrid Vertommen, Michel Pucéat, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Merleau-Ponty, Noémie, Merleau-Ponty, Noemie [0000-0003-0340-9816], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Social Sciences ,Biology ,050905 science studies ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Health(social science) ,Issues ,reproduction ,CLONING ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,stem cells ,WORLD ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Genetics ,Israel ,Law and Political Science ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,media_common ,Cloning ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Articles ,social sciences ,SCIENCE ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell biology ,[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,biobank ,SCIENTISTS ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,TECHNOLOGIES ,Stem cell line ,ethics and legal aspects ,passage ,[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences ,France ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,0509 other social sciences ,Reproduction ,Stem cell ,geographic locations ,Human embryonic stem cell line - Abstract
The first French clinical trial using human embryonic stem cells for regenerative purposes was launched in 2014, using the I6 stem cell line that was imported from Israel. From Israel to France, national reproductive policies and practices inform how basic scientists produce, manage and circulate cells across countries. Building on an interdisciplinary co-production involving two social scientists and a life scientist, this article suggests that biobanks passage cells from in vitro fertilization to stem cell science and from country to country by modifying their reproductive meaning. Four passages are described: the absence of cells in 2005 when the research started in France; the presence of supernumerary embryos available for research in Israeli IVF biobanks; the production of the I6 stem cell bank in Israel; the importation and laboratory biobanking of the cells in France. Human embryonic stem cell lines can never be completely disentangled from reproduction.
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- 2018
6. Establishment and Use of Mouse Haploid ES Cells
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Anton Wutz, Martin Leeb, and Anthony C.F. Perry
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Genetics ,fungi ,Disease mechanisms ,Embryo ,General Medicine ,Parthenogenesis ,Biology ,Oocyte ,Embryonic stem cell ,3. Good health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Stem cell line ,Ploidy - Abstract
Haploid genetics has facilitated new insights into mammalian pathways and disease mechanisms. Most animal cells are diploid, and mammalian haploid cell cultures have remained elusive for a long time. Recent methodological progress has enabled the routine derivation of haploid stem cell lines from mammalian haploid embryos. Here we provide detailed protocols for the establishment, culture, and manipulation of parthenogenetic and androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells from mouse embryos.
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- 2015
7. Mutation rate in stem cells: an underestimated barrier on the way to therapy
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Eugene D. Sverdlov and Konstantin S. Mineev
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Genetics ,education.field_of_study ,Mutation rate ,Stem Cells ,Cell ,Population ,Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mutation Rate ,Quality standard ,Mutation ,Mutation (genetic algorithm) ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Medicine ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,education ,Molecular Biology ,Cells, Cultured - Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are thought to have great therapeutic potential, but due to continuously and stochastically arising new mutations that unpredictably change the composition of a cell population, the large-scale manufacturing of SCs with uniform properties and predictable behavior is a challenge. Quantitative evaluation of the characteristic mutation rate of a given stem cell line could be an important criterion in making the decision to use the line in medical practice. Such an evaluation could provide a new quality standard for newly derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines prior to depositing them in stem cell banks. Here, we substantiate this view with simple calculations showing the effect of the mutation rate on changes in the cell population composition due to amplification. Selection of SCs with low mutation rate could reduce the risk of negative side effects during treatment.
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- 2013
8. Twenty Years of Embryonic Stem Cell Research in Farm Animals
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Bhanu Prakash V.L. Telugu and L A Blomberg
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urogenital system ,business.industry ,Somatic cell ,Cellular differentiation ,Embryogenesis ,Germ layer ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biotechnology ,Cell biology ,Endocrinology ,Genome editing ,embryonic structures ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Stem cell line ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,business ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,reproductive and urinary physiology - Abstract
Notable distinctions between an embryonic stem cell (ESC) and somatic cell are that an ESC can maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely, self-renew, and is pluripotent, meaning that the ESC can potentially generate cells representing all the three primordial germ layers and contribute to the terminally differentiated cells of a conceptus. These attributes make the ESC an ideal source for genome editing for both agricultural and biomedical applications. Although, ESC lines have been successfully established from rodents and primates, authentic ungulate stem cell lines on the contrary are still not available. Outstanding issues including but not limited to differences in pluripotency characteristics among the existing ESC lines, pre-implantation embryo development, pluripotency pathways, and culture conditions plague our efforts to establish authentic ESC lines from farm animals. In this review, we highlight some of these issues and discuss how the recent derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) might augur the establishment of robust authentic ESC lines from farm animals.
- Published
- 2012
9. Sourcing and using stem cell lines for radiation research: Potential, challenges and good stem cell culture practice
- Author
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Glyn Stacey
- Subjects
Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Quality Control ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,business.industry ,Genetic stability ,Cell Culture Techniques ,Radiobiology ,Computational biology ,Reference Standards ,Biology ,Stem cell culture ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell Line ,Biotechnology ,Cell culture ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Stem cell line ,Laboratories ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,business - Abstract
Exposition of best practice in management and experimental use of human stem cell lines in radiobiological research. This paper outlines the key challenges to be addressed by radiobiologists wishing to use human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines in their research including human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines and human induced pluirpotency stem (hiPSC) lines. It emphasises the importance of guidance already established for cell culture in general and outlines some further considerations specific to the culture of human pluripotent stem cell lines which may impact on the interpretation of data from radiobiological studies using these cells. Fundamental standards include obtaining cells from bona fide suppliers with suitable quality controls, screening cell lines to ensure absence of mycoplasma and authentication of cell lines by DNA profiling. For hESC and hiPSC lines, it is particularly important to recognise the significance of phenotypic and genetic stability and this paper will address approaches to reduce their impact. Quality assured banking of these two types of stem cell lines will facilitate reliable supply of quality controlled cells that can provide standardisation between laboratories and in the same laboratory over time.hPSC lines could play an important role in future radiobiological research providing certain fundamental principles of good stem cell culture practice are adopted at the outset of such work.
- Published
- 2012
10. Body Building on Diamonds
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Tim Scharnweber, Hans-Joerg Fecht, Andrei P. Sommer, and Dan Zhu
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Cellular differentiation ,Biophysics ,Bioengineering ,Nanotechnology ,Nanocrystalline diamond ,Embryoid body ,Embryonic stem cell ,Regenerative medicine ,Cell biology ,Human health ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,business ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Whereas conservative therapies aim to stall the advance of disease, regenerative medicine strives to reverse it. The capacity of most tissues to regenerate derives from stem cells, but there are a number of barriers which have to be circumvented before it will be possible to use stem-cell-based therapies. Such therapies, however, are expected to improve human health enormously, and knowledge gained from studying stem cells in culture and in model organisms is now laying the groundwork for a new era of regenerative medicine. One of the most prominent methods to study stem cell differentiation is to let them to form embryoid bodies. Under favourable conditions any stem cell line will form embryoid bodies. However, the mechanism of the formation of embryoid bodies is not very well understood, and to produce them in the laboratory is in no way trivial – an important technical barrier in stem cell research. Recently, the embryoid body cultivation step has been successfully circumvented for the derivation of osteogenic cultures of embryonic stem cells. Here we report on a simple and reusable system to cultivate embryoid bodies in extremely short times. The method is inspired by the principles that lead to the establishment of the biomimetic triangle.
