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In the paper we describe a clinical case and provide integrated clinical and laboratory data of a patient with partial androgen resistance syndrome. A 25-year-old male was referred for medical evaluation for an infertile marriage. After a comprehensive assessment, he was diagnosed with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, coronal hypospadia, left-sided varicocele, and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Cytogenetic analysis showed normal male karyotype (46,XY). Molecular genetic analysis identified the c.731_736delCGGTGT mutation in the exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, what allowed for making a diagnosis of Reifenstein syndrome. In addition, we give a brief literature review of the clinical conditions associated with abnormal androgen sensitivity and discuss the problems of testing and counseling of patients with partial androgen resistance syndrome.

Diets could play an important role in testicular function, but studies on how adherence to the dietary patterns influences human testicular function in Asian countries are scarce. Herein, we examined the association between testosterone-related dietary patterns and testicular function among adult men in Taiwan. This cross-sectional study recruited 3283 men who attended a private medical screening program from 2009 to 2015. Testosterone-related dietary pattern was generated by the reduced rank regression (RRR) method. The association between adherence to quartile of dietary pattern scores with sex hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2)) and sperm quality (sperm concentration (SC), total sperm motility (TSM), progressive motility (PRM), and normal sperm morphology (NSM)) were examined by multivariable linear regression. Hemoglobin (&beta, = 0.57, p &lt, 0.001), hematocrit (&beta, = 0.17, p = 0.002), triglyceride (&beta, = &minus, 0.84, p &lt, 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (&beta, = 3.58, p &lt, 0.001), total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio (&beta, 0.78, p &lt, 0.001), and uric acid (&beta, 10.77, p &lt, 0.001) were highly correlated with testosterone levels. Therefore, these biomarkers were used to construct a testosterone-related dietary pattern. Highest adherence (Q4) to dietary pattern scores were negatively associated with lower testosterone in the pooled analysis (&beta, 0.89, p = 0.037) and normal-weight men (&beta, 1.48, p = 0.019). Likewise, men in the Q4 of the dietary pattern had lower SC (&beta, 5.55, p = 0.001) and NSM (&beta, 2.22, p = 0.007) regardless of their nutritional status. Our study suggesting that testosterone-related dietary pattern (rich in preserved vegetables or processed meat or fish, deep-fried foods, innards organs, rice or flour products cooked in oil, and dipping sauce, but low in milk, dairy products, legumes, or beans, and dark or leafy vegetables) was associated with a poor testicular function.

Heat stress can affect reproduction potential as an environmental factor. This Study was carried out to investigate the effects of rosemary extract on spermatogenesis and sexual hormones of laboratory mice under heat stress. 50 male mature mice were examined in five groups including a control group and four experimental groups [0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of rosemary extract]. Samples were kept under heat stress four hours a day and received the extract doses for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, the amount of testosterone, LH, and FSH hormones plus the number of spermatogenic cells were measured. Obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Heat stress in zero doses reduced testosterone, LH, and FSH significantly whereas rosemary extract increased testosterone and LH in 200 and 400 doses and FSH in 100,200, and 400 doses. Primary spermatocytes were decreased in zero doses significantly but increased significantly in other experimental groups [p

Phoenixin (PNX) and nesfatin-1 are localised in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Moreover, the most of the PNX-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus also co-express nesfatin-1. These outcomes may suggest that there is an interaction between PNX and nesfatin-1, at least in terms of neuroendocrine-mediated regulations. Hence, the study was planned to find out the effects of centrally delivered PNX and nesfatin-1 on male sex hormones or to show the interactive association of intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injected PNX+nesfatin-1 combination on the release of male hormones. PNX and nesfatin-1, single or together, were delivered ICV to different male Wistar Albino rat groups. Both PNX and nesfatin-1 induced a significant enhancement in plasma FSH, LH and testosterone without inducing any alteration in plasma GnRH in the rats. The central combinatorial treatment of both the neuropeptides produced a more potent rise in male plasma hormone levels than treating with single neuropeptide. In summary, our preliminary data show that centrally delivered PNX and nesfatin-1 can affect plasma male hormone levels. Moreover, that the combinatorial treatment with both the neuropeptides in male rats leading to a more potent effect on the plasma male hormone levels might suggest that both these neuropeptides act synergistically in terms of regulation of male HPGA.

