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Based on theories of emotion contagion and social appraisal in interpersonal affect transfer and the control-value theory of achievement emotions, the present study examined associations between students' perceptions of peer emotions and their own self-perceived emotions in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. Data were collected from 103 seventh to ninth grade classrooms (n = 3,643) using self-report questionnaires. Doubly latent multilevel structural equation modeling showed that perceived peer enjoyment, anxiety and boredom, and students' corresponding emotions for language learning, were positively related and that the effects of perceived peer enjoyment, anxiety and boredom on corresponding student emotions were mediated by control and value appraisals at the individual level. At the class level, however, the mediation effects were only significant for control appraisal as a mediator of effects on anxiety and value appraisal as a mediator of effects on boredom. Effects were robust across grade level, gender and previous language achievement. The discussion centers on the practical implications of peer emotion interactions for promoting foreign language development in classroom instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le bâillement est une stéréotypie comportementale observée chez tous les vertébrés, qu'ils soient homéothermes ou poïkilothermes, vivant sur terre, dans l'eau ou dans les airs. Le bâillement apparaît donc comme un vestige ancestral commun maintenu sans variation morphologique notable, tout au long de l'évolution. On distingue trois types différents de bâillements. Le bâillement « universel » est associé aux rythmes circadiens, c'est-à-dire aux alternances sommeil/éveil et aux sensations de faim/satiété. Présent seulement chez les mammifères (et peut-être les oiseaux), un autre type de bâillements est associé aux émotions et à la sexualité dans quelques espèces. Il exerce une fonction d'homéostasie apportant le calme après le stress. Les éthologues appellent ce type de comportement une activité dérivative. Enfin, le bâillement dit contagieux n'est observé que chez les grands singes et l'Homme, les éléphants, le chien sous certaines conditions et peut-être quelques perroquets, les rats et les porcs. Cette capacité à répondre involontairement aux bâillements des autres nécessite d'être capable d'attribuer un état mental à l'autre (théorie de l'esprit) et de décoder les émotions d'autrui afin d'en partager le ressenti (empathie). La contagion du bâillement n'apparaît chez l'enfant que vers quatre ans, ce qui indique la nécessité d'une maturité fonctionnelle des régions corticales qui la sous-tend. L'étude de cette réplication comportementale involontaire est une voie de recherches, méconnue, des processus sociaux mimétiques. Yawning is a stereotyped behavior, observed in cold-blooded and warm-blooded vertebrates, from reptiles with rudimentary "archaic" brains to human primates, in water, air, and land environments. Yawning appears to be an ancestral vestige maintained throughout evolution with little variation, bearing witness to its early phylogenetic origins. Three different types of yawning can be distinguished. "Universal yawning", which is seen in all vertebrates, is associated with daytime circadian rhythms, i.e. sleep/arousal and hunger/satiety. "Emotional yawning", which is only seen in mammals (and perhaps birds), has a calming effect after stress. Ethologists call this type of behavior a displacement activity. Finally, "contagious yawning", which is observed only in great apes, in humans, in elephants, in dogs under certain conditions and perhaps in social parrots (budgerigar), rats and pigs, is the ability to respond to yawning in others. Experimental research indicates that contagious yawning relies on the capacity known as mental state attribution on one hand, and the capacity to build knowledge of mental states in oneself, on the other. These two conditions involve a "theory of mind" (TOM). This ability to infer mental states and emotions in others represents an evolved psychological capacity most highly developed in humans and, up to a point, in non-human primates and elephants. In addition, humans can also empathize with others, that is, share their feelings and emotions in the absence of any direct emotional stimulation to themselves. Innate emotional and motivational processes are found to exert unconscious and automatic influences on social judgments and behavior. Contagious yawning, the onset of a yawn triggered by seeing, hearing, reading, or thinking about another person yawning, occurs as a consequence of the ability to infer or empathize with what others want, know, or intend to do, requiring the neurological substrate responsible for self-awareness and empathic modeling, by which a corresponding response is produced in oneself. Functional imaging suggests that activation of the underlying network integrating these processes is also responsible for decoding cognitive empathy. As a neocortical activity (inferior-frontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus, ventral premotor cortex, right parietal cortex, posterior cingulate, anterior insula, and amygdala), contagious yawning is a sign of involuntary empathy. Thus, we see that, through evolution, a behavior can be recycled for different purposes according to the increasing complexity of the central nervous system, correlated with the richness of social interactions. Researches on this involuntary behavioral replication are an unrecognized avenue to study mimetic social processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social media plays an increasingly important role in communication around the world, social media research has primarily focused on Western users. Thus, little is known about how cultural values shape social media behavior. To examine how cultural affective values might influence social media use, we developed a new sentiment analysis tool that allowed us to compare the affective content of Twitter posts in the United States (55,867 tweets, 1,888 users) and Japan (63,863 tweets, 1,825 users). Consistent with their respective cultural affective values, U.S. users primarily produced positive (vs. negative) posts, whereas Japanese users primarily produced low (vs. high) arousal posts. Contrary to cultural affective values, however, U.S. users were more influenced by changes in others' high arousal negative (e.g., angry) posts, whereas Japanese were more influenced by changes in others' high arousal positive (e.g., excited) posts. These patterns held after controlling for differences in baseline exposure to affective content, and across different topics. Together, these results suggest that across cultures, while social media users primarily produce content that supports their affective values, they are more influenced by content that violates those values. These findings have implications for theories about which affective content spreads on social media, and for applications related to the optimal design and use of social media platforms around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors develop an affect-as-information model to explain how targeted emotions used in persuasion can influence unrelated products and brands that are presented nearby. In Study 1, the presence of an emotion-eliciting image affected consumer spending on unrelated products in a simulated retail environment. In Study 2, emotional processing ability and whether consumers monitored their feelings moderated emotional transfers between unrelated advertisements, providing support for an affect-as-information model. In Studies 3 and 4, the authors use the context of evaluative