- Published
- 2009
11. Stamselnavorsing en -terapie: ’n oorsig oor die uitvoerbaarheid daarvan met meegaande etiese implikasies
- Author
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A. L. Rheeder
- Subjects
Ethics ,business.industry ,Data_MISCELLANEOUS ,Embryo ,lcsh:Practical religion. The Christian life ,Bioinformatics ,Stem Cell Research ,Embryonic stem cell ,lcsh:BV1-5099 ,lcsh:BV4485-5099 ,Therapeutic Cloning ,Stem Cell ,lcsh:Practical Theology ,Immunology ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Medicine ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,business - Abstract
Stamselnavorsing is 'n asemrowende tegnologie waar die mens se eie selle gebruik word om genesing te bewerk. Stamselle is spesiale selle wat die vermoë het om tot enige sel in die liggaam te ontwikkel en defektiewe selle te herstel of te vervang. Navorsers het stamselle uit die menslike (en dierlike) embrio, fetus, naelstring en volwasse liggaam geïsoleer en tot stamsellyne voorberei vir terapie. Verbasende resultate is alreeds aangetoon. In sommige gevalle het navorsers ten volle genesing bewerk of ten minste groot verbeter tot stand gebring in diere (en in enkele gevalle by mense) met suikersiekte, Parkinson en Alzheimer se siektes en outo-immuunsiektes. Die gebreekte rugmurg van rotte is ook al deur hierdie tegnologie herstel. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om oorsigtelik aan die tegniese uitvoerbaarheid en vordering in stamselnavorsing aandag te gee. Uit hierdie gegewens sal dit duidelik word dat daar heelwat algemene en tegniese probleme met meegaande etiese implikasies bestaan, wat eers opgelos moet word voordat hierdie terapie bruikbaar sal wees. Probleme wat geïdentifiseer is, is die noodwendige vernietiging van die menslike embrio, die oorweging van terapeutiese kloning, plasing van menslike embrionale stamselle in embrio's van primate soos ape en 'n reeks tegniese probleme in die ontwikkeling van stamsel-tegnologie. Stem cell research is a breathtaking technology where man's own cells are used to effect a cure for certain ailments. Stem cells are specially developed cells that contain the ability to develop into any cell in the body and to cure or replace defective cells. Researchers isolated stem cells from the human (and animal) embryo, foetus, umbilical cord, and adult body and developed them to stem cell lines for therapy. Astonishing results have already been shown. In some instances researchers achieved full cure or at least huge improvement in animals (and in a few instances with human beings) with diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and auto-immune diseases. The broken spinal marrow ofrats has also been repaired through this technique. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the technical feasibility and advancement of this field of research. It will become apparent from these facts that there are a large number of general and technical problems with the accompanying ethical implications, that will have to be resolved before this therapy can be applied. Problems that have been identified include the necessary destruction of the human embryo, the consideration of therapeutic cloning, the placing of human embryonic cells in embryos of primates such as apes and a series of technical problems in the development of stem cell technology.
- Published
- 2008
12. Enabling research with human embryonic and fetal tissue resources
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Steven Lisgo, Dianne Gerrelli, Andrew J. Copp, and Susan Lindsay
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Human studies ,Tissue Engineering ,Fetal tissue ,Tissue Banks ,Biology ,Bioinformatics ,Stem Cell Research ,Embryonic stem cell ,Fetal Research ,Article ,Congenital Abnormalities ,Human health ,Embryo Research ,England ,Tissue bank ,Expression analysis ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Molecular Biology ,Developmental biology ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Congenital anomalies are a significant burden on human health. Understanding the developmental origins of such anomalies is key to developing potential therapies. The Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR), based in London and Newcastle, UK, was established to provide embryonic and fetal material for a variety of human studies ranging from single gene expression analysis to large-scale genomic/transcriptomic studies. Increasingly, HDBR material is enabling the derivation of stem cell lines and contributing towards developments in tissue engineering. Use of the HDBR and other fetal tissue resources discussed here will contribute to the long-term aims of understanding the causation and pathogenesis of congenital anomalies, and developing new methods for their treatment and prevention.
- Published
- 2015
13. Points to consider in the development of seed stocks of pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications: International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI)
- Author
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S. Talib, Oliver Brüstle, L. Leopoldo, Mahendra Rao, Derek J. Hei, Miho Furue, Fanyi Zeng, Hirofumi Suemori, R. Ruttachuk, C. Hunt, N. Benvinisty, Benjamin Reubinoff, S. M. Hwang, Martin F. Pera, P.A. De Sousa, Shelly E. Tannenbaum, Outi Hovatta, Peter W. Andrews, Glyn Stacey, Meri T. Firpo, E. Han, M. C. Kibbey, Y. Nakamura, Marc Peschanski, Geoffrey P. Lomax, Douglas Sipp, L. Healy, Christine L. Mummery, Norio Nakatsuji, B. Miranda, V. Jekerle, Patricia Pranke, M. Choi, Karen Dyer Montgomery, Paul J. Gokhale, K. Bruce, Kristiina Rajala, Timo Otonkoski, Andras Nagy, Jeanne F. Loring, Qi Zhou, Sun Kyung Oh, Jeremy M. Crook, Petr Dvorak, Steve Oh, Ivana Knezevic, Christian Freund, S. K. Koo, Heather M. Rooke, B. Z. Yuan, L. Ricco, Marisa Jaconi, H. Y. Ha, David Baker, Tsuneo Takahashi, Y. Laabi, Y. M. Choi, Pentao Liu, P. Kamthorn, Tenneille Ludwig, Maneesha S. Inamdar, Simone Haupt, B. B. Knowles, K. Takada, Rosario Isasi, and Jaconi Dévaud, Marisa
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Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Embryology ,Carcinogenicity Tests ,International Cooperation ,education ,Biomedical Engineering ,ethics [Biological Specimen Banks] ,Biology ,ddc:616.07 ,Risk Assessment ,Genomic Instability ,Genomic Stability ,Cell Line ,methods [Tissue Preservation] ,Humans ,Carcinogenicity Test ,ddc:610 ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,Stock (geology) ,Biological Specimen Banks ,business.industry ,Embryonic stem cell ,Tissue Donors ,3. Good health ,Biotechnology ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Engineering ethics ,Stem cell line ,Tissue Preservation ,Stem cell ,Safety ,business - Abstract
In 2009 the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI) contributors and the Ethics Working Party of the International Stem Cell Forum published a consensus on principles of best practice for the procurement, cell banking, testing and distribution of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines for research purposes [1] , which was broadly also applicable to human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Here, we revisit this guidance to consider what the requirements would be for delivery of the early seed stocks of stem cell lines intended for clinical applications. The term 'seed stock' is used here to describe those cryopreserved stocks of cells established early in the passage history of a pluripotent stem cell line in the lab that derived the line or a stem cell bank, hereafter called the 'repository'. The seed stocks should provide cells with suitable documentation and provenance that would enable them to be taken forward for development in human therapeutic applications. WHO recommendations for the evaluation of animal cell cultures as substrates for the manufacture of biologicals and for the characterization of cell banks were updated in 2010 and provide a number of definitions and guiding principles that may apply to stem cells. The term 'cell bank' is used to describe a stock of vials or other containers of cells with consistent composition aliquoted from a single pool of cells of the same culture history (for other specific definitions see PAS 84 [2] and WHO [3] ).Three important assumptions have been made in the preparation of this document. First, that seed stocks of hPSCs are used as starting materials to make cell banks for use in clinical trials. The cell banks made within a clinical trial would need to be established according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in a facility with a relevant product manufacturing license. These banks would need additional risk assessment focused on the new banking process/reagents and the specific intended clinical application. Second, it has been assumed that undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells would not be inoculated into patients. Third, where feeder cells are used to culture hPSC lines, their cellular nature and intimate contact with the therapeutic cells means that they should be subject to similar risk assessment and banking procedures as applied to the hPSC cells.It is important to note that responsibility for establishing and updating national regulations for medicinal products relies on National Regulatory Authorities. Therefore, national requirements for cell therapy may vary considerably. Accordingly, it is not intended that this international consensus provides comprehensive guidance that will ensure compliance with requirements in any given jurisdiction. Rather, it is designed to aid the development of clinical grade materials by providing points to consider in the preparation of seed stocks of stem cell lines for use in cell therapy. It may arise that there are circumstances where it is not reasonably possible to meet specific procedures presented in this document. Where this is the case any alternative procedures should be justified and mitigate against any adverse consequences. Finally, this document could also serve as a useful reference to assist in the evaluation of potential sources of candidate cell lines for the development of cell-based medicines, and provide the links necessary to identify some of the key differences in regulatory requirements between countries.