It is widely known that electrotherapy decreases the pain by mechanical and chemical stimulation. However, there have been no studies to find the change in the sex hormones by acupoint electrical stimulation for healthy rehabilitation. This study examines the effects that electrical stimulation of volunteers’ meridian points has on their levels of total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and other erectile dysfunction-related substances. A serum analysis showed that electrical stimulation using a 1 Hz current significantly increased the subjects’ concentrations of total testosterone and DHEA-S; however, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of FSH, LH, and prolactin in subjects treated with electrical stimulation. These results suggest that the increased responsiveness to electrical stimulation, particularly a current of 1 Hz continue type, may be partially related to an improvement in sexual functions.

Androgens exert beneficial effects on vascular function by regulating the release and function of NO, prostanoids and reactive oxygen species. Since organ culture induces phenotypic changes in endothelial cells similar to those observed in some cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this study was to analyze the preventive role of male sex hormones on the vascular damage induced by organ culture. We used aortic segments from control and orchidectomized rats incubated for 20 hours at 37oC in serum free culture medium. In this system we studied: i) the prostanoids and H2O2 production in the culture medium; ii) the hyperpolarizing mechanisms on the responses induced by acetylcholine (Ach) and by the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and iii) the effect of TXA2-mimetic U-46619 on vasodilator responses. The results showed that organ culture: i) increased the production of prostanoids and H2O2 in aorta from both groups of rats; ii) decreased the Ach-induced relaxation in aorta from orchidectomized rats, while i...

Aims: To evaluate the sex hormone status of young male patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and to investigate whether there were any differences in bowel symptoms related to the hormone levels. Methods: Thirty-eight young male patients with IBS were compared with 20 healthy young men. Details of symptoms were collected by a structured questionnaire. Each subject underwent a blood test and colonoscopy. The blood test included serum testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Based on the questionnaire, patients were classified as having diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) or constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). Results: Among the 38 patients with IBS, 24 had IBS-D and 14 had IBS-C. The patients had higher levels of testosterone and SHBG than did the controls (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between the IBS-D and IBS-C group with regard to the testosterone and SHBG levels (p > 0.05). There was also no difference in the duration and severity of symptoms between these 2 groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Sex hormone status in young men differ from those in older men and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBS, regardless of the dominant symptom type.

Summary Although many studies have shown that there are trade-offs between longevity and reproduction, whether such trade-offs exist in humans has been a matter of debate [1,2]. In many species, including humans, males live shorter than females, which could be due to the action of male sex hormones. Castration, which removes the source of male sex hormones, prolongs male lifespan in many animals, but this issue has been debated in humans [3]. To examine the effects of castration on longevity, we analyzed the lifespan of historical Korean eunuchs. Korean eunuchs preserved their lineage by adopting castrated boys. We studied the genealogy records of Korean eunuchs and determined the lifespan of 81 eunuchs. The average lifespan of eunuchs was 70.0 ± 1.76 years, which was 14.4–19.1 years longer than the lifespan of non-castrated men of similar socio-economic status. Our study supports the idea that male sex hormones decrease the lifespan of men.

With the use of "isotopic method" a study was made of the main parameters of functional activity of serotoninergic elements of hypothalamus--the specific uptake and release of 5-OT. The animals used were sexually mature rats castrated on the first postnatal day. In sexually mature intact males the specific uptake of 3H-5-OT by serotoninergic structures of the anterior hypothalamus was significantly lower than in females. Castration of animals on the first day of life resulted in the increase of specific 5-OT uptake in sexually mature males up to that observed in females. There were no differences between the sexes in the rate of spontaneous release of 5-OT. However, response to K(+)-depolarization in the anterior hypothalamus of intact males was significantly lower than that in females. In the hypothalamus of males castrated neonatally the amplitude of the response to the effect of the depolarizing agent was increase up to the level observed in females. By the results obtained it is indicated that elimination of the effect of male hormones on the first postnatal day results in the increase of 5-OT uptake and release in the hypothalamus of sexually mature rat males.

