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Childhood maltreatment (CM), including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect, is associated with severity of borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, knowledge on the impact of CM on treatment response is scarce. The authors investigated whether self-reported CM or one of its subtypes affected treatment retention, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity throughout short-term intensive dialectical behavior therapy (I-DBT) in 333 patients with BPD. Data were analyzed with linear and logistic regressions and linear mixed models, using a Bayesian approach. Patients who reported childhood emotional abuse had a higher dropout rate, whereas it was lower in patients who reported childhood emotional neglect. Emotional neglect predicted a greater decrease of depressive symptoms, and global CM predicted a greater decrease of impulsivity. The authors concluded that patients with BPD who experienced CM might benefit from I-DBT in specific symptom domains. Nonetheless, the impact of emotional abuse on higher dropout needs to be considered.

Exposure to chronic parental stress can lead to parental burnout, a syndrome encompassing three dimensions: an overwhelming exhaustion from one’s parental role, an emotional distancing from one’s children, and a sense of parental ineffectiveness. The first goal of this study was to examine whether there were different profiles of parents based on their levels of exhaustion, emotional distancing, and inefficacy. The second goal was to investigate the association between these profiles and different forms of neglect and violence toward children (i.e., physical neglect, emotional neglect, physical violence, and verbal violence). 2767 parents who had at least one child living at home completed the survey. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to analyze the data. LPA identified five profiles of parents (“Not in parental burnout”, “Inefficient”, “At risk of parental burnout”, “Emotionally exhausted and distant”, and “Burned out parents”), which were associated with different levels and forms of neglect and violence. Profiles in which high levels of exhaustion were associated with high levels of emotional distancing showed much higher levels of neglect and violence. Results also show that physical violence remains lower than the other forms of violence or neglect. The results first suggest that exhausted parents need to be diagnosed and cared for before exhaustion leads to emotional distancing. They also suggest that burned out parents inhibit physical violence more than the other forms of violence and neglect.

Background: Due to the increase in abuse and neglect cases in recent years, the purpose of this study was to assess child abuse and neglect of patients who were hospitalized and followed up in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: A total of 34 abuse and neglect patients who were admitted to the PICU from August 2020 to March 2021 were included retrospectively in the study. Patients’ clinical and demographic characteristics were obtained from our hospital’s patient record system (HIS). Comorbidities and the mental status of the patients, affected systems, treatments, and outcomes were extracted. Results: In this study, 44.1% (n: 15) of the patients were male and 55.9% (n: 19) were female. Physical neglect such as foreign body aspiration, malnutrition, electrocution, drowning, traffic accident, and body collision was detected in 14 (41.2%) patients. Emotional neglect (taking drugs, alcohol, or suicide) was found in 19 (55.9%) of our patients. Only 1 (2.9%) patient presented with physical abuse. Conclusions: Perception of neglect varies among different cultures. Any infant or child who is admitted to the PICU with a history that is not consistent, a history of delay in seeking medical attention, a previous history of abuse or suspected abuse, or the absence of the primary caretaker at the appearance of illness should signal possible abuse. Health-care professionals should give more attention to these patients to prevent the overlooking and recurrence of neglect and abuse cases due to the intense work tempo in the PICU.

Our goal was to assess the traumatic experience suffered in childhood by homosexual subjects and to compare it with the experience of heterosexual subjects. We carried out a study between January 2018 and March 2018 at a non-profit organization in Tunisia (ATL MST-SIDA). Participants who self-identified as homosexual were recruited (n = 24). The control group included healthy heterosexual adults recruited from the hospital staff (n = 24). Childhood trauma was assessed using the French version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. In the homosexual group, we found that the most common form of abuse was physical neglect (61.6%), followed by physical abuse (38.5%), sexual abuse (30.8%), emotional abuse (23.1%), and emotional neglect (23%). The childhood trauma total score was 49.6 in the homosexual group and 35.0 in the heterosexual group, which is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). All subscale scores were found to be significantly higher in the homosexual group than in the control group, except physical and emotional abuse. The high reported frequency of childhood trauma among homosexuals calls for immediate attention from government and public health officials.