- Published
- 2015
14. Who Should Control the Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines: A Defence of the Donors' Ability to Control
- Author
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Søren Holm
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,Immunology ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,Biology ,Control (linguistics) ,Neuroscience ,Embryonic stem cell - Abstract
In this paper I analyse who should be able to control the use of human embryonic stem cell lines. I distinguish between different kinds of control and analyse a set of arguments that purport to show that the donors of gametes and embryos should not be able to control the use of stem cell lines derived from their embryos. I show these arguments to be either deficient or of so general a scope that they apply not only to donors but also to those who derived the stem cell lines. Since we normally think that stem cell derivers have the right to control the use of the cell lines they derived, we have no justification for denying donors similar rights of control. In the final section I briefly discuss why informed consent is not an appropriate vehicle for transferring or alienating control rights.
- Published
- 2006
15. The UK Stem Cell Bank: Its role as a public research resource centre providing access to well-characterised seed stocks of human stem cell lines
- Author
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Glyn Stacey, Lesley Young, Charles J. Hunt, and Lyn Healy
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Economic growth ,Government ,Resource (biology) ,Quality Assurance, Health Care ,Stem Cells ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Biological Specimen Banks ,Embryonic stem cell ,National bank ,United Kingdom ,Procurement ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Health Facilities ,Business ,Safety ,Stem cell - Abstract
The rapidly expanding field of stem cell research offers the potential to develop therapeutic agents to treat diseases such as Parkinson's, diabetes and heart disease. It is important that stem cell lines derived from quality-controlled and well-characterised cell banks should be made available to both the scientific and clinical communities to promote high-quality research and development. The requirement in the United Kingdom (UK) for rigorous regulation of the procurement and use of embryonic stem (ES) cell lines led the UK government to fund the establishment of a national bank for stem cell lines. The UK Stem Cell Bank (UKSCB) hosted at the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) is committed to working closely with the clinical and research communities to provide qualified stocks of human stem cell lines of adult, foetal and embryonic origin for both research use and for use in emerging human therapy.
- Published
- 2005
16. Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Evaluation of Policy Options
- Author
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Nikolaus Knoepffler
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Moral Obligations ,Harvest stem cells ,Value of Life ,Cell type ,Cloning, Organism ,Public Policy ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Biology ,Cell Line ,Humans ,Research Embryo Creation ,Embryo Disposition ,Beginning of Human Life ,Organism ,business.industry ,Stem Cells ,Environmental ethics ,General Medicine ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biotechnology ,Embryo Research ,Philosophy ,Western World ,Theology ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,Genetic Engineering ,business ,Ethical Analysis - Abstract
In February 2004, South Korean researchers became the first in the world to successfully harvest stem cells and establish a stem cell line from a cloned human embryo. This is just one of eight possible policy options concern- ing human embryonic stem cell research. In practice, every kind of stem cell research can be done in one country or another. This paper evaluates the eight policy options concerning human embryonic stem cell research in light of the arguments and decisions behind them. Stem cells are truly remarkable. They bridge the gulf between the fertilized egg that is our origin and the architecture that we become. They supply the cells that construct our adult bodies and, as we age, replenish worn out, damaged and diseased tissues. They renew themselves, resisting the power- ful pull towards differentiation that overcomes more prosaic cells. And depending on the source, they have the potential to form one, many or all cell types of an organism. (DeWitt 2001, p. 87)
- Published
- 2004
17. Raising the standards of stem cell line quality
- Author
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Michael P. Yaffe, Scott Noggle, and Susan L. Solomon
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Pluripotent Stem Cells ,0301 basic medicine ,Cellular differentiation ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Cell Differentiation ,Cell Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Raising (linguistics) ,Authentication (law) ,Cell Line ,Cell biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Animals ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Engineering ethics ,Quality (business) ,Business ,Stem cell ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Stem Cell Transplantation ,media_common - Abstract
Yaffe and colleagues discuss the issues surrounding the authentication and quality of induced pluripotent stem cells.
- Published
- 2016
18. Getting it right before transplantation: example of a stem cell model with regenerative potential for the CNS
- Author
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Cedric Viero, Govindan Dayanithi, Oksana Forostyak, Eva Syková, Saarland University [Saarbrücken], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Mécanismes moléculaires dans les démences neurodégénératives (MMDN), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Central nervous system ,Neuronal differentiation ,human embryonic stem cell ,calcium signaling ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cell and Developmental Biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,neurodegenerative diseases ,Progenitor cell ,immortalized stem cell lines ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,neural precursors ,business.industry ,Calcium signalling ,Cell model ,spinal cord ,ion channels ,Cell Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Transplantation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Perspective Article ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
International audience; The burden of neurodegenerative disorders in an aging population has become a challenge for the modern world. While the biomarkers available and the methods of diagnosis have improved to detect the onset of these diseases at early stages, the question of adapted and efficient therapies is still a major issue. The prospect of replacing the loss of functional neural cells remains an attractive but still audacious approach. A huge progress has been made in the generation of neurons derived from human stem cell lines and transplantation assays are tested in animals for a wide range of pathologies of the central nervous system. Here we take one step back and examine neuronal differentiation and the characterization of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. We gather results from our previous studies and present a cell model that was successfully used in functional analyses and engraftment experiments. These neuronal precursors exhibit spontaneous and evoked activity, indicating that their electrophysiological and calcium handling properties are similar to those of matured neurons. Hence this summarized information will serve as a basis to design better stem cell-based therapies to improve neural regeneration.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Standardized cryopreservation of pluripotent stem cells
- Author
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Rick I. Cohen, Maria L. Thompson, Brian Schryver, and Rolf O. Ehrhardt
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Cryopreservation ,Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Cell type ,business.industry ,Cell ,Cold storage ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Reference Standards ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell biology ,Biotechnology ,Cell Line ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Freezing ,medicine ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Viability assay ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,business ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
The successful exploitation of human cells for research, translational, therapeutic, and commercial purposes requires that effective and simple cryopreservation methods be applied for storage in local and master cell banks. Of all the cell types utilized in modern research, human embryonic stem cells and their more recent relatives, induced pluripotent stem cells, are two of the most sensitive to cryopreservation. It is frequently observed that the lack of quality control and proper processing techniques yield poor recovery of pluripotent stem cells. The procedures in this unit have been optimized for handling some of the most recalcitrant stem cell lines, and provide a method for controlled-rate freezing, using minimal equipment that affords levels of cell viability comparable to expensive controlled-rate freezers. The protocol also eliminates the requirement for isopropanol, avoiding the hazards, on-going cost, and inconsistencies associated with its use and disposal. It provides a clinically relevant, inexpensive, reliable, and user-friendly method that successfully prepares cells for long-term cold storage and ensures maximum levels of cell viability post thaw.
