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Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are frequent comorbidities with a bidirectional relationship. Patients with HF have increased risk of developing DM, and those with DM are at greater risk of developing HF. HF does not fit clearly into the microangiopathy and macroangiopathy groups. It is known that coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension are the major causes of HF; however, it has been shown that DM can trigger functional and structural abnormalities in the myocardium via diabetic cardiomyopathy, a condition with either restrictive or dilated phenotype. While HF treatment is equally effective and safe in patients with and without DM, this statement is not applicable for antidiabetic treatment. Several antidiabetic drugs, such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone and saxagliptin increase the risk of hospitalisation for HF, therefore these antidiabetic drugs are contraindicated in patients with DM and HF or patients at risk of developing HF. Despite a large number of clinical evidence, uncertainty about the safety of antidiabetic drugs in patients with HF always exists. In this review, the issues of DM treatment in patients with HF are addressed in detail.

We introduce the audience to the personal and professional life of M.I. Balabolkin ? a prominent Russian endocrinologist, scientist and a proliferous author. We highlight his contribution into the development of national endocrinology services, including the foundation of academic departments of endocrinology in 1977 (first in the nation) and in 1991 (in the Institute of Higher Professional Education, now part of the First Moscow Medical University). We also attempt to summarize professor Balabolkin?s educational and scientific heritage that encompasses studies on pathogenesis and clinical management of major endocrine disorders, as well as instruction of a multitude of successful clinicians and scientists.

For the past several years, a number of studies addressed glucagon and its role in glycemic homeostasis and the development of diabetes mellitus.Current review discusses basic developmental stages of pancreatic islets with special regard for the role of beta-cells and basic mechanisms of glucagonfunction. We also highlight promising approaches to diabetes compensation based on adjustment of glucagon secretion.

To analyze the associations of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism and the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) in ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease (GD).The case-control study enrolled 205 patients with GD. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the rs3087243 CTLA4 and rs1800629 TNF polymorphisms was studied in 141 patients with GD and EOP (a GD+EOP group) and 64 patients with GD without EOP (a GD-EOP group). The polymorphic alleles were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length analysis.The patients with GD in their history and EOP had significantly higher frequencies of A allele and AA genotype and a lower proportion of G allele and GG genotype of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in the frequency of the alleles and genotypes of the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism.The rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism is associated with the risk of EOP in ethnic Russian patients with GD.Цель исследования. Анализ ассоциаций полиморфного маркера rs3087243 гена CTLA4 и полиморфного маркера rs1800629 гена TNF с эндокринной офтальмопатией (ЭОП) у пациентов русского происхождения с болезнью Грейвса (БГ). Материалы и методы. В исследовании случай-контроль включили 205 пациентов с БГ. Изучали распределение аллелей и генотипов полиморфных маркеров rs3087243 гена CTLA4 и rs1800629 гена TNF у 141 пациента с БГ и ЭОП (группа БГ+ЭОП) и 64 пациентов с БГ без ЭОП (БГ-ЭОП). Аллели полиморфных маркеров идентифицировали методом полимеразной цепной реакции с последующим анализом длин рестриктазных фрагментов. Результаты. У пациентов с БГ в анамнезе и ЭОП достоверно повышены частоты аллеля А и генотипа АА и снижена доля аллеля G и генотипа GG полиморфного маркера rs3087243 гена CTLA4. Сравнительный анализ частот аллелей и генотипов полиморфного маркера rs1800629 гена TNF достоверных различий не выявил. Заключение. Полиморфный маркер rs3087243 гена CTLA4 ассоциирован с риском развития ЭОП у пациентов с БГ русского происхождения.

Objective: to assess hormonal and metabolic parameters and psychological status of young men with obesity. Methods: The study included 60 men with obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) divided in two groups. Patients in the first group (n=30) received orlistat for 12 weeks (120 mg 3 times daily with meal). Patients in second group (n=30) followed hypocaloric diet and aerobic exercise. All patients were examined before treatment and after 12 weeks. Evaluation included hormonal and biochemical analyses, 48 patients were examined by psychological questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire). Results: Patients that received orlistat treatment showed significant decrease of body mass: 50% of patients had decrease more than 5%, 30% of patients - more than 10% (p

The review presents data from the literature on the physiological and pathophysiological role of hormones of adipose tissue (adiponectin, tumor necrosis factorƒ, interleukin-6, leptin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). The article considers the contribution of adipocytokines to the development of reproductive impairment. The results of studies on the relationship of the obesity and dysfunction of the reproductive system in women are presented.The review provides data from the literature about drug therapy of polycystic ovary syndrome.

End of XX - beginning of XXI century. were characterized by a rapid increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is caused by overeating, an increase in the number of refined products, obesity, a decrease in physical activity, and an increase in life expectancy. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes is over 100 million. In Europe, the cost of treating diabetes and its complications, according to experts, is 5.8% of the total medical budget

The review presents a recent data from the literature on the physiologic and pathophysiologic role of adipose tissue hormones (adiponectin, resistin, leptin). The article details the role of adipocytokines in atherogenesis. It also presents the results of studies depicting the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance as well as the impact of thyroid dysfunction upon the secretion of adipocytokines.

This article describes the case of a young woman with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2, presented by the primary adrenal insufficiency and thyroid dysfunction. In the course of the disease there was a change of the thyroid functional activity from hypothyroidism to hyperthyroidism, which led to adrenal insufficiency decompensation.