Purpose This project examined the impact of childhood maltreatment types on psychosomatic outcomes among adults with a range of self-reported disabilities. Materials and methods Participants (n = 643) were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk and Cloud Research. Single-item questions assessed sociodemographic information. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire measured childhood maltreatment types (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect) and the RAND-36 Item Health Survey evaluated physical functioning, pain, and energy/fatigue. Logistic regressions determined associations between childhood trauma and psychosomatic outcomes; stratified models compared men and women. Results Multivariate-adjusted models indicated physical abuse was positively associated with poor physical functioning (OR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.35-3.06) with this relationship being stronger for men (OR: 3.25; 95%CI: 1.42-7.43) than women (OR: 1.91; 95%CI: 1.17-3.13). Adjusted models showed that physical neglect was protective against fatigue (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36-0.94), while emotional neglect increased the risk of fatigue (OR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.02-2.95). Lastly, physical abuse was positively associated with pain (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.01-2.33). This relationship was stronger in men (OR: 4.99; 95%CI: 1.91-12.99). Conclusions Results improve our understanding of risk factors for poor physical health outcomes and can guide the development of trauma-sensitive rehabilitation services.Implications for RehabilitationIndividuals with disabilities who report childhood maltreatment may experience poor psychosomatic outcomes in adulthood.Consequences of experiencing childhood maltreatment may manifest differently between men and women over the course of the lifespan.It is essential to integrate trauma-informed principles into treatment plans for individuals with poor psychosomatic health.Rehabilitation professionals should screen for abuse and refer individuals to the appropriate mental and physical health services.

Introduction A relationship between different types of childhood trauma, parental care, and defensive styles and development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood is proposed in this study. Understanding the nature of this association is essential to assist psychotherapists who treat patients with a history of past trauma. This study aims to examine the associations between childhood trauma, parental bonding, and defensive styles and current symptoms in adult patients who sought care at an analytical psychotherapy clinic. Methods The sample comprised 197 patients from an analytically oriented psychotherapy clinic. Participants responded to four self-report instruments that assessed, respectively, presence and frequency of several types of early trauma, type of parental attachment, styles of defenses, and current symptoms encompassing a wide variety of psychopathological syndromes. Results Only 5% of patients reported not having experienced any traumatic experience in childhood. Several traumas such as emotional and physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect showed positive and significant associations with several dimensions of current symptoms, and also with parental bonding and defensive styles. When analyzed together with the other variables, defensive styles explained the level of psychological suffering caused by the symptoms. Conclusions This study offers additional support for understanding the associations between childhood trauma, parental bonding styles, and defense styles and the psychiatric symptoms of patients in analytically oriented psychotherapy.