- Published
- 2014
20. Large Animal Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as Models of Human Diseases
- Author
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Anjali Nandal and Bhanu Prakash V.L. Telugu
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Cell type ,Somatic cell ,Stem cell line ,Biology ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,Embryonic stem cell ,Neuroscience ,Reprogramming ,Large animal - Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells from the early embryos, the embryonic stem cells (ESC), have been the subject of intensive investigation for the past two decades. Much of the excitement surrounding ESC research has been centered on the potential of ESC in differentiating into target cell types, disease modeling, and in offering cures for intractable diseases. So far, rodents and primates are the only species from which “bonafide” ESC have been readily established and have met relatively stringent criteria of pluripotency. However, attempts to generate analogous pluripotent stem cells from other relevant domestic ungulates have been unsuccessful. While the reasons for poor outcome still remain a focus of active investigation, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from somatic cells by upregulation of select few reprogramming factors has emerged as an attractive option. In the last few years since the inception, the iPSC field has witnessed substantial progress, with iPSC established from every major large animal species. The iPSC are playing an important role in understanding species-specific differences in pluripotency, unique requirements for their in vitro culture, and in achieving scientific and technical progress towards the establishment of authentic stem cell lines. These topics will be illustrated and discussed in detail in this chapter.
- Published
- 2014
21. Differential Impact of Science Policy on Subfields of Human EmbryonicStem Cell Research
- Author
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Seong Beom Cho and Seongwuk Moon
- Subjects
Science Policy ,International Cooperation ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Research Funding ,Animal Cells ,Science Policy and Economics ,Molecular Cell Biology ,Humans ,Government Funding of Science ,Positive economics ,lcsh:Science ,Competence (human resources) ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Differential impact ,Multidisciplinary ,Research Monitoring ,Stem Cells ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Cell Biology ,Bioethics ,Research Assessment ,Stem Cell Research ,Embryonic stem cell ,Research Personnel ,United States ,Policy ,Portfolio ,lcsh:Q ,Stem cell line ,Science policy ,Cellular Types ,Research Article ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
In this research, we examine how restrictive policy influenced performance in human embryonic stem cell research (hESC) between 1998 and 2008. In previous research, researchers argued whether restrictive policy decreased the performance of stem cell research in some nations, especially in the US. Here, we hypothesize that this policy influenced specific subfields of the hESC research. To investigate the selective policy effects, we categorize hESC research publications into three subfields—derivation, differentiation, and medical application research. Our analysis shows that restrictive policy had different effects on different subfields. In general, the US outperformed in overall hESC research throughout these periods. In the derivation of hESC, however, the US almost lost its competence under restrictive policy. Interestingly, the US scientific community showed prominent resilience in hESC research through international collaboration. We concluded that the US resilience and performance stemmed from the wide breadth of research portfolio of US scientists across the hESC subfields, combined with their strategic efforts to collaborate internationally on derivation research.
- Published
- 2014
22. Setting Quality Standards for Stem Cell Banking, Research and Translation: The International Stem Cell Banking Initiative
- Author
-
Jeremy M. Crook and Glyn Stacey
- Subjects
business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific practice ,education ,Public relations ,Commercialization ,Embryonic stem cell ,Stem cell line ,Quality (business) ,Stem cell ,business ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common - Abstract
Delivery of human stem cells for research, clinical translation, and commercialization ideally requires stem cell resources developed and maintained according to internationally recognized standards. For example, human embryonic stem (hES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells should conform to international ethical principles imparted by leading bodies such as the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR; www.isscr.org), International Stem Cell Forum (ISCF; www.stem-cell-forum.net), and U.S. National Academy of Sciences (USNAS; www.nasonline.org), and be quality-controlled based on principles of best-practice for manufacture, culture, characterization, storage, distribution, and translation. The International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI) has taken the lead in defining such principles so as to standardize current and future practices that are essential to good scientific practice and clinical use through regulatory and public approval. This chapter considers the importance of standardizing stem cell banking and the central role of ISCBI as a major proponent of coordinated hES and iPS cell banking.
- Published
- 2014
23. Stem cell research and therapy: the position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
- Author
-
Brianne E. Kirkpatrick, Susan Hahn, Laura Hercher, Flavia Facio, Jill Fonda, Heather Zierhut, and Julie Sapp
- Subjects
Position statement ,Biomedical Research ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Genetic counseling ,Stem Cells ,Genetic Counseling ,Stem-cell therapy ,Embryonic stem cell ,Informed consent ,Cord blood ,medicine ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Engineering ethics ,Stem cell ,business ,Genetics (clinical) - Abstract
Stem cells’ regenerative capabilities present a unique opportunity to treat human illness and injury. In 2003, the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) issued a position statement supporting stem cell use in research settings. Almost a decade later, in response to legislative and technological developments within the field of stem cell science, NSGC convened a task force to revisit and update its statement on stem cell research. In doing so, the Task Force developed a new statement reaffirming NSGC’s support for stem cell research and endorsed continued stem cell therapy development. NSGC recognizes that the unique potential of stem cell therapy to treat human disease and injury can be realized only through research on a diverse array of stem cell lines drawn from multiple sources, including embryonic, cord blood, and adult cells. NSGC supports the use of stem cells in research and clinical settings when practices adhere to defined ethical and legal guidelines. Available stem cell lines should reflect our genetically diverse population, and donor recruitment should be without discrimination or coercion and include a thorough and dynamic informed consent process.
- Published
- 2012
24. Power-laws and the use of pluripotent stem cell lines
- Author
-
Andreas Schuppert, Bernhard M. Schuldt, Anke Guhr, Ben D. MacArthur, Michael Lenz, Peter Löser, Franz-Josef Müller, and Sabine Kobold
- Subjects
Policy Models ,Biomedical Research ,Economics ,Bioinformatics ,Regenerative Medicine ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Regenerative medicine ,Preclinical research ,Science Policy and Economics ,Molecular Cell Biology ,Cluster Analysis ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Multidisciplinary ,Stem Cells ,Applied Mathematics ,Complex Systems ,Research Assessment ,Federal Law ,embryonic structures ,Medicine ,Stem cell ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,Cellular Types ,Research Article ,Computer Modeling ,Pluripotent Stem Cells ,Operations Research ,Science Policy ,Science ,Public Policy ,Biology ,Research Funding ,Cell Line ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Government Funding of Science ,Computerized Simulations ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Research Monitoring ,Mechanism (biology) ,equipment and supplies ,Stem Cell Research ,Embryonic stem cell ,United States ,Computer Science ,Stem cell line ,Neuroscience ,Stem Cell Lines ,Law ,Mathematics ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
PLoS one 8(1), e52068 (2013). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052068, Published by PLoS ; [S.l.] : PubMed Central [u.a.], Lawrence, Kan.