It is well established that the functional state of sebaceous glands in vivo is a tightly regulated process orchestrated through the interaction of male sex hormones and functional androgen receptors expressed on sebocytes. In the last few years, however, it has become increasingly apparent that sebocytes like epidermal keratinocytes express a variety of cytokines which are implicated in inflammatory and immune responses. For example, sebocytes in vivo have been found to highly express tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as determined by immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods. Moreover, certain neuropeptides including vascular intestinal peptide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides as well as their receptors have been localized within the pilosebaceous unit of murine and human skin. Since POMC peptides such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone have recently been shown to exert important immunoregulatory effects by antagonizing the function of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and TNF-α), induction of immunosuppressive cytokines (like interleukin 10), modulation of costimulatory molecule expression (e.g. B7-2) or suppression of macrophage-derived nitric oxide, complex interactions between these mediators and their target cells within the pilosebaceous gland seem to exist. The successful cultivation of sebocytes will provide a model by which the effect of these mediators can be studied in detail in order to shed light onto the various pathophysiological conditions of sebaceous glands.

There is currently great interest in understanding the role of androgens in both men and women. It is well established that testosterone levels decline with age in men but whether this is a physiologic or pathologic process remains to be determined. Many older men who have low testosterone levels also have symptoms suggestive of hypogonadism. The role of androgens on androgen-dependent target organs is well documented, particularly for younger patients who have androgen deficiency. It is speculated that women who have testosterone deficiency could benefit from testosterone therapy.

Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is known to be increased by female as well as male sex hormones, but whether there are differences in HVR between men and women remains unclear. To determine whether gender differences exist in HVR, we undertook systematic comparisons of resting ventilation and HVR in awake male and female cats. Furthermore to explore the potential contribution of sex hormones to gender differences observed, we compared neutered and intact cats of both sexes. Resting ventilation differed among the four groups, but differences disappeared with correction for body weight. Intact females had a lower end-tidal PCO2 than intact male cats (females: 31.6 +/- 0.4 Torr vs. males: 33.6 +/- 0.4 Torr, P less than 0.05), indicating an increased alveolar ventilation per unit CO2 production. HVR expressed as the shape parameter A was similar among the four groups of animals. However, baseline (hyperoxic; end-tidal PO2 greater than 200 Torr) minute ventilation [VI(PO2 greater than 200)] differed among the groups. Therefore we normalized HVR by dividing the shape parameter A by VI(PO2 greater than 200) to compare the relative hypoxic chemosensitivity among the various groups of animals. In addition, we further normalized HVR for body weight, because body size influences ventilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

EPA`s new computer models of androgens and estrogens correctly predicted that two common PCBs would have little or no affinity for sex hormone receptors but that the third common PCB would. Concerns that pseudoestogens may underlie an apparent breast cancer epidemic in women may be too simplistic however. EPA scientists have now identified a host of pollutants that functionally mimic estrogens in animals yet act through a nonestrogenic pathway by blocking male sex hormones. This article summarizes this and other studies on hormonal reprecussions of environmental toxins, including studies of molecular structure and animal studies.

Attempts were made to examine the sexual effects on the induction of intestinal metaplasia in rats. The number and locus of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric region induced by 2,000 rads of X-ray were greater in the male than in the female. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared in the male only. The intestinal metaplasia induced by stomach antigen injection in the male persisted longer than in the female. Moreover, the incidence of intestinal metaplasia caused by whole body irradiation in ovariectomized rats was significantly higher than in the sham-ovariectomized ones. Therefore, it is likely that male sex hormones are promoting while female sex hormones are inhibiting the development of intestinal metaplasia.

