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Abstract This study aims at to make a heuristic analysis of energy efficiency performance of Indian paper industry in a non-parametric production theoretic approach. Using the data for 2004–05 to 2013–14, radial and non-radial variants of DEA were employed to estimate energy saving potential and identify the relative position of paper industry across the states. Preliminary analysis in terms of energy intensity scores showed declining trends of energy intensity over the period of analysis for most of the states except states like Assam, Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Punjab where it does not decline much. Assuming a variable returns to scale (VRS) technology under the conditions of inherent heterogeneity and market imperfection, the slack-based measure (SBM) reported a much higher energy saving potential than reported by other measures in the study. Further by taking scale efficiency into account, the study documented the higher contribution of pure energy inefficiency in explaining the total energy inefficiency within the paper industry relative to scale inefficiency. Finally, the study recommends the propagation of energy efficiency program through a market-based and regulatory mechanism along with consolidation and technological advancement of individual units, in order to tap vast energy saving potential and thereby ensure the growth and environmental sustainability. Highlights • The paper examined the energy efficiency performance of Indian paper industry. • Both radial (BCC) and the non-radial (SBM) measures of energy efficiency, were applied. • BCC measure reported an energy saving potential of 16%. • SBM measure reported an energy saving potential of 24%, higher than BCC measure. • Scale efficiency implied the relatively higher contribution of pure energy inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of low carbon education is one solution to provide knowledge to students related to low carbon behavior. The purpose of this paper is providing an extensive bibliometric literature review on 'low carbon education'. Articles found by Publishing or Perish (PoP) software with the Google Scholar database. There were 55 out of 97 articles found from Google Scholar data base ranging from 2014 to 2019 analyzed in this study. The chosen references were then managed using a referencing manager software namely Zotero. After managing the database, this study classified and visualized it using VOSviewer software. Overall, this review provides an appropriate reference point for further research on 'low carbon education'.

Purpose: In today's competitive environment, sustainability is talked out in every sphere of life. Sustainability is a key to stability and for that roots are being focused by incorporating sustainability in higher education. The basic purpose of this paper is to prioritize the sustainability drivers in the higher education system. This research will provide fruitful insight into the sustainability drivers in the higher education system to the education industry and policymakers. Design/methodology/approach: The present research is conducted on the 400 students studying in four major universities in the state of Punjab. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process was applied to prioritize the sustainability drivers in the higher education system. The primary factors considered for the present study include social-people (social responsibility), environmental-planet (sustainable environmental practices) and financial-profit (economic value created). Findings: The most influential criteria were environmental-planet (sustainable environmental practices) and social-people (social responsibility). The five most influential subcriteria were "Student engagement in eco co-curricular activities (C21)", Energy efficiency measures (C23)", "The HEI as a job driver in the city (C11)", "Total direct energy consumption (C31)" and "Support from the HEI for local initiatives and help in growing the sustainability of the community or region (C12)". Research limitations/implications: Although the sample survey conducted in this study was focused on a small sample selected from the state of Punjab which genuinely represented the total population, it is still considered as a limitation for the present study. Practical implications: The outcome of this research provides policymakers with a better understanding of the sustainability drivers in higher education. This will further help them toward achieving the aim of sustainability. Originality/value: The present research is based on the available literature on sustainability and the results of the study would add value to the existing knowledge base.