- Published
- 2012
25. Stem Cell Banks: Reality, Roles and Challenges
- Author
-
Glyn Stacey
- Subjects
Insourcing ,Procurement ,Corporate governance ,medicine ,Stem cell line ,Engineering ethics ,Business ,medicine.symptom ,Stem cell ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,Embryonic stem cell ,Confusion - Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell lines have the capability to develop into cells representative of the three germ layers of the human body, which has raised the possibility of exciting new opportunities for in vitro research and the development of therapies for the future. However, it is vital that in these pursuits researchers are aware of certain critical issues in sourcing cell lines to ensure that their work provides data of a high standard and does not lead to confusion and that any future use of the cells – such as clinical application – is not compromised by the conditions under which the cells are developed. Stem cell banks have been much discussed in the literature and would appear to have a significant role to play in this important area of endeavour. This chapter places the current development of stem cell banking against the history of bioresource centres and culture collections. It also identifies the different types and roles that stem cell banks may have and as a case study describes the particular remit of the UK Stem Cell Bank and how this influences its policies and procedures. The author goes on to explain the importance of careful development of cell line procurement procedures, the need for standardised banking protocols and the challenges for appropriate supply of pluripotent stem cell lines. In conclusion, the author outlines the importance of international collaboration between the developing network of stem cell banks giving examples of standards (e.g. www.stemcellfoum.org/) that may develop from such activity.
- Published
- 2011
26. Consensus guidance for banking and supply of human embryonic stem cell lines for research purposes
- Author
-
Peter W. Andrews, Catriona Crombie, Raimund Strehl, Hung-Chih Kuo, Tsuneo Takahashi, Jonathan M. Auerbach, Rosemarie Kirzner, Tenneille Ludwig, Glyn Stacey, Andre Bh Choo, Rodney Turner, Jyotsna Dhawan, Jennifer Moody, Fanyi Zeng, Neta Lavon, Shelly Tannenbaum, Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor, Dong-Wook Kim, Sun Kyung Oh, Derek J. Hei, Patricia Olson, Hye-Yeong Ha, Alan Colman, Wannshin Chen, Timothy Dyke, Lars Ährlund-Richter, Maneesha S. Inamdar, Lodovica Borghese, D.M. Collins, Javard Arias-Diaz, Heli Scotman, Nissim Benvenisty, Mary Laughlin, Benjamin Reubinoff, Christine L. Mummery, Paul A. De Sousa, Sorapop Kiatpongsan, Yukio Nakamura, K. Bruce, Steve Oh, Duncan Baker, Andras Nagy, Augustin Zapata, Allan J. Robins, Qi Zhou, Majlinda Lakov, Shin-Ichi Nishikawa, Frida Holm, Stefanie Terstegge, Jeremy M. Crook, Gyan Mishra, Peter Zandstra, Maria Mileikovskaia, Robin Buckle, Barbara B. Knowles, Pablo Menendez, Heather M. Rooke, Oliver Brüstle, Ray Cypess, John Yu, Dong-Ryul Lee, Manuel Alvarez, Rebecca Skinner, Outi Hovatta, Timo Tuuri, Sonia Stefanovic, Michel Puceat, Jon K. Sherlock, John Macauley, Paul Gokhale, Sohel Talib, Shiaw-Min Hwang, Lena Eriksson, Meri T. Firpo, Luc Douay, Nancy Jessie, Carlos Simón, Anna E. Michalska, Timo Otonkoski, David Smith, Lyn Healy, Xuetao Pei, Phillipe Menasche, Aleš Hampl, Michele Greene, Clive Morris, Victor Rumayor, Joeri Borstlap, Hyun-Sook Park, Karen Dyer Montgomery, Charles J. Hunt, Milind Patole, Douglas Sipp, Kristiina Rajala, Guillaume Blin, Ronald D.G. McKay, Martin F. Pera, Clive Glover, Rrobert Taft, Carine Camby, Rosario Isasi, Dalit Ben-Josef, Petr Dvořák, Claire Fitzgerald, Stephen L. Minger, and Norio Nakatsuji
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Scientific progress ,Cell Biology ,Bioethics ,Embryonic stem cell ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Cell Line ,Embryo Research ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Engineering ethics ,Business ,Stem cell ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Biological Specimen Banks - Abstract
The work on human embryonic stem cells is being performed with a variety of cell lines using a variety of culture conditions; a situation that makes standardisation between projects and publications very difficult. Clearly the consequence of using such cells would be wasted time and resources but, more seriously, the generation of erroneous data in the literature which could both confuse and delay scientific progress in this area. This guidance document represents the outcome of the first meeting of the group named The International Stem Cell Banking Initiative held in October 2007. The document has been prepared from the perspective of hESC culture but, in many respects, is broadly applicable to all human stem cell lines including induced pluripotent stem cell lines.
- Published
- 2009
27. Towards a global human embryonic stem cell bank
- Author
-
Julian Savulescu and Jason P. Lott
- Subjects
Nuclear Transfer Techniques ,Tissue and Organ Procurement ,Cloning, Organism ,Economic shortage ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Tissue Banks ,Biology ,Global Health ,Supply and demand ,Epitopes ,Transplantation Immunology ,Histocompatibility Antigens ,Humans ,Bioethical Issues ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Motivation ,Health Policy ,Health Care Costs ,Organ Transplantation ,Embryonic stem cell ,Tissue Donors ,United Kingdom ,Transplantation ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Organ procurement ,Tissue transplantation ,Haplotypes ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Histocompatibility ,Immunology ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,Prejudice - Abstract
An increasingly unbridgeable gap exists between the supply and demand of transplantable organs. Human embryonic stem cell technology could solve the organ shortage problem by restoring diseased or damaged tissue across a range of common conditions. However, such technology faces several largely ignored immunological challenges in delivering cell lines to large populations. We address some of these challenges and argue in favor of encouraging contribution or intentional creation of embryos from which widely immunocompatible stem cell lines could be derived. Further, we argue that current immunological constraints in tissue transplantation demand the creation of a global stem cell bank, which may hold particular promise for minority populations and other sub-groups currently marginalized from organ procurement and allocation systems. Finally, we conclude by offering a number of practical and ethically oriented recommendations for constructing a human embryonic stem cell bank that we hope will help solve the ongoing organ shortage problem.
