Search

Wildfire emissions are a major contributor of atmospheric gaseous and particulate pollutants for local air pollution levels. With respect to wildfires, Turkey faces one of Europe's most severe problems during summer. In this study, a database which holds data for wildfire emissions in Turkey for the last decade (between 2000 and 2009) was established in order to create a wildfire emissions inventory. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) sulphur oxides (SOx), total suspended particulate (TSP), particulate matter <10 µm diameter (PM10) and particulate matter <2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5) are estimated from wildfires in Turkey. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency (EMEP/EEA) emission factors were used for different biomes of Turkey including temperate forest, Mediterranean forest and steppe. Total emissions from wildfires were estimated as 6,265,180 tons CO2, 386,530 tons CO, 18,078 tons CH4, 35,901 tons NMVOC, 13,444 tons NOx, 1,303 tons NH3, 414 tons N2O, 2,690 tons SOx, 63,974 tons TSP, 41,395 tons PM10 and 33,869 tons PM2.5 for the last decade. Comparing the total emissions in Turkey for the year 2000, wildfire emissions constitute 2.78% of CO2, 0.27% of PM (PM10+PM2.5), 0.02% of SOx, 0.40% NOx, 2.00% of VOC and 5.32% of CO emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimated exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were presented. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ), hydrocarbon compounds (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the diesel locomotives and railcars were calculated using the railway traffic data recorded by Turkish State Railways (TSR) for the period of 2000–2005. EPA emission factors were used for different vehicle types and operation modes such as shunting and line-hauling. Total emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were estimated as 384 t y−1 for HC, 1016 t y−1 for CO, 6799 t y−1 for NO X , 256 t y−1 for PM, 357 t y−1 for SO2 and 383 537 t y−1 for CO2 for the year 2005. The distribution of emissions with respect to type of railway vehicles shows that the mainline locomotives contribute ∼91% to the total emissions. The increases of 22%, 39% and 49% in the current numbers of mainline locomotives, shunting locomotives and diesel railcars, respectively corresponding to the full capacity of railway network in Turkey will increase the annual emissions to 431 t y−1 for HC, 1121 t y−1 for CO, 7399 t y−1 for NO X , 342 t y−1 for PM, 552 t y−1 for SO2 and 420 256 t y−1 for CO2. Total railway emissions constitute 0. 15%, 0. 08% and 4. 21% of total Turkish traffic emissions for HC, CO and NO X , respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]