"The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it." Well said by Robert Swa. This research paper focuses on this belief that we need to pay attention towards green initiative for environment conservation and energy efficiency as it is very essential for earth for long term sustainability. PCMC (Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Co-orporation) has planned to spend Rs. 5000 crores on Green projects. One of Greenest and first in India Corporate Campus in World is Suzlon One earth situated in Magarpatta road, Hadapsar, Pune. This Campus is completely relying on renewable energy sources, utilizing a combination of hybrid wind turbines, solar panels, and photovoltaic cells for power generation. This studies depicts importance of green building initiative and by 2025, the majority of residential areas in PCMC are expected to transition into selfsustaining real estate developments. The PCNTDA (Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority) has outlined a structured, forwardthinking, and eco-conscious approach to real estate development in PCMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Panchayat means powering the rural Indian households by harnessing the renewable sources of energy. India has set target of achieving Net-Zero emission by 2070 and the set target cannot be achieved without the inclusion of the rural households as more than half of our country population lives in rural areas. Rural electrification is considered the backbone of the rural economy but it has come up with many challenges such as availability of 24x7 power supply, power wastages due to subsidized electricity and losses to State Discoms. The paper illustrates the case study of energy consumption pattern of villages Amro, Kochwa and Budgada and it proposes a solution to provide reliable power using PV-micro-grid and solar roof top installation on public buildings.Further, detail sizing (battery, inverter, panels) of the proposed PV system to meet the energy demand (1196.91 kWh/day) of the considered villages is also determined. The economic analysis is also shown in terms of payback period to reflect the project feasibility. The paper also illustrates the energy conservation measures to be taken up in the rural households to achieve the energy savings by use of energy-efficient appliances. In a nutshell, this paper will be helpful to the power system planners and decision makers for possible implementation of Rural Electrification project which has a vital role in achieving Net-Zero emissions and sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is a dynamically developing country in which 60% to 65% of the industry consumes electricity. Many Indian firms are improving their technology, so the demand and supply of electricity is growing. With the help of energy audits, it can reduce the gap between energy demand and supply as much as possible, which is good for all sectors and it can manage the maximum demand for energy in companies and improve the power factor by reducing energy losses and improving energy efficiency. This paper is a preliminary investigation by Vandana Global Limited, Raipur. Comprehensive load study of industries with 7000 KVA monthly contract demand, new loads have been introduced in this industry, highlighting the need for significant energy conservation measures. To evaluate the savings, a full energy audit must be carried out. After energy analysis of the monthly electricity bill, the four-month average power factor is 0.92, therefore the grid power factor can be increased as inductive loads are fewer. It can use the automatic reactive control panel to improving to the grid power factor by adjusting the required reactive power from the grid connected alternator. The system is effective due to cost savings, return on investment and profit. Time of Day (TOD) and conserve energy meter readings were used to measure demand control. Energy Audit energy efficiency solutions reduce energy waste and energy costs. In general, special attention was paid to reduce demand losses and energy costs. This paper recommends using genuine energy in the right place and organizing the use of energy through an energy audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational institutions have a vital role to play shaping the future of our environment. Education provides opportunities for students to become environmentally conscious citizens besides being educated. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the perception of management students and teachers in the city of Mumbai, India, to determine their awareness and sensitivity toward environmental issues and what they can do to help the cause. Also, as a solution, use of emerging technologies such as Learning Management Systems is being suggested to save paper and conserve environment. The study would be a step to move toward Green Education.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to put forth a model for implementation of an environmental management system (EMS) in institutes of higher education in India. Design/methodology/approach: The authors carried out initial environmental review (IER) and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis to identify the major environmental concerns in the university. This was followed by preparation of environmental policy and plan based on ISO 14001 guidelines. Findings: The key concerns in the university have been identified as energy consumption, waste generation, transportation, etc. The SWOT analysis shows that the university is doing satisfactorily in energy efficiency and water conservation while there is scope for improvement in case of waste management, transportation and landscaping. The environmental management plan has been prepared keeping in mind the gaps observed through the IER and SWOT analysis. Research limitations/implications: Carbon footprint and water footprint analysis have not yet been carried out and hence, quantifiable targets have not been included in the environmental management plan. Practical implications: Implementing an EMS at the university will help reduce the impact on environment due to various day-to-day activities. It will also lead to developing environmental consciousness in the minds of young professionals who graduate from the university as well university staff. Originality/value: There have been very few examples of environmental consciousness in educational institutions in India. There is a need for model systems for incorporating environmental management in the university set-up. This research documents the process of identification of environmental concerns followed by preparation of the management plan for an educational institution. The research also documents the need for different aspects of the environmental management plan. (Contains 3 tables and 4 figures.)