- Published
- 2007
28. Innovation in Biomedicine: Can Stem Cell Research Lead the Way to Affordability?
- Author
-
Henry T. Greely
- Subjects
Financing, Government ,animal structures ,Biomedical Research ,Essay ,Science Policy ,lcsh:Medicine ,Legislation ,Public Policy ,Bioengineering ,Medical Law ,Development ,Genetics/Genomics/Gene Therapy ,Molecular Biology/Structural Biology ,California ,Cell Line ,Health Economics ,Clinical trials ,Political science ,Humans ,Bioethical Issues ,Public funding ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Ethics ,Informed Consent ,Health Policy ,Clinical Pharmacology ,lcsh:R ,State government ,Legislature ,General Medicine ,Cell Biology ,Bioethics ,Embryonic stem cell ,Intellectual Property ,Tissue Donors ,United States ,Federal policy ,Embryo Research ,Epidemiology/Public Health ,Law ,embryonic structures ,Drugs and adverse drug reactions ,Somatic cell nuclear transfer ,Stem cell line ,Other ,State Government ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Research with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has been controversial, but in the seven years since their isolation by James Thomson [1], governments have largely answered, at least for now, the first-level questions about this research. We now know in most jurisdictions whether derivation of hESC lines will not be permitted from any embryos or whether it will be permitted from all embryos, only from embryos created as part of in vitro fertilization clinical services (IVF), or only from embryos not created by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We also have learned where the various kinds of cell lines, if derived elsewhere, may be used, and whether public funding for the derivation or use of some or all of the lines will be possible. A set of second-level questions, revolving around the donors of cells and embryos used in this research, is also rapidly being answered.
- Published
- 2006
29. Translational research: toward better characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines
- Author
-
Curt I. Civin and Mahendra S. Rao
- Subjects
Stem Cells ,Translational research ,Embryo ,Cell Biology ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,United States ,Embryo Research ,Cell culture ,DNA methylation ,Research studies ,Molecular Medicine ,Somatic cell nuclear transfer ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Developmental Biology ,Stem Cell Transplantation - Abstract
Current U.S. policy on human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines is a dual-track policy. About 20 lines derived from the 70 derivations undertaken before August 9, 2001, are available (and in sufficient quantities) such that basic researchers can obtain them for research studies. Research projects using these lines are eligible for federal funding, and the bulk of research reports published have used these cell lines. Despite their overall similarity in selfrenewal, expression of markers, and ability to differentiate, certain differences among these lines have also been reported. These include differences in growth rates, ability to form rosettes, gene methylation patterns, karyotypic stability, polymorphisms, and changes associated with long-term propagation in culture. In the last few years, a host of additional hESC lines have been generated. These include cell lines derived at different stages of early embryonic development, lines derived using different methods of isolation, and lines derived from embryos carrying a known genetic defect or generated via somatic cell nuclear transfer. Although it is legal to work on these lines in the U.S., the infrastructure for large-scale characterization of stem cell lines developed over many years involving NIH and other federal support cannot currently be used to characterize these lines. Given the numbers of new hESC lines that continue to become available, the lower cost to obtain them (free for many derived post-August 9, 2001, vs. more than $5,000 for most lines that predate that time), and their diversity and other qualitative advantages, it is likely that many of the new cell lines will be studied, perhaps by different investigators.
- Published
- 2005
30. Follow the Money—The Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- Author
-
Eugene Russo
- Subjects
Feature ,QH301-705.5 ,Science Policy ,Cloning, Organism ,Physiology ,Biology ,Development ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,California ,German ,Politics ,Homo (Human) ,Germany ,Research Support as Topic ,Humans ,Biology (General) ,Israel ,Follow the money ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,General Neuroscience ,Stem Cells ,Australia ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Embryonic stem cell ,language.human_language ,United States ,Political economy ,language ,Stem cell line ,Science policy ,Stem cell ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
German embryonic stem cell scientist Oliver Brustle faces major challenges in his lab on a daily basis that have little to do with science. His country's policy on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is among the most restrictive in Europe. Collaborations with other countries are difficult. And he's overwhelmed by the time and paperwork necessary to comply with regulations and to apply for permits.
- Published
- 2005
31. US academy calls for new bodies to oversee stem cell research
- Author
-
Charles Marwick
- Subjects
business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,Stem cell line ,Engineering ethics ,General Medicine ,Stem cell ,News ,business ,Embryonic stem cell ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The US National Academy of Sciences has published guidelines to advance the science of stem cell research “in a responsible manner.” The report calls for each US institution conducting stem cell research to establish a committee on embryonic stem cell research that would oversee all the issues relating to the derivation and use of stem cell lines. Such heightened oversight is essential, the report says, to assure the public that research is …
- Published
- 2005
32. Ethical and regulatory aspects of embryonic stem cell research
- Author
-
Kewal K Jain
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,business.industry ,Stem Cells ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Religion and Medicine ,Environmental ethics ,Bioethics ,Biology ,Abortion ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Embryonic stem cell ,Human being ,United States ,Biotechnology ,Politics ,Embryo Research ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Progenitor cell ,Stem cell ,business - Abstract
Ethical and regulatory issues concerning embryonic stem (ES) cell research are reviewed here a year after the controversy became a public and political issue in the US. The background of various issues are examined and the current regulations in various countries are reviewed. In the US, the debate is linked with abortion, as well as the status of a fetus as a human being, and is politically driven. Obtaining stem cells from embryonic tissues involves destruction of the embryo, to which objections are raised. Religious beliefs are examined and no serious impediments to ES cell research could be identified. Regulations vary from one country to another and it is unlikely that there will ever be any universally uniform ethical and regulatory standards for ES cell research. Currently, the most liberal and favourable environments for ES cell research are in the UK, Singapore, Sweden, India, Israel and China. Unless the US liberalises ES cell research, it may lose its lead in ES cell research and investments in this area may drift to countries with better environments for research. Suggestions are offered in this review to improve the ethical environment for ES cell research.
- Published
- 2003
33. Human embryonic stem cell lines: the ethics of derivation
- Author
-
Françoise Baylis
- Subjects
Canada ,Research use ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Stem Cells ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Bioinformatics ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biological materials ,Cell Line ,Important research ,Embryo Research ,embryonic structures ,Medicine ,Humans ,Stem cell line ,Ethics, Medical ,Research Embryo Creation ,Embryo Disposition ,Stem cell ,business - Abstract
In Canada it is permissible to proceed with stem cell research using human embryos created by in vitro fertilization (IVF) provided: these were originally created for infertility treatment; they are no longer required for such treatment; and there is an appropriate consent for their research use. As such, IVF human embryos in excess of clinical need are a valuable resource for embryonic stem cell researchers. A point often overlooked, however, is that these excess IVF human embryos are also a scarce resource. Their scarcity suggests the need to develop sound policies and procedures, in a timely and coordinated fashion, to ensure that the few human embryos available for embryonic stem cell research are not used in less important research endeavours or used when other biological materials are appropriate. Injudicious use of the few human embryos available for research use may risk the following consequences: no ongoing research in Canada to derive human embryonic stem cell lines; a reliance on the importation of stem cell lines from other countries for any research on the use of embryonic stem cells; and pressure from Canadian researchers to remove the prohibition on the purposeful creation of human embryos for research use.