Male, female and castrated rats, three wk of age, were fed a low-fat diet for 14 wk followed by high-fat diets (20% by weight) for one wk containing graded levels of erucic acid from 1 to 50%, to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding and interaction of male sex hormones on formation of heart lesions. Some rats within each group were returned to the low-fat diet for one wk after the test period. For comparison, one group of three-wk-old male rats was fed the high fat 50% erucic acid diet for 15 wk. Erucic acid depressed growth rate and food consumption and increased cardiac lipidosis and triglycerides proportional to the erucic acid content of the diet. There were no sex differences, and the effects disappeared once rats were returned to the low-fat diet for one week. There was a significance (P

INTRODUCTION OBSERVATIONS of poultry breeders as well as research workers indicate that old males kept under natural conditions usually exhibit a low degree of fertility in early spring. Fertility in young males during the early spring season is usually much superior to that of old males. This condition has brought about the extensive use of young untested males for breeding rather than more valuable old males particularly in early spring. If special treatment and management should produce early spermatogenesis in old males, such methods would be extremely valuable to poultry breeders. Sex hormones have been tested extensively for their effects on the gonads of laboratory animals and upon secondary sex characters. In the fowl effects on the gonads and upon such secondary sex characters as comb development have been studied in relatively young chicks. Available information on how hormones affect the production of functional spermatozoa is very limited. Asmundson and . . .

SummaryMale rats fed a moderately low protein diet were more susceptible than females, or than both sexes on a normal diet, to monocrotaline, an alkaloid causing hemorrhagic hepatic damage and other lesions. Rats of both sexes on still more deficient diets were as resistant as normal rats. Testosterone propionate increased the toxicity of monocrotaline for both sexes on the more deficient diet. These experiments suggest that the greater susceptibility of male rats to monocrotaline may be due to the metabolic effects of male sex hormones.

The synthesis of cis - and trans -6-(4′- oxo cyclo hexenyl )-9-methyldecal-1-ol, which may be regarded as analogues of D-homo-testosterone, is described.

The value of chorionic gonadotropin as a therapeutic agent in hypogenitalism and cryptorchidism, and of the testosterone compounds in eunuchoids and castrates, has been well established. Coincident with the improvement in the genital development of boys under chorionic gonadotropin therapy, an increase in the growth rate beyond the expected average was observed by Lurie and Hertzman (1), Dorff (2), Thompson (3), and by us. Rubinstein and Solomon (4–7) demonstrated an increase in body length of white rats following the administration of moderate doses of testosterone compounds. Webster and Hoskins (8) Rapfogel (9), Albright et al. (10), Brown and Ross (11) and Goldgieher (12) used testosterone propionate in children presenting growth deficiency and observed an increase in growth rate in these children and a few adolescents. There are several contradictory reports pertaining to the effect of various hormones on bone growth, bone density and epiphyseal union in rats, mice and guinea pigs.

THERE HAVE BEEN few fields of organic chemistry in which the develop-ments have been so rapid and dramatic as in the field of the sex hop mones. Within the space of a decade we have seen not only the isolation of the various female and male sex hormones but also the elucidation of the molecular structure of these complicated compounds and their preparation in the laboratory from inactive substances. In making these achievements possible certain contributions wereof prime importance. For the isolation of a hormone a reliable bioassay procedure is necessary, and it was the develop-ment of the Allen-Doisy vaginal smear method for assay of the estrogens which made possible the isolation of the interesting series of these hormones which we now know. This method is based on the fact that the course of the estrual cycle of the rat or mouse is characterised by changes in the nature of the vaginal epithelium.

Recently, we reported that the clearance of 131I-labeled IAP from subcutaneous tissue of male rats is more rapid than that of females especially at the age of maximal sexual development (1). This led us to postulate that male sex hormones are stimulators of the subcutaneous blood flow, while female hormones have an inhibitory effect. Since this postulate could be tested by castration of male rats and administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES), we decided to pursue this line of experimentation.Methods. Twenty-eight sexually mature Sprague-Dawley rats (strain CD-1, Charles River) were divided into four groups of seven as follows: Group I, females with no treatment; Group II, males treated with nine daily subcutaneous injections1 of 0.2 ml placebo (vegetable oil vehicle) over a 2-week period before the clearances; Group III, castrated males treated with placebo as in Group II; and, Group IV, castrated males treated with nine daily subcutaneous injections of 25 mg/kg DES2 over a 2-week period before the clear...

SummaryA colorimetric method is described for male sex hormone assays on urine. The color assays are compared with comb growth assays on capons.