Green Human Resource Management [GHRM] practices are fast assuming importance in every sector today. This paper aims to understand the outcomes and antecedents of green HRM control at the firm level as well on individual level in the pharmaceutical sector. The study in particular, investigates the impact of Green HRM practices on environmental performance in the pharmaceutical sector, as the pharma industries play an important role in the economy of India. A quantitative study design was conducted using purposive sampling to select 189 respondents' data. Findings suggest that green HRM practices have a strong impact on the performance of the firm. Key impact is observed in the cost-cutting, reduced carbon footprints, improved energy conservation and increased profitability of the pharmaceutical firms. The results provide a useful insight into green HRM for sustainable performance of the pharmaceutical firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is investigate the dynamic linkages among industrial energy use, industrial value added, financial development (FD) and trade openness, in case of India. The study covers the annual frequency data on both aggregate and disaggregate variables for the period 1971–2016. Design/methodology/approach: The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach is applied to examine the long-run relation among variables under consideration. Also, Johansen and Juselius (1990) and vector error-correction mechanism results confirm the result of cointegration. Furthermore, non-linear relationship in the model is also tested. Findings: It has been found that there exists long-run relationship among variables. Long-run estimates show that increasing FD leads to more energy uses. Hence, FD should be directed in such a way that it incentivises firms to invest in energy-efficient technology. Furthermore, it is also found that study supports the evidence of conservative hypothesis, which supports that the energy conservation policy should be adopted in the industrial sector. Energy efficiency programme needs to be designed very carefully to achieve a higher level of energy efficiency. This leads to a sustainable growth and low carbon emission. Originality/value: This paper examines the recent trend in Indian industrial energy consumption and does a comprehensive analysis using a robust econometric method. We have developed a lucid model to examine the deriving factors of industrial energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With India's population growing at a rapid pace, traditional agriculture will have a tough time meeting future food demands. Water availability and conservation are major concerns for farmers. This paper aims to discuss the aspects related to designing and fabricating an automatic irrigation system using the Internet of Things (IoT) which will save the farmer's time and money significantly. Human intervention in fields will be reduced. Changes in soil moisture are detected by soil moisture sensors and irrigation is automated using IoT. The proposed system is most economical for underdeveloped places because it is very costeffective. Based on the soil moisture content, the sensor detects and sends signals to the node MCU, which activates the motor. When the plants receive enough water, the motor automatically shuts off. The user will be alerted about the soil's moisture content through his mobile phone. The proposed smart irrigation system is implemented at our campus which conserves energy and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smart Lighting Systems go far project demonstrates an interoperable smart lighting solution that incorporates heterogeneous lighting technologies to allow intelligent functions. In developing nations, the amount of produced electrical power is insufficient to meet demand, and natural resources for generating electricity are scarce. In India, street lighting accounts for one-fifth of total energy consumption. The street lights are also built to meet old reliability requirements. As a result, a significant amount of energy is lost, putting a strain on the energy resources used to generate electricity. Alternative sources of energy are currently being investigated in order to plan for the future of conventional energy sources. A welldesigned street lighting system should enable traffic and pedestrians to drive safely and comfortably at night, while decreasing energy usage and costs. Green energy conservation aims to supply electricity to grid-connected electric and electronic networks, while thermoelectric electricity generation is primarily dependent on the thermoelectric generator's activity (TEG). In this paper, electrical energy is generated by consuming non-biodegradable waste, as well as energy from piezoelectric sensors. The electricity is produced using waste products and a piezoelectric generator, and then stored in a battery to power the streetlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the loads connected to the existing AC distribution system operate with low voltage DC power. Hence, there is a requirement to convert AC into DC power. Often there are many inefficiencies associated with AC to DC power conversion. To enhance the energy conservation, low voltage DC distribution system (LVDCDS) is suggested in this paper. Forty percent of the total power consumed in India is by lighting loads which make use of DC power. LVDCDS is an ideal choice to power lighting loads in residential and commercial buildings. This paper presents a detailed study of four different single stage, interleaved, non-isolated light emitting diode (LED) drivers for lighting load. All the topologies are developed in hardware and tested experimentally with controller implementation to provide a constant power of 70 W to power LED lights in