- Published
- 2002
34. Stem cell research: a target article collection: Part II--what's in a name: embryos, clones, and stem cells
- Author
-
Jane Maienschein
- Subjects
Biomedical Research ,Legislation, Medical ,Cloning, Organism ,House of Representatives ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Biology ,Embryonic and Fetal Development ,Terminology as Topic ,Animals ,Humans ,Embryo Disposition ,Copying ,Cloning (programming) ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Stem Cells ,Bioethics ,Embryo, Mammalian ,Embryonic stem cell ,United States ,Biotechnology ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Embryo Research ,Law ,Government Regulation ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,Human cloning ,business - Abstract
In 2001, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the "Human Cloning Prohibition Act" and President Bush announced his decision to allow only limited research on existing stem cell lines but not on "embryos." In contrast, the U.K. has explicitly authorized "therapeutic cloning." Much more will be said about bioethical, legal, and social implications, but subtleties of the science and careful definitions of terms have received much less consideration. Legislators and reporters struggle to discuss "cloning," "pluripotency," "stem cells," and "embryos," and whether "adult" are preferable to "embryonic" stem cells as research subjects. They profess to abhor "copying humans" or "killing embryos." Do they know what they are talking about? Do we? This paper explores the historical, philosophical, and scientific contexts that inform this heated discussion.
- Published
- 2002
35. US government admits exaggerating number of stem cell lines available
- Author
-
Scott Gottlieb
- Subjects
Government ,Operations research ,Computer science ,Cell culture ,Law ,General Engineering ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,News Extra ,Stem cell line ,General Medicine ,Administration (government) ,Embryonic stem cell ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The Bush administration conceded that only about 25 embryonic stem cell lines are fully developed, a sharp change from its earlier assertion that more than 60 such lines are available worldwide for federally funded research and ready for use. The concession came during testimony delivered by the secretary of health and human services, Tommy Thompson, before a congressional committee this week. In particular, Mr Thompson backed off earlier pronouncements that all 64 groups of cells were “robust, viable” embryonic stem cell lines. Instead, he said that the administration had identified “64 derivations” of which “24 or 25” are fully developed into usable cell lines. …
- Published
- 2001
36. The status of human nuclear transfer
- Author
-
Vanessa Jane Hall and Miodrag Stojkovic
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,Nuclear Transfer Techniques ,Ethical issues ,business.industry ,Somatic cell ,Stem Cells ,Cell Biology ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biotechnology ,Transplantation ,Cell and molecular biology ,Oocytes ,Somatic cell nuclear transfer ,Animals ,Humans ,Engineering ethics ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,business ,Biomarkers ,Stem Cell Transplantation - Abstract
Human therapeutic cloning is a recently emerged application of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which is currently being performed to produce patient-specific stem cell lines for future stem cell therapies. The advantages in producing human nuclear transfer (NT) embryos to derive NT stem cell lines are that these can be tailor-made (i.e., are autologous in nature) for the patient and may overcome the need to administer life-long immunosuppression following stem cell transplantation. Although the rationale for using NT embryos is not for reproductive purposes, human NT remains clouded in ethical, moral, and religious controversies. The recent retraction of high-impact factor publications in the field of human NT from a research group in South Korea has placed stem cell research in a delicate situation. These heavily publicized issues may hinder the progress of this research and may threaten to bring current research to a complete halt. This review outlines the recent status of human NT, its continuing progress and the difficulties the field faces. Of most concern are the ethical issues, which surround obtaining human oocytes for research. Recent evidence suggests that failed-to-fertilize oocytes are poor sources for human SCNT, but obtaining fresh, viable oocytes may be even more problematic. The current status of human SCNT is outlined in this review with particular reference made to, lessons learnt from animal research, the oocyte dilemma and optimization of human NT.
- Published
- 1999
37. Short-Circuiting Epiblast Development
- Author
-
Kevin Eggan
- Subjects
Cellular differentiation ,Cell Differentiation ,Cell Biology ,Anatomy ,Embryoid body ,Germ layer ,Cell lineage ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell Line ,Cell biology ,Mice ,Cell culture ,Epiblast ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Medicine ,Cell Lineage ,Stem cell line ,Embryonic Stem Cells ,Germ Layers - Abstract
Although human and mouse embryonic stem cells share many characteristics, their behaviors are not identical. Two recent papers describe the derivation of stem cell lines from mouse epiblast that may provide an explanation for the unique character of human embryonic stem cells.
- Published
- 2007
38. CLAIMS UNDER FIRE
- Author
-
Susan Morrissey
- Subjects
Stem cell line ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Neuroscience ,Embryonic stem cell - Abstract
WHEN IT COMES TO doing research with human embryonic stem cells, U.S. scientists face many hurdles. The most prominent of these maybe current U.S. policy, which strictly limits the stem cell lines ...
- Published
- 2007
39. Embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomere
- Author
-
Olga Genbacev
- Subjects
Embryology ,genetic structures ,Biomedical Engineering ,Stem cell line ,Blastomere ,Anatomy ,Biology ,Stem cell ,Embryonic stem cell ,Extra embryonic ,Cell biology - Abstract
Evaluation of: Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S et al.: Embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomere. Nature Epub ahead of publication Oct 16, Letters, 1–4 (2005).
- Published
- 2006
40. Stem Cells Lose Market Luster
- Author
-
Gretchen Vogel
- Subjects
Cloning ,Multidisciplinary ,Market economy ,business.industry ,Stem cell line ,Stock market ,Venture capital ,Stem cell ,business ,Embryonic stem cell ,health care economics and organizations ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BIOTECHNOLOGYThe stock market slump and subsequent evaporation of venture capital is being felt keenly across the biotech landscape. Hit particularly hard is one of the hottest areas of all: human embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning, the creation of stem cell lines that are identical genetically to a prospective patient's. The depth of suffering among stem cell companies reflects how far off profits may lie.
- Published
- 2003
41. DFG Gives Embryo Research a Boost
- Author
-
Sabine Steghaus-Kovac
- Subjects
Funding Agency ,Multidisciplinary ,Parliament ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Embryo ,Biology ,Public administration ,Embryonic stem cell ,Biotechnology ,Surplus embryos ,Stem cell line ,business ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common - Abstract
STEM CELLSBONN-- Germany's main research funding agency issued new guidelines last week paving the way for researchers to import human embryonic stem cells from other countries. The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft also recommended that Parliament pass a law, if needed, that would allow German researchers to derive their own stem cell lines from surplus embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics.
- Published
- 2001
42. Getting It Right on Stem Cells
- Author
-
Jeneen Interlandi
- Subjects
Questions and answers ,Multidisciplinary ,Stem cell line ,Embryo ,Biology ,Stem cell ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell biology - Abstract
The article presents questions and answers related to embryonic stem cell lines including where the embryos used for stem cell lines come from, the number of stem cell lines that exist, and why the amount that exist is not enough.