Objective: to analyze the association between violence in childhood and increase in the Body Mass Index among adolescents. Method: a cross-sectional study, conducted with 136 adolescents aged from 10 to 19 years old, monitored by a Multiprofessional Residency Program in Adolescents' Health, in health units from the municipality of Divinópolis-MG. The anthropometric assessment was conducted from March to June 2018; and information was collected referring to the socioeconomic level, demographic factors, food consumption, and physical activity of the participants. The variable related to violence in childhood was composed of five groups, obtained from a factorial analysis. Multiple regression models were used to identify the variables associated with the increase in Body Mass Index, with a significance level of 5%. Results: the prevalence of excess weight was 31.8%. The adolescents participating in the study consumed soft drinks (66.2%) and industrialized food products (66.9%) every week and ate in front of the TV every day (54.4%). The most prevalent type of abuse was emotional neglect, which affected 100% of the sample under study. An association was evidenced of physical neglect in childhood and intake of industrialized food products with the increase in the Body Mass Index z-score. Conclusion: violence in childhood and the consumption of industrialized food products were associated to the increase in Body Mass Index among adolescents. Investments in public policies for comprehensive promotion of health and protection of children and adolescents are imperious. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre violencia sufrida en la infancia y aumento del Índice de Masa Corporal entre adolescentes. Método: estudio transversal, realizado con 136 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de edad, monitoreados por un Programa de Residencia Multiprofesional de la Salud del Adolescente, en unidades de salud del municipio de Divinópolis-MG. La evaluación antropométrica se realizó entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2018, y se recolectaron datos referentes al nivel socioeconómico, factores demográficos, consumo de alimentos y actividad física de los participantes. La variable relacionada con la violencia sufrida en la infancia estuvo compuesta por cinco bloques, que se obtuvieron a partir de un análisis factorial. Se emplearon modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para identificar las variables asociadas al aumento del Índice de Masa Corporal, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: la prevalencia de exceso de peso fue del 31,8%. Los adolescentes que participaron del estudo ingerían refrescos (66,2%) y alimentos industrializados (66,9%) semanalmente, además de comer frente al televisor a diario (54,4%). El tipo de abuso más prevalente fue la negligencia emocional, que afectó al 100% de la muestra estudiada. Se hizo evidente la asociación de negligencia física sufrida en la infancia y consumo de alimentos industrializados con el aumento de la puntuación z del Índice de Masa Corporal. Conclusão: la violencia sufrida en la infancia y el consumo de alimentos industrializados presentaron una asociación con el aumento del Índice de Masa Corporal entre adolescentes. Es imperioso invertir en políticas públicas para promover la salud integral y proteger a los niños y adolescentes. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação entre violência na infância e aumento de Índice de Massa Corporal entre adolescentes. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 136 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos, em acompanhamento por um Programa de Residência Multiprofissional da Saúde do Adolescente, em unidades de saúde do município de Divinópolis-MG. Realizou-se, nos meses de março a junho de 2018, a avaliação antropométrica e coletaram-se informações referentes ao nível socioeconômico, a fatores demográficos, ao consumo alimentar e à atividade física dos participantes. A variável relativa à violência na infância foi composta por cinco blocos, obtidos a partir de uma análise fatorial. Modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para identificação das variáveis associadas ao aumento do Índice de Massa Corporal, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 31,8%. Os adolescentes do estudo ingeriam refrigerantes (66,2%) e alimentos industrializados (66,9%) semanalmente e se alimentavam em frente à TV diariamente (54,4%). O tipo de abuso mais prevalente foi a negligência emocional, acometendo 100% da amostra estudada. Evidenciou-se associação da negligência física na infância e do consumo de alimentos industrializados com o aumento do índice de escore z de Índice de Massa Corporal. Conclusão: A violência na infância e o consumo de alimentos industrializados associaram-se ao aumento de Índice de Massa Corporal entre adolescentes. Investimentos em políticas públicas para promoção da saúde integral e proteção de crianças e adolescentes são imperativos.

Background: Childhood neglect is a risk factor for subsequent mental health problems. However, research on the unique contribution of emotional and physical subtypes of neglect is lacking. Importantly, if emotional and physical neglect have different impacts on mental health, they must be examined separately to understand how to prevent and treat their effects. Objective: This study aimed to examine associations of emotional and physical neglect with depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol and drug use in 18- to 20-year-olds. Methods: Participants ( N = 569, mean age = 18.9, 70% female) responded in an online survey to questions on childhood emotional and physical neglect, childhood abuse, symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and alcohol and drug use and problems. Procedures were approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee. Hierarchical linear regressions were performed, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and other adverse childhood experiences. Results: Combined neglect was associated with depression ( B = 2.895, p Conclusion: Emotional neglect is a risk factor for mental health problems in early adulthood. Research that combines emotional and physical neglect into a single exposure may be obscuring relationships with mental health. Mental health prevention and treatment must screen for, and address, emotional neglect.

