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Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which an outcome of impaired insulin action and its secretion, is concomitantly associated with lipid abnormalities. The study was designed to evaluate the combinational effect of omega-3 fatty acids (flax and fish oil) and glibenclamide on abnormal lipid profiles, increased blood glucose, and impaired liver and kidney functions in a high fat diet with low streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, including its probable mechanism of action. The male Wistar rats (n = 48) were distributed into eight groups. All animal groups except the healthy received a high fat diet (HFD) for 90 days. Further, diabetes was developed by low dose STZ (35 mg/kg). Diabetic animals received, omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg/kg), along with glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg). Both flax and fish oil intervention decreased (p &le, 0.001) serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein and elevated (p &le, 0.001) high density lipoprotein levels in diabetic rats. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein level was decreased (p &le, 0.001) in fish oil-treated rats. However, it remained unaffected in the flax oil treatment group. Both flax and fish oil intervention downregulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism genes, transcription factors (sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c and nuclear factor-&kappa, &beta, ), and their regulatory genes i.e., acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase, and tumor necrosis factors-&alpha, The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene expression was upregulated (p &le, 0.001) in the fish oil treatment group. Whereas, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and fatty acid binding protein gene expression were upregulated (p &le, 0.001) in both flax and fish oil intervention group.

Aim Type 2 diabetes mellitus has assumed pandemic proportions worldwide. Aggressive management of hyperglycemia in diabetics is a primary goal of treatment. We have previously reported favorable effects of oral hypoglycemic agents on adipocytokines. Aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of adipocytokines with anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetics. Methods Clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetics and age, gender matched healthy volunteers were recruited for study. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist-circumference, hip-circumference were recorded and BMI, waist-hip ratio were calculated. Fasting blood samples were collected from participants and sera were analyzed for glucose, glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, insulin, adiponectin and leptin. Correlation of adipocytokines with anthropometric and biochemical parameters was assessed in healthy and diabetic individuals. Results BMI and WHR in diabetics were significantly higher than healthy population. BMI did not show significant association with adipocytokines. Diabetic males with WHR ≥ 0.9 showed negative association with adiponectin and positive association with leptin. WC did not show significant association with adipocytokines in males. Irrespective of WC, healthy females exhibited positive association with leptin. Diabetic females with WC ≥ 88 cm showed leptin to be positively associated with WC. Such association of adipocytokines with WHR was not detected in females. Conclusions Body fat distribution can be considered as a parameter in assessing adipokine imbalance. Central adiposity is a better measure of adipokine imbalance than BMI. Abdominal obesity in diabetics correlates with altered levels of adipocytokines indicating its importance in diabetic individuals.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin action and its secretion. The objectives of the present study were to establish an economical and efficient animal model, mimicking pathophysiology of human T2DM to understand probable molecular mechanisms in context with lipid metabolism. In the present study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Animals were fed with high fat diet (HFD) except healthy control (HC) for 12 weeks. After eight weeks, intra peritoneal glucose tolerance test was performed. After confirmation of glucose intolerance, diabetic control (DC) group was injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg b.w., i.p.). HFD fed rats showed increase (p &le, 0.001) in glucose tolerance and HOMA-IR as compared to HC. Diabetes rats showed abnormal (p &le, 0.001) lipid profile as compared to HC. The hepatocyte expression of transcription factors SREBP-1c and NF&kappa, &beta, and their target genes were found to be upregulated, while PPAR-&gamma, CPT1A and FABP expressions were downregulated as compared to the HC. A number of animal models have been raised for studying T2DM, but the study has been restricted to only the biochemical level. The model is validated at biochemical, molecular and histopathological levels, which can be used for screening new therapeutics for the effective management of T2DM.