- Published
- 2010
43. Stem Cells: Growth and Development…in Policy
- Author
-
Jenna Jadin
- Subjects
Transformative learning ,Presidential system ,Federal funds ,Political science ,Stem cell line ,Timeline ,Public administration ,Stem cell ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Directive ,Embryonic stem cell - Abstract
any scientists and patient advocates cheered earlier this summer when the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released new guidelines for human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. The guidelines came after President Obama’s March 2009 executive order lifting the restrictions on federal support for research using embryonic stem cells. Obama’s directive revoked the Bush administration’s restrictions and funding ban on hESC research, which had limited scientists to using only 21 approved cell lines out of about 700 in existence. The directive also ordered the NIH to issue new guidelines for hESC research, which were released in July 2009. These new guidelines specify that NIH funding can be provided for research on hESCs derived from human embryos “that were created using in vitro fertilization for reproductive purposes [but] were no longer needed for this purpose,” and were donated by individuals who were fully informed about embryo treatment and gave their voluntary, written consent to use the embryos for research. The guidelines also stipulate that there can be no financial inducements for embryo donations, and that NIH-funded research must remain separate from privately funded research. Additionally, the NIH will establish a working group of scientists and ethicists to review existing cell lines, determine their eligibility for federal funding, and post those hESCs eligible for federal funds in an online registry. The presidential directive greatly expands the research potential in this field, but Obama noted in his remarks about the order that the “full promise of stem cell research remains unknown, and it should not be overstated.” Many advocates of stem cell research agree: Much more stem cell research will take place, yet much more policy work still awaits action. The spotlight is currently on the NIH working group. This is because until the NIH determines which cell lines are eligible for federal funding, hESC research remains on hold and, as of early September 2009, the NIH registry was still empty. Alan Smith, senior research scientist at Stemina Biomarker Discovery (a metabolomics company in Madison, Wisconsin), says that this void in the registry is a major concern for industry because it is slowing efforts to build new collaborations with other companies that are using yet-to-beapproved cell lines and to spur innovations in stem cell research. It is unclear when new stem cell lines will be entered into the registry—no timeline has been announced—but some researchers are concerned that the addition of the new lines may take years. Other pressing policy issues remain. Some analysts have suggested that the government focus on developing a coalition among all the entities that work on stem cells, perhaps by supporting the formation of geographic innovation hubs. Such a large-scale collaboration between universities and industries could be transformative for the field of regenerative medicine. Other experts, such as Jonathan Moreno, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, believe that the next grand policy challenge will be to develop guidelines for
- Published
- 2009
44. Q & A: Anna Veiga
- Author
-
Doug Sipp
- Subjects
Transplantation ,Research community ,Immunology ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,medicine ,Library science ,Stem cell line ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Stem cell ,medicine.disease_cause ,Embryonic stem cell ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Despite the restrictions and controversy confronting stem cell research, labs around the world continue to derive new human embryonic stem cell lines and make them available to the global research community. The EU-funded Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry (hESCreg) seeks to bring order to the growing number of available stem cell lines and the flood of related data, beginning with the cell lines created in European labs. The web-based registry, launched in January 2008 and accessible at http://www.hescreg.eu, aims to serve as a one-stop source of information about the origins and traits of these cell lines. Anna Veiga, the hESCreg scientific coordinator and director of the stem cell bank at the Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, talks with Doug Sipp about how the project was conceived and where it might lead.
- Published
- 2008
45. US tosses out patents on three Wisconsin stem cell lines
- Author
-
Alisa Opar
- Subjects
Cell culture ,Patents as Topic ,Stem cell line ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Embryonic stem cell ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Cell biology - Published
- 2007
46. Scientists Create Human Stem Cell Line From 'Dead' Embryos
- Author
-
Constance Holden
- Subjects
animal structures ,Multidisciplinary ,embryonic structures ,Embryo ,Stem cell line ,Anatomy ,Line (text file) ,Biology ,Stem cell ,Embryonic stem cell ,Cell biology - Abstract
Last week, a European team reported creating a line of human embryonic stem cells that did not involve the destruction of human embryos, cultivating a line of stem cells from an "arrested" or nonviable embryo. (Read more.)
- Published
- 2006
47. TURNING BACK A CELL'S CLOCK
- Author
-
Susan Morrissey
- Subjects
Engineering ,urogenital system ,business.industry ,Somatic cell ,Cell ,Nanotechnology ,General Medicine ,Embryonic stem cell ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,embryonic structures ,medicine ,Research policy ,Somatic cell nuclear transfer ,Stem cell line ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,business ,Neuroscience ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Disease treatment - Abstract
FOR THE FIRST TIME, REsearchers have been able to reprogram adult somatic cells to behave like human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by simply fusing the somatic cells with ESCs from existing stem cell lines ( Science 2005 , 309 , 1369). ESCs are of interest because of their potential to form replacement cells and organs for disease treatment. Until now, published methods to derive ESCs all have involved direct destruction of an embryo. This new process will help scientists understand details about how adult cells can be transformed back to ESCs?information that could provide less ethically charged alternatives to somatic cell nuclear transfer (or therapeutic cloning) for deriving stem cell lines. Word of this new process comes as Congress debates the need to expand the federal ESC research policy which allows federally funded research on a limited number of stem cell lines. The House has already passed legislation to allow federal funds to be used to study additional ESC ...
- Published
- 2005
48. UK and Korean teams refine techniques for human cloning
- Author
-
Susan Mayor
- Subjects
Cloning ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,News ,Biology ,Bioinformatics ,Embryonic stem cell ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Newcastle upon tyne ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Stem cell line ,Blastocyst ,Stem cell ,Human cloning ,business ,Biomedicine ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
New treatments based on stem cell technology moved nearer to becoming a realistic possibility, with a UK research group reporting last week that it had successfully cloned a human blastocyst and South Korean researchers reporting that they had created stem cells to match individuals for the first time. Researchers from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne's Centre for Life reported that they had removed the nuclei from oocytes obtained from 11 women and replaced them with DNA from embryonic stem cells. Three of the resulting clones lived and grew in the laboratory for three days, and one survived for five days. The blastocyst had identical DNA to the stem cell line, proving that it had resulted from cloning. The study was published on 19 May in Reproductive and BioMedicine Online (http://www.rbmonline.com/, search for article number 1872). The critical factor for successful cloning seemed to …
- Published
- 2005
49. All approved US embryonic stem cell lines may be contaminated
- Author
-
Janice Hopkins Tanne
- Subjects
News Roundup ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Embryonic stem cell ,Sialic acid ,Cell biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,Stem cell line ,Stem cell ,business ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The few stem cell lines approved in the United States are probably contaminated with a non-human molecule, says a study published online ahead of print publication in Nature Medicine (www.nature.com/nm/). The researchers recommend starting afresh with human embryonic stem cells that have never been exposed to animal products. The authors, researchers at the University of California at San Diego and the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, report that the human embryonic stem cells they studied are contaminated with non-human sialic acid that could cause rejection if the stem cells were transplanted into humans. “In …
- Published
- 2005
50. ZERHOUNI ON STEM CELLS
- Author
-
Susan Morrissey
- Subjects
Basic research ,Political science ,Stem cell line ,General Medicine ,Stem cell ,Administration (government) ,Embryonic stem cell ,Management - Abstract
A LETTER TO CONGRESS FROM NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni defends the Bush Administration's policy on human embryonic stem cell research while suggesting that more stem cell lines might increase the pace of research. The letter is a response to one from Congress that called for the White House to expand current policy (C&EN, May 3, page 22). Zerhouni, who wrote the letter on behalf of President George W. Bush, outlined NIH's commitment to funding stem cell research that uses the approved 78 cell lines—19 of which are currently usable. He addressed representatives' concerns over the impact of limited federal funding in terms of attracting new scientists and in possibly pushing stem cell research overseas. He also noted that the usable cell lines are sufficient to support basic research. However, he added, it is not clear just what can be accomplished with those cell lines. "And although it is also fair to say ...
- Published
- 2004
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