Zaradi pomanjkanja tovrstnih raziskav in literature na slovenskem območju smo si z našo raziskavo zadali nalogo preučiti poporodno posttravmatsko stresno motnjo (PP-PTSM), njeno prevalenco v slovenski populaciji in komorbidnost s poporodno depresijo (PPD). Zanimal nas je tudi vpliv travme iz otroštva tako na razvoj PP-PTSM kot tudi na PPD. Vprašalnik je v celoti izpolnilo 361 žensk, ki so rodile v zadnjih 12 mesecih, delno pa 434 žensk, a smo jih zaradi izpolnitve vsaj dveh vprašalnikov vseeno vključili v raziskavo. Večina (72,1 %) udeleženk je bilo starih od 25 do 35 let. Za merjenje poporodnega depresivnega razpoloženja smo uporabili Edinburško lestvico poporodne depresije – EPDS, z Lestvico porodne travme – CityBiTS smo merili poporodno PTSM, izkušnje travme v otroštvu in mladostništvu pa smo ocenjevali z retrospektivnim merskim instrumentom CTQ. Pri 116 udeleženkah je bila izmerjena visoka verjetnost depresije. 10 udeleženk je izpolnjevalo vse kriterije za PP-PTSM. Največ udeleženk (17,3 %) je v otroštvu doživelo emocionalno zanemarjanje, temu sledijo emocionalna zloraba (10,9 %), fizično zanemarjanje (10,6 %), spolna zloraba (9,7 %) in fizična zloraba (5,8 %). Zaznali smo razlike v izraženosti depresivnega razpoloženja in simptomov PTSM med skupinama žensk, ki so porodile zdravega otroka, in tistimi, ki so izgubile otroka med nosečnostjo, po porodu ali s prisotnimi zdravstvenimi zapleti pri novorojencu. Skupini, razdeljeni glede na izkušnjo poroda, se razlikujeta v izraženosti depresivnega razpoloženja. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali povezavo med travmo iz otroštva in pojavnostjo simptomov PPD in PP-PTSM. Na našem vzorcu sta s PP-PTSM najizraziteje povezana emocionalna zloraba in fizično zanemarjanje, s PPD pa emocionalna zloraba. Analiza je pokazala tudi visoko, statistično pomembno korelacijo med simptomi PPD in PP-PTSM. Due to the lack of such research and literature in Slovenian language, our study aimed to investigate postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PP-PTSD), its prevalence in the Slovenian population and comorbidity with postpartum depression (PPD). We were also interested in the impact of childhood trauma on the development of both PP-PTSD and PPD. The questionnaire was fully completed by 361 women who gave birth in the past 12 months. 434 completed the survey only partially, but were still included because they completed at least two of the questionnaires. Majority (72.1 %) participants were between 25 and 35 years old. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure postnatal depressed mood, the Childbirth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS) was used to measure postnatal PTSD, and childhood and adolescent trauma experiences were assessed with the CTQ retrospective instrument. 116 participants were measured as having a high probability of depression and 10 participants met full criteria for PP-PTSM. Most female participants (17.3 %) experienced emotional neglect in childhood, followed by emotional abuse (10.9 %), physical neglect (10.6 %), sexual abuse (9.7 %) and physical abuse (5.8 %). We found differences in the expression of depressed mood and symptoms of PTSD between the groups of women who gave birth to a healthy baby and those who lost a baby during pregnancy, after delivery or with medical complications for the newborn. The two groups divided according to the experience of childbirth differ in the expression of depressed mood. The results of the study showed an association between childhood trauma and the incidence of PPD and PP-PTSD symptoms. In our sample, emotional abuse and physical neglect are most strongly associated with PP-PTSD, while emotional abuse is most strongly associated with PPD. The analysis also showed a high statistically significant correlation between PPD symptoms and PP-PTSD.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2020/2021 Borderline personality disorder forms a notable area in clinical psychology and in the field of psychiatry, the overall incidence being between 1.4 -5.9%. Bowlby, Winnicott and Balint have studied the affective bonds between parents and children, specifically the affective deficiencies caused and how it distorts the behavior and / or personality of the individual in later years (Rossell and Rodríguez, 2017). Numerous studies support the idea that having traumatic experiences in childhood can influence the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the present study, a bibliographic search of documents is carried out in various databases (academic Google, Pubmed), in the period from December to April 2021. For the selection, a filter was introduced by introducing keywords of the topic to be investigated, then read the title, summary and noting that the content was relevant to the topic to be discussed, as well as the news of the articles. Finally, 11 research publications and 2 bibliographic reviews were selected. The results showed that a significant percentage of patients with BPD have suffered different types of abuse, neglect or child abuse, being emotional abuse the most prevalent causing an impact on affective symptoms, physical abuse the incidence will occur in autolytic behaviors, uncontrolled anger, etc. Emphasizing that the severity of the trauma will be proportional to the severity of the symptoms, observing that child abuse is a risk factor, but not a cause in the subsequent development of BPD, coexisting with other risk factors. The importance of genetic vulnerability and the interaction between genetic risk factors and abuse should be highlighted. To conclude, we find the need to homogenize a theoretical field, to facilitate evaluation with a more standardized instrument. El trastorno límite de la personalidad forma un área notable en la psicología clínica y en el campo de la psiquiatría, situándose la incidencia global entre el 1.4-5.9%. Bowlby, Winnicott o Balint han estudiado los vínculos afectivos entre padres e hijos, concretamente las carencias afectivas ocasionadas y cómo distorsiona el comportamiento y/o personalidad del individuo en años posteriores (Rossell y Rodríguez, 2017). Numerosos estudios avalan la idea de que el padecer experiencias traumáticas en la infancia puede influir en el desarrollo de un trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP). En el presente estudio se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica de documentos en diversas bases de datos (Google académico, Pubmed), en el periodo de diciembre a abril de 2021. Para la selección se filtro introduciendo palabras claves del tema a investigar, posteriormente se llevó a cabo la lectura del título, resumen y observando que el contenido fuera relevante con el tema a tratar, así como la actualidad de los artículos. Finalmente se seleccionaron 11 publicaciones de investigación y 2 revisiones bibliográficas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que un porcentaje significativo de pacientes con TLP ha sufrido diferentes tipos de abuso, negligencia o abuso infantil, siendo el abuso emocional el más prevalente causando impacto en síntomas afectivos, el abuso físico la incidencia se producirá en conductas autolíticas, ira incontrolada, etc. Destacando que la gravedad del trauma será proporcional a la gravedad de la sintomatología observando que el abuso infantil es un factor de riesgo, pero no una causa en el desarrollo posterior del TLP, coexistiendo con otros factores de riesgo. Se debe destacar la importancia de la vulnerabilidad genética y la interacción entre los factores de riesgo genéticos y el maltrato. Para concluir encontramos la necesidad de homogeneizar un campo teórico, para facilitar la evaluación con un instrumento más estandarizado.