Despite a few clinical reports suggesting dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis (HPTA) following anticancer therapy, this area and particularly Leydig cell (LC) toxicity have not been explored in detail. To further study these aspects, groups of 5 or 4 male Fu-albino rats were treated once ip with 200 mg/kg of procarbazine (Proc) or the water vehicle respectively. 3, 7 and 14 days (d) later, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta for estimation of testosterone (T), LH (reference NIAMDD RP 2) and FSH (NIAMDD RP 1). Testes were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde for investigation in electron microscopy (EM).

This study examines the role of sex hormones in modulating the expression of autoimmunity in NZB x NZW Flmice. Male sex hormones were found to retard disease. Differekes were noted between prepubertally and postpubertally altered males and females. The presence of male sex hormones prepubertally was associated with marked retardation of the development of antibodies to DNA. Prepu-bertal but not postpubertal castration of males led to significant acceleration in anti-DNA production. Nevertheless, administration of male sex hormones to females retarded the development of fatal glomerulonephritis, even when given postpubertally. These results suggest that manipulation of sex hormones may be used to modify the expression of autoimmunity.

The close connection between the functions of the gonads and the thyroid in their effect on growth, reproduction, molting, and bird migration prompted experiments concerning the influence of varying light conditions on thyroid function. Schildmacher (1938) discovered that the thyroid colloid of the male garden redstart evidenced absorption in the fall (September to December). The degree of absorption was not noticeably influenced by additional exposure to light or the injection of male sex hormones. On the other hand, the injection of thyroxine was very effective; thyroid glands in a storage state with an extremely flat epithelium were formed. Exposure to artificially lengthened days from March to April caused molting and weight increase in castrated male green finches; the thyroid’s advanced state of absorption indicates the organ’s heightened activity (Rautenberg 1952). Artificially shortened days in summer do not affect the annual rhythm of thyroid activity in green finches. Exposure to lengthened days, however, increases the production of the thyrotropic (TSH) hormone (Schildmacher 1956).

The sex difference in the metabolism of drugs by rat liver microsomes is not entirely explained by differences in the amount of enzyme. For the N-demethylation of ethylmorphine there is also a sex difference in the apparent affinity constant (Km) as well as the maximal velocity (Vm). No sex difference in either Km or Vm was found in immature rats. Maximal velocities are apparently increased by male sex hormones, but Km values are controlled by other factors.

Antiandrogens are substances which competitively inhibit the action of male sex hormones on their target organs (Neumann et al., 1965). Neumann’sidea (Neumann and Elger, 1966) that these substances act via the hypothalamus is deduced from the observation that cyproterone induces an increase in the level of gonadotropin. Since the action of testosterone on the hypothalamic receptors is inhibited competitively, an increase in hypothalamic activity is observed, which results in an increase of gonadotropin production in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Neumann’sconcept was the starting point for our studies and we investigated by histochemical means in which way antiandrogens affect the hypothalamus.

TESTOSTERONE and similar androgens promote the anabolism of proteins. Retention of nitrogen was observed after administration of androgens to gonadectomized animals1,2. Male sex hormones also act directly on the skeleton. They enhance endochondrial ossification3 and increase metaphyseal growth4. They also increase the fusion of osteocartilagenous and bone grafts in rats and accelerate osteogenic reactions in the surrounding tissues5.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the knowledge of the intermediary metabolism of the estrogens, the male sex hormones, and of progesterone; these hormones belong respectively to the C 18 , C 19 , and C 21 steroid groups. Although it is difficult to discuss the steroid hormones in physiological groups as an overlapping in function has become increasingly apparent, an artificial separation on a structural basis will be useful. Hormones of the adrenal cortex (C 21 steroids) are not discussed except in so far as these are directly related to the metabolism of the androgens. To acquaint the reader not familiar with the system of steroid nomenclature, a brief explanation on this point may be welcome; excessive structural formulation is thereby avoided. Steroids of the C 21 series can be reduced to the hydrocarbon pregnane (or allo-pregnane), the skeleton structure of which is represented in this chapter. The carbon atoms are numbered in rotation and the four rings are designated as A, B, C, and D.

