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This article investigates how the doctrine of the epistemological given—long associated with empiricism and positivism and also informing Carnap's first major work in 1928—was challenged and overcome by Neurath and Carnap in subsequent years. Particular attention is paid to the controversial issue of how precisely the dialectic between Neurath and Carnap played out: whether Neurath's argumentation correctly engaged with Carnap's actual positions, whether Carnap's change of positions in turn fully engaged with Neurath's challenge, and what all this may tell us about the compatibility of their philosophical projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to a recent criticism of Uebel's analysis of Neurath's protocol statements and proposes some independent amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]