This study aimed to measure the associations between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), childhood maltreatment (CM), schizotypy and response inhibition, and to explore the interactions between hsCRP, CM and schizotypy on response inhibition. Two hundred and fourteen participants completed the Stop-Signal Task (SST), the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ), which measured response inhibition, schizotypy and history of CM respectively. The level of hsCRP was also measured. The high schizotypy group (n = 114) had higher scores on SPQ and CTQ, higher hsCRP levels and longer SST reaction times (SSRTs) than the low schizotypy group (n = 100). In female participants, SSRT had a positive correlation with the SPQ positive factor and the disorganized SPQ factor and a positive correlation with physical neglect. HsCRP was positively correlated with the SPQ negative factor and positive SPQ factor. In male participants, SSRT was negatively correlated with emotional neglect and physical neglect. The majority of correlations between CTQ and SPQ variables were significant in both female and male participants. In female participants, hsCRP significantly predicted SSRT, and hsCRP significantly interacted with positive schizotypy in predicting SSRT.

Utilizing a sample of 400 homeless street youth, the study draws on the social schematic theory of crime to examine if childhood trauma (physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and sex...

Background: Previous research has shown a strong relationship between childhood trauma and worsened physical and mental health. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a commonly used tool assessing early traumatic experiences. The aim of this study was to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the CTQ. Methods: Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). The dimensional structure of the CTQ was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity was assessed using the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Results: CFA confirmed the standard 5-factor CTQ model. The subscales of the CTQ and the ACE-IQ questionnaires showed moderate to high correlations. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be acceptable. Emotional neglect (EN) was reported in 48.1%, physical neglect (PN) in 35.8%, emotional abuse in 15.8%, physical abuse (PA) in 11.0%, and sexual abuse (SA) in 9.1% of the Slovak population, according to the scoring, when even low abuse or neglect is assessed as trauma. Conclusion: The CTQ questionnaire fulfilled the validation criteria and appeared to be a suitable method for assessing retrospectively reported childhood trauma experiences in the Slovak population.