OBJECTIVE The present study analyzed the effects of antidiabetic drugs on antioxidant enzymes and liver function test (LFT) markers and their association with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS We assessed healthy and diabetic subjects (100 each). Diabetic subjects were divided based on treatment with only metformin, metformin in combination with other antidiabetic drugs and insulin in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. LFT markers, antioxidant status and HOMA-IR were assessed in the subjects. RESULTS Superoxide dismutase activity was higher (p

Dyslipidemia is a significant morbidity associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The present study was undertaken to assess the lipid profile of type 2 diabetic and age-gender matched healthy subjects and its association, if any, with fasting plasma glucose. Clinically diagnosed diabetic subjects were recruited for the study. The fasting plasma glucose and lipid profiles were analyzed for 99 diabetic and 101 healthy volunteers. The blood samples were analyzed for fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Correlation analysis of lipid profile with fasting plasma glucose and calculation of risk ratio was done. The levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were found to be significantly low in diabetics and subjects with lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were on statins. Inspite of lower lipid values, the risk ratio for diabetics was significantly higher. The correlation analysis indicated significant difference in relationship between fasting plasma glucose, lipid parameters and risk ratios in the two groups. Diabetics with lower high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and higher total cholesterol present with a higher risk ratio pointing to need of non-statin high density lipoprotein-raising medications decreasing their predisposition to cardiovascular disorders. The study highlights the altered pattern of correlation of lipid profile with fasting plasma glucose in diabetics and their increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. The dyslipidemia in the form of triglyceridemia and significantly low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in diabetics point towards the need of non-statin high density lipoprotein-raising medications.

Inspite of availability of a variety of drugs to treat type 2 diabetes, little is known about their effects on other systems. Normalization of glucose metabolism by these drugs may consequently affect the secretory function in adipocytes. Secretory adipocytokines like adiponectin and leptin are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study was undertaken to analyze the effects of commonly used Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAs) alone, or in combination with other drugs and/or insulin on circulatory adiponectin and leptin levels, lipid profile, and blood pressure in diabetic subjects.The study was undertaken at IRSHA and Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, MS, India. Clinically diagnosed T2DM subjects and age, gender matched healthy controls were recruited. Fasting blood was collected from each subject and the blood samples were analyzed for circulatory adipocytokines and lipid parameters using commercial kits.Serum adiponectin levels were significantly increased while leptin significantly decreased in diabetic men (p0.05) and women (p0.001) on OHA, as compared to healthy controls. Triglyceride levels significantly decreased (p0.05) in diabetic men, however, they remained unchanged in women despite same drug treatment. Serum HDL and LDL levels (p0.001) were significantly lower in diabetic women as compared to healthy women. Systolic (p0.05) and diastolic (p0.001) blood pressure was significantly high in diabetic men but remained unchanged in women.Frequently used OHAs significantly improve circulatory levels of adipocytokines. Selecting best treatment option for each patient is a key, and 2012 European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and ADA guidelines recommend diabetes treatment to be individualized depending on various socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. We recommend regular analysis of circulatory adipocytokines in T2DM patients to help clinicians select the best treatment option to normalize levels of these important therapeutic targets.

Background: Copeptin , a neurohormone, has been identified lately as a biomarker for prediction of metabolic syndrome in recent few years. In this pilot study, we evaluated levels of Copeptin in patients of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus ( n =41). Materials and methods: The study was carried out on Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients ( n =41) of either sex. The copeptin levels were estimated using Human C- Reactive protein ELISA Kit, For serum, plasma, cell culture supernatants and urine (Sigma Aldrich Co, LLC)Human Copeptin ELISA Kit (Mybiosource, Antibody. Protein. ELISA Kit). Results: We found that the levels of Copeptin ranged from 0.488 to 9.36 (median 1.18; mean 1.82) pmol/l in our cohort. There was no significant difference observed between Copeptin levels of patients with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and those with higher than normal BMI. Conclusion: The present study reports for first time the values of Copeptin in Indian patients. However, there is need to estimate the levels in larger sample size to establish its utility and importance in Indian patients with metabolic syndrome.