conditioning to generalize the incidence of emotional contagion in persuasive communication. They manipulate salience of affect and whether brand attitudes were measured or primed to provide additional evidence for and extend affect-as-information theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of emotion in the politicisation of security through the concept of backlash: the idea of visceral and reactionary episodes where security claims are adamantly rejected and the subject of 'security' becomes intensely controversial. Starting by examining the role of emotion in politicisation, I make the case for viewing emotions as playing a key role in the distribution of certainty in security discourse. Building on this epistemic view of emotion, I review how backlash is understood in other fields before tailoring a definition for security studies centered around four constitutive features: reaction, hostility, emotion, and contagion. The final section focuses on the politicising effects of backlash including the mobilisation of backlash movements, the intensification of controversy, and arena shifting. The discussion concludes by suggesting that the concept of backlash offers a promising research agenda for those inquiring into the politicisation of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to explore how Chinese negotiators’ positive and negative emotions affect value claiming during dyadic negotiations and examine the influence of these aroused emotions on the recipient as well as the antecedents and consequents of such reactions.Design/methodology/approach Using a simulated face-to-face negotiation between buyers and sellers, the authors conducted an experiment based on the manipulation of the sellers’ emotions. About 280 undergraduates participated in a simulated negotiation. SPSS20.0 statistical analysis software was used to test the hypothesis.Findings The results indicated that the sellers who demonstrates negative emotions claimed more value than happy sellers (direct effect), and the perceived power disadvantage mediated this effect. Moreover, buyers in the happy dyads displayed a higher evaluation of their guanxi (relationship). This experiment also indicated that the sellers’ emotions (happiness or anger) evoked a reciprocal emotion in the buyers, supporting the social contagion perspective. More importantly, as emotion recipients, the buyers’ reactions exerted further influence on the outcomes (ripple effect); specifically, in the happy dyads, the buyers’ positive emotional reactions were negatively related to their individual gains. Finally, the buyers with low agreeableness were more likely to display negative emotional reactions.Research limitations/implications Negotiators should have an understanding of how emotions may shape conflict development and resolution via direct and ripple effects. In general, during Chinese negotiations, expressing anger is an effective negotiation tactic that incurs the expense of damaged relationships with counterparts.Originality/value The findings validated the impact of emotions in the Chinese negotiation context. Further, the paper extended the research by demonstrating the influence of emotions on the recipients’ reactions. Both the direct and ripple effect provided evidence for adopting the strategic choice perspective during negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives are thought to evoke emotions through empathy, which is thought to rely on theory of mind (a.k.a. "mentalizing"). In this study we investigated the extent to which these assumptions hold. Young adults rated their experienced emotional intensity while listening to a narrative and subsequently took an empathy test. We show how empathy correlates well with overall level of experienced intensity. However, no correlation with empathy is found in those parts of the story that received highest intensity ratings across participants. Reverse correlation analysis reveals that these parts contain physical threat scenarios, while parts where empathy score is highly correlated with intensity describe social interaction that can only be understood through mentalizing. This suggests that narratives evoke emotions, both based on "simple" physical contagion (affective empathy) and on complex mentalizing (affective theory of mind) and that these effects may be more or less independent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that impairment in an ability to experience affective empathy for others is a central feature of psychopathy. The authors tested this assumption by covertly manipulating and measuring state experiences of emotional contagion and empathic concern in college undergraduates and male forensic inpatients. Surprisingly, they found little evidence of a negative association between psychopathy and affective empathy in either sample. In those instances in which associations were found, they tended to indicate that higher psychopathy was associated with increased affective empathy. Follow-up analyses also revealed that psychopathy was positively associated with pervasive experiences of sadness, anger, and fear, and negatively associated with pervasive experiences of happiness among nonforensic individuals. This research raises questions about existing conceptualizations of interpersonal affect in psychopathy and offers suggestions for advancing future understanding of the role-played by emotional processes in psychopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although emotions are believed to be socially constructed and important features of family life they are little understood in the context of families making consumption decisions. Our research focuses on understanding individual and social aspects of emotions, including whether parents mirror each other's emotions during family consumption decisions. Our Social Relations Model analyses provide evidence consistent with hypotheses that anger and frustration in family consumption decision making are interdependent, and incorporate individual and relationship levels, bidirectionality, and reciprocity. Additionally we find that the mirroring of these emotions between the parents is pervasive, occurring across spending, model/make, and final decisions involved in buying a new car. Our theory and findings provide insights into how families share emotions during consumption decision making and provide a foundation for future investigations on discrete emotions, emotion mirroring and contagion, and family decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drawing upon the literatures on beliefs about magical contagion and property transmission, we examined people's belief in a novel mechanism of human-to-human contagion, emotional residue. This is the lay belief that people's emotions leave traces in the physical environment, which can later influence others or be sensed by others. Studies 1-4 demonstrated that Indians are more likely than Americans to endorse a lay theory of emotions as substances that move in and out of the body, and to claim that they can sense emotional residue. However, when the belief in emotional residue is measured implicitly, both Indians and American believe to a similar extent that emotional residue influences the moods and behaviors of those who come into contact with it (Studies 5-7). Both Indians and Americans also believe that closer relationships and a larger number of people yield more detectable residue (Study 8). Finally, Study 9 demonstrated that beliefs about emotional residue can influence people's behaviors. Together, these finding suggest that emotional residue is likely to be an intuitive concept, one that people in different cultures acquire even without explicit instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]