IT was recently reported that, when tissue of 1 cm2 area was excised through the full thickness of the pinna of the rabbit's ear, regeneration occurred. Furthermore, the rate of regeneration was significantly greater in males than in females1,2. It was suggested that the rate of regeneration might be influenced by male sex hormones. If this were so, then treatment of females with androgens should increase the rate of regeneration. Two androgens were used in experiments to test this hypothesis: (a) androst-4-en-17β-3-one-phenyl-propionate (testosterone phenyl-propionate—TPP)—a steroid with highly androgenic and some anabolic activities, closely allied to the naturally occurring steroid testosterone; (b) 19-nor-androst-4-en-17β-3-one-phenyl-propionate (nandrolone phenylpropionate, NPP, or ‘Durabolin’)—a steroid with less androgenic but more anabolic activity than testosterone phenyl-propionate, and therefore more suitable for the treatment of females.

ENOL-ESTERS from the series of male sex hormones were first prepared by L. Ruzicka and W. H. Fischer1, Experiments carried out in our laboratories showed that testosterone diacetate was. less active on the capon's comb than the testosterone monoacetate, but that in single injection (2 mgm.) it was more active than testosterone monoacetate on rats2. Deanesly and Parkes3 recently compared the effect of testosterone monacetate and testosterone diacetate, and the results of their experiments indicated that these In two substances are similar as regards activity. In the meantime, our experiments were extended to the I previously described dipropionate and also to two newly prepared enol-esters of testosterone. The technique corresponds to that earlier described by Miescher, Wettstein and Tschopp4.

The male bitterling fish (Rhodeus amarus) develops the typical mating coloration when treated with female sex hormones. Logically it would appear that the female fish might display the spawning season changes, when treated with male sex hormones. The Japanese bitterling (Achelognathus intermedium), was employed in the study here reported. Methods. The males were stocked separately from the females. In the test, individual aquaria containing 1 liter of water were used. The water temperature was 20 C. and the pH 6.53. Materials tested were added directly to the water or painted on the food particules. In interpreting results a lengthening of the external ovipositor in the female to at least 3 mm. was regarded as positive. In the male fish two of the following changes were considered as positive response: development of a red tip or red edge on the dorsal fin; production of a red cast to the eyes; the appearance of a red orange tip or reddish edge on the anal fin; the development of a pinkish body cast or flush.

Our studies on female castrates showed a great increase in gonadotropic hormone excretion in the urine.1 Two male castrates have now been investigated. In both patients bilateral orchidectomy had been performed for tuberculous epididymitis. In the first patient (L.D.) castration was performed 5 years ago, in the second (L.S.) 8 years ago. In the 1st patient, within 1 week of the operation, severe flushes and sweats occurred and have persisted. The 2nd has suffered from no symptoms.Gonadotropic hormone urine determinations by the acetone precipitation method2 were performed on L.D. for a preliminary period of 22 days. Both follicle stimulating and luteinizing factors were found in the urine. The daily output of follicle stimulating factor varied from 4 to 18 rat units per day; of lutein factor from 4 to 7 1/2 rat units per day. In the second patient, 5 random 48-hour urine specimens were examined. The daily output of lutein factor varied from 4 to 8 R.U. The gonadotropic hormone effects produced in the tes...

Excerpt Although androsterone and dehydroandrosterone, two substances of androgenic character, have been separated from human urine, very little is known as to the significance of their occurrence ...

IN A STUDY on the effect of male sex hormones on benign prostatic hypertrophy in man, I also reported in 1939 the effect of this hormone on the human testis. 1 These observations showed that a man would become temporarily azoospermic or sterile after the administration of this hormone. It was also noted in one man who was followed for a period of time after he became azoospermic that the number of spermatozoa far exceeded pretreatment numbers. This phenomena created a great deal of interest and curiosity, and as a result further observations have been made. Recently Heller and others 2 reported the result of their testicular biopsy studies from androgenically normal men who were given testosterone propionate. In their studies they obtained testicular biopsies before the administration of this hormone, at the end of treatment and six to 17 months after treatment. They discovered that after the administration of