Search

Summary Background Diabetes is an established risk factor for heart failure, but because nearly all heart failure occurs in older individuals, the excess risk and risk factors for heart failure in individuals with type 1 diabetes are not known. We aimed to determine the excess risk of heart failure in individuals with type 1 diabetes overall and by different levels of glycaemic control and albuminuria. Methods In this prospective case-control study, we identified all individuals with type 1 diabetes registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Registry between Jan 1, 1998, and Dec 31, 2011, and five controls randomly selected from the general population for each patient, matched according to age, sex, and county, and compared them with respect to subsequent hospital admissions for heart failure, with hazard ratios calculated with Cox regression. Findings In a cohort of 33 402 patients (mean age at baseline 35 years [SD 14], 15 058 [45%] women, and mean duration of diabetes 20·1 years [SD 14·5]), over a mean follow-up of 7·9 years, 1062 (3%) patients were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure, compared with 1325 (1%) of 166 228 matched controls over 8·3 years, giving a HR 4·69 (95% CI 3·64–6·04), after adjustment for time-updated age, sex, time-updated diabetes duration, birth in Sweden, educational level, and baseline comorbidities. Worse glycaemic control was associated with increased risk of heart failure in a graded fashion, and so was the presence of albuminuria. Risk of heart failure was also increased among those with well controlled diabetes (adjusted HR 2·16 [95% CI 1·55–3·01]) and in those with no albuminuria (3·38 [2·51–4·57]), but not in the subgroup both well-controlled and with normoalbuminuria (1·59 [0·70–3·58]). Interpretation Individuals with type 1 diabetes had a four-times increase in the risk of being admitted to hospital with heart failure compared with population-based controls. Poor glycaemic control and impaired renal function substantially increased the risk of heart failure. Funding The Swedish state, Swedish Society for Physicians, the Health & Medical Care Committee of the Regional Executive Board (Region Vastra Gotaland, Sweden), the Swedish Heart–Lung Foundation, Diabetes Wellness, Novo Nordisk Foundation (PI M Lind), the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish Council for working life and social research (Epilife).

Background: Impaired renal function is a well-known risk factor of cardiovascular disease, but its relation to heart failure in individuals with type 1 diabetes has been sparsely studied. The aim of our study was to quantify the risk increase for development of heart failure with decreasing kidney function in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Three equations were used to calculate eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) for individuals with T1D and no known heart failure in the Swedish National Diabetes Registry. Proportional hazards regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between eGFR and hospitalization for heart failure (HF). Results: Among 13 781 individuals (mean age 41.1 [SD 13.3] years at baseline), 330 (2.4%) were hospitalized for HF over median follow-up of 7.0 years. Renal function was normal (eGFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2) in 67% of individuals according to the Cockcroft-Gault formula, compared to 51% and 41% according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulas. For eGFR 45-60 ml/min/1.73 m2, hazard ratios (HRs) for hospitalization (reference >90 mL/min/1.73 m2) were 3.18 (95% CI 2.17, 4.65), 2.12 (1.16, 3.08), and 2.44 (1.69, 3.55) using the Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI formulas. With eGFR 2 there was a HR of 3.78 (2.15, 5.91), 3.44 (2.14, 5.51), and 3.51 (2.21, 5.51) compared to normal kidney function (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Conclusions: In individuals with T1D, risk of hospitalization for heart failure was over 2 times greater at eGFR 45-60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and more than 3 times greater at eGFR 2 when compared to normal eGFR.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential relationship between overweight, obesity, and severe obesity and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied patients with type 1 diabetes included in the Swedish National Diabetes Registry during 1998–2003, and they were followed up until hospitalization for HF, death, or 31 December 2009. Cox regression was used to estimate relative risks. RESULTS In a sample of 20,985 type 1 diabetic patients (mean age, 38.6 years; mean BMI, 25.0 kg/m2), 635 patients were hospitalized with HF as a primary or secondary diagnosis during a median follow-up of 9.1 years. Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, diabetes duration, smoking, HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and baseline and intercurrent comorbidities (including myocardial infarction) showed a significant relationship between BMI and hospitalization for HF (P < 0.0001). In reference to patients in the BMI 20–25 kg/m2 category, hazard ratios (HRs) were as follows: HR 1.22 (95% CI, 0.83–1.78) for BMI CONCLUSIONS Obesity, particularly severe obesity, is strongly associated with hospitalization for HF in patients with type 1 diabetes, whereas no similar relation was present in overweight and low body weight.