Danışman: DOÇ. DR. CANAN TANIDIR Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı / Klinik Psikoloji Bilim Dalı Konu: Psikoloji = Psychology, Bu çalışmanın amacı, boşanmış bireylerin çocukluk çağı travmalarının bekâr ve evli bireylere göre değişip değişmediğini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemi Tekirdağ ili Çorlu, Çerkezköy, Süleymanpaşa ilçelerinde belediyenin danışmanlık merkezine başvuran 350 kadın ve erkek katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların 176'sı kadınlardan (%50.3); 174'ü erkeklerden (%49.7) oluşmaktadır; yaş ortalamaları 34.19 (SS= 10.85)'dur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak demografik bilgi formu ve Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar araştırma hakkında bilgilendirilmiş onam formu aracılığıyla bilgilendirildikten sonar ölçekleri doldurmuştur. Veriler SPSS 25 sürümünde analiz edilmiştir. Yaş, eğitim düzeyi, katılımcıların evlenme yaşı ile çocukluk çağı travmaları arasındaki ilişkiye bakmak için Pearson korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Cinsiyet, medeni durum ve danışmanlık almak istenen konuya göre çocukluk çağı travmalarını incelemek için t-test ve tek yönlü varyans analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, yaş, eğitim düzeyi ve ilk evlenme yaşı ile çocukluk çağı travmaları ilişkili bulunmamıştır. Kadınlar çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarında erkeklere göre anlamlı derecede yüksek puan almıştır. Boşanmış bireyler, bekar ve evli bireylere oranla çocukluk çağı travmalarının tüm alt boyutlarında anlamlı derecede yüksek puan alırken; danışmanlık merkezine boşanma ile ilgili konularda başvuranların cinsel istismar puanları diğer konularda başvuran gruba oranla yüksek bulunmuştur. Özetle, boşanma ile çocukluk çağı travmaları arasında ilişki gözlemlenmiştir. Klinik uygulamalarda boşanan ya da boşanma aşamasındaki bireylerin çocukluk çağı travmalarının gözden geçirilmesi önerilmektedir., The aim of this study is to investigate whether childhood trauma rates change according to being single, married or divorced. The sample of the study consisted of 350 participants who applied to the consultancy center in Çorlu, Çerkezköy, Süleymanpaşa districts of Tekirdağ. 176 of the participants were women (50.3%); 174 were males (49.7%); the mean age was 34.19 (SD = 10.85). Demographic information form and Childhood Trauma Scale were used as data collection tools. After the participants were informed through the informed consent form, they completed the scales. Data were analyzed in SPSS 25 version. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to look at the relationship between age, educational level, age of marriage and childhood trauma. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to examine childhood traumas according to gender, marital status and reason for counseling. According to the results, age, education level and age at first marriage were not related to childhood traumas. Women scored significantly higher than men in childhood sexual abuse. Divorced individuals scored significantly higher in all subdimensions of childhood traumas compared to single and married individuals; The sexual abuse scores who applied to the counseling center for divorce related issues were higher than the other group that applied for other issues. In summary, there is a significant relationship between divorce and childhood trauma. In clinical practice, it is recommended to review childhood traumas of individuals who were divorced or who think about divorce.

The 10 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) assessed in the original ACE Study included physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, violence against a mother, parental divorce, household member having problems with substances, household member having problems with mental illness, and incarceration of a household member ( Dube et al., 2003 ; Felitti et al., 1998 ). Although the term ACEs has been more consistently used in the literature over the last two decades, there are still inconsistencies in what adverse experiences are included in ACEs research. The original list of 10 ACEs is not comprehensive and, therefore, some studies will include additional adverse experiences and/or exclude some of the original 10 ACEs while still using the term ACEs. Careful consideration for expanding the ACEs definition may be important for advancing the field. In this chapter, an overview of the original ACEs, inconsistencies in defining ACEs in research, and ACEs from a global perspective is provided. Directions for future research, including recommendations for expanding the definition of ACEs and implications on policy and practice of an expanded ACEs list, are also discussed.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica. A negligência infantil tem um impacto grave no desenvolvimento psicológico e social do sujeito, no entanto não se sabe quais as diferenças do impacto da negligência emocional e da negligência física. A presente investigação teve como questão de investigação: qual a relação entre diferentes formas de negligência na infância e adolescência e o ajustamento psicossocial no início da idade adulta. Para a qual ser respondida elaboraram-se quatro hipóteses de estudo, referentes a cada dimensão avaliada. A amostra deste estudo é composta por 617 jovens adultos da comunidade, com idades entre os 18 e os 20 anos, que preencheram a Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress, Escala Versatilidade do Comportamento Desviante e Questionário de Experiências de Adversidade na Infância. Noventa e seis jovens foram identificados com tendo sido vítimas de negligência infantil. Os resultados sugerem que a negligência emocional está mais fortemente associada a problemas de saúde mental e comportamento desviante, quando comparado com a que a negligência física. Sugerem também que os participantes que sofreram negligência, reprovam mais vezes em anos escolares. Os nossos resultados sugerem que é crucial continuar a investigar o impacto psicossocial da negligência, e simultaneamente, fazer a distinção entre as consequências dos diferentes tipo de negligência, o que raramente tem acontecido na literatura. Implicações para a literatura e para a prática clínica são sugeridas. Child neglect has a severe impact on the psychological and social development, but it is not known what are the differences in the impact of emotional neglect and physical neglect. The present research had as main question: what is the relationship between different forms of child neglect and the psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. To be answered, four study hypotheses were elaborated, referring to each dimension evaluated. The sample of this study is composed of 617 young adults from the community, aged between 18 and 20 years, who completed the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale, Deviant Behavior Versatility Scale and Childhood Adversity Experiences Questionnaire. Ninety-six youths were identified as victims of child neglect. The results suggest that emotional neglect is more strongly associated with mental health problems and deviant behavior when compared to physical neglect. They also suggest that participants who have been neglected fail more often in school years. Our results suggest that it is crucial to continue to investigate the psychosocial impact of neglect and, at the same time, to distinguish between the consequences of different types of neglect, which has rarely happened in the literature. Implications for literature and clinical practice are suggested.

Callous-unemotional traits (CU) are thought to be the developmental precursor to adult psychopathy, and identify antisocial youth at risk for persistent, aggressive conduct problems. Accumulating research supports the importance of parenting factors in the development of CU traits. The overlapping but distinct constructs, parental neglect and low warmth, are both associated with CU/psychopathic traits; however, research is yet to examine the relative contribution of these constructs. The purpose of the present study was to examine the unique contributions of parental neglect and low warmth to CU traits among 227 incarcerated male juvenile offenders (M = 15.73, SD = 1.27 years). Results indicated that low levels of maternal warmth were more strongly associated with CU traits than emotional and physical neglect. Maternal warmth also significantly mediated the association between emotional neglect and CU traits. Findings from this cross-sectional study suggest that parental neglect influences CU traits at least partly through experiences with unresponsive and emotionally “cold” parenting. The findings also support a movement within the field towards addressing parental warmth as a treatment target for antisocial youth with CU traits.

Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) often report a history of early traumatization. Although great attention has been paid to certain types of trauma, such as sexual and emotional abuse, less is known about the occurrence of childhood neglect in individuals with EDs. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of childhood emotional neglect (EN) and physical neglect (PN) in individuals with EDs. A systematic literature search, a critical appraisal of the collected studies, and a meta-analysis were conducted. An electronic search of EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library from the inception of these databases up to July 2015 was performed. The final meta-analyzed data set included 7 studies focusing on EN in EDs (N = 963) and 6 on PN in EDs (N = 665). Our meta-analytic data showed that among individuals with EDs, the prevalence of childhood EN is 53.3%, whereas 45.4% reported experience of childhood PN. These preliminary findings confirm the high prevalence of childhood EN and PN in ED samples compared to the general population and underline the importance of systematically screening for the presence of neglect as a possible traumatic experience in individuals with EDs, as its presence may have important consequences for the therapeutic approach.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of self-mutilation (SM) with the severity of borderline personality features (BPF), childhood trauma and impulsivity in male substance-dependent inpatients. Participants were consecutively admitted comprising 200 male substance-dependent inpatients. Patients were investigated with the Self-mutilative Behaviour Questionnaire (SMBQ), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Borderline Personality Inventory (BPI). Among 200 subjects, 62.0% (n=124) were considered as the group with SM. Mean scores of CTQ-28 total and subscales (other than emotional abuse), BIS-11 total and attentional impulsiveness subscale and BPI were higher in the SM group. In the regression model, emotional neglect, attentional impulsiveness and drug dependency were the predictors of SM, whereas in the new model in which the severity of BPF was included emotional neglect and the severity of BPF predicted SM. Among those with SMB, physical neglect and the severity of BPF predicted the number of SM episodes. Thus, to better understand SMB among substance-dependent patients, clinicians must carefully evaluate BPF and history of childhood trauma among substance-dependent inpatients. In addition, results suggest that the relationship between SMB and BPF is more prominent in drug-dependent inpatients than alcohol-dependent inpatients.

Aim: There has been increasing evidence that childhood traumas are related to reduced health-related quality of life, neurobiological changes and long-term adverse effects, such as an increase in the likelihood of psychiatric disorders in adulthoods. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between childhood traumas and type D personality. Subjects and methods: In total, 187 university students (64 males and 123 females; mean age = 21.69 ± 2.00) were included in the study. All participants were evaluated using the Type D Personality Scale (DS-14), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The participants were divided into the two groups according to the presence of type D personality. Then, statistical analyses were performed. Results: The frequency of type D personality in participants was 43.3% ( n = 81). The emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse component of the CTQ-28, total CTQ-28 scores and BDI scores were higher in the group with type D personality than in the group without type D personality ( p Conclusion: Childhood trauma may be associated with type D personality, and there is predictive value of the childhood trauma on the scores of type D personality.

Background: Childhood trauma is associated with psychiatric disorders, yet the underlying psychobiological mechanisms that account for this link are not well understood. Alterations in cortical arousal may, however, play a key role in mediating this association. We hypothesized that childhood trauma would be associated with alterations in arousal during a task that required sustained attention and behavioral inhibition. Materials and Methods: Fifty-three healthy adults completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire which assesses physical neglect, emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and denial of childhood trauma. These individuals underwent cortical (electroencephalography) and peripheral (heart rate, skin conductance responses, and salivary cortisol) physiological recordings at rest (eyes open and eyes closed) and during performance of a visual go/no-go (GNG) task. Associations between reported childhood trauma and physiological measures were determined. Results: Physical and emotional neglect were correlated with decreased left parietal tonic α band power during resting conditions and during the GNG task. Emotional abuse was correlated with decreased right frontal α band power during rest, increased θ band power during the GNG task, and cortisol at the end of the testing session. Physical and sexual abuse were correlated with delayed P300 latency and enhanced P300 amplitude during the no-go conditions of the GNG task. The denial scale was correlated with a decrease in θ and increase in α band power during the no-go conditions of the GNG task. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that childhood trauma is associated with altered cortical arousal and that the pattern of this association is dependent on the form of childhood trauma experienced.

Purpose The aim of the current meta-analysis was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of physical and emotional neglect by integrating prevalence figures from the body of research reporting on neglect. An attempt was also made to unravel the substantial variation in prevalence figures reported in primary studies by analyzing the effects of procedural factors and sample characteristics on combined prevalence rates. Methods Studies providing prevalence rates of child neglect were searched using electronic databases, exploring specialized journals, and by searching references of publications for other relevant studies. Data were extracted using a coding system. Intercoder reliability was satisfactory. A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted. Results Child physical neglect prevalence rates were found for 13 independent samples with a total of 59,406 participants, and child emotional neglect prevalence rates were found for 16 independent samples with a total of 59,655 participants. The overall estimated prevalence was 163/1,000 for physical neglect, and 184/1,000 for emotional neglect, with no apparent gender differences. The influence of research design factors on the prevalence of physical neglect was more pronounced than on the prevalence of emotional neglect. Studies on physical neglect in ‘low-resource’ countries were conspicuously absent. Conclusions Child neglect is a problem of considerable extent, but seems to be a neglected type of maltreatment in scientific research. This is illustrated by the deplorable dearth of studies on child neglect, especially in low-resource countries. Recommendations for the design of future prevalence studies are proposed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0549-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.