the campus building. The installation cost, payback period, and energy savings for the converters connected to LVDCDS are analyzed and discussed in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for lean protein is the main reason for raising domesticated birds in poultry farms for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. In these poultry farms, artificial lighting system is an essential factor for the success of the commercial production of egg layers and broilers. Lighting loads connected to the existing AC system requires DC power. Nearly 25% of the total power consumed in India is by lighting loads. Therefore, low-voltage DC distribution system is the new requirement of electrical network to improve energy conservation. In this paper, an energy efficient single-stage LED driver topology is proposed as a better alternative to fluorescent lights used in poultry farms. The proposed topology is a phase-shifted buck converter with reduced size of passive components. The converter is mathematically modelled and designed for a power of 24 W LED lights. An experimental prototype is developed for the proposed converter and the results are validated in terms of cost, energy savings, and energy efficiency with various other LED driver topologies like conventional buck converter and interleaved buck converter. Further to justify the outcome of the proposed LED driver, a case study is also done for poultry farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for electricity all over the world is enhancing significantly. A major portion of this demand is met by fossil fuels leading to substantial mining, environmental pollution, and increment in global warming. The escalating rate of extraction is declining their reserves at an alarming rate and enhancing their price as well. Thus, it has become essential to shift to alternative resources for power generation. Northeast India has a superfluous reserve of renewable energy which can competently fulfill the electricity requirement in the region. The surplus can significantly contribute to supplying the demand of other states in the country. In addition, the use of clean energy can conserve fossil fuels and expenditure and at the same time can slow down environmental pollution. This paper comprehensively analyzes the potential of perennial assets in this area; projects their economic and ecological benefits; and also makes a brief comparison of the conventional systems with the probable green alternatives. Renewable capacity in this regime is found 66,682 MW out of which 99.51% is yet to be explored and Rs. 5.66 × 1012 will be required to extract them. Utilization of these boons can save 187.39 Mt of combustibles and 648.61 Mt of greenhouse gasses from emission. Capital, energy, and carbon that will be invested during the installation and operation of the systems will be paid back in 3.6, 2.3, and 2.25 years, respectively. The average levelized cost of this unremitting energy will be Rs. 4.80/kWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continual need to optimize costs and the recent competitive pressure from renewables have seen renewed focus on improving and optimizing plant components' efficiency. Combined cycle power plants are better from thermal efficiency point of view compared with coal-based power plants. Exergy analysis offers better alternative to energetic analysis based on simpler model of energy balance only. Identifying system energy losses is easier using exergy analysis, making it a better analytical tool. The paper presents a case study of exergy analysis of Gautami combined cycle power plant. Component level theoretical analysis is done first and applied to the operational data from the plant. The results showed that the gas turbine combustion chamber has the highest exergy loss of 33%. Impact factors like ambient temperature, pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and heat recovery steam boiler are also considered on the exergy losses of the power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high energy consumption in India, modern energy-efficient technologies are desperately needed and to be included in the national energy policy. Such technologies could be investigated in the areas of electrical equipment's, energy integration in buildings, and energy supporting tools. It is believed that a considerable saving in the investments of constructing new power stations could be attained; and consequently the energy conservation policy will be seriously improved in the forthcoming years, and the requirement of energy generating capacity will be reduced accordingly. Here in this paper, both renewable and non-renewable energy sources have been briefly described. Various energy conservation methods (general guidelines) have been presented to save energy. Saving energy by means of wise use of available energy is equivalent to energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates the feasibility of implementing nocturnal radiative cooling system for air comfort application. Mechanical air conditioners are conventional in creating thermal comfort but are energy-intensive and hence harmful to the ecological system. Therefore, passive cooling can be adopted as a viable alternative to conventional cooling system. Heat flow through the roof contributes to the total heat gain of a building. The contribution becomes more severe for single story houses covered by metal sheet roofing. An aluminum nocturnal radiator thickness of 0.44 mm and 0.55 mm, painted with an appropriate white paint, was established on the roof. The lightweight metallic radiator was used for cooling the ambient air below its initial temperature. Consequently, this environment-friendly and highly-efficient system can reduce the use of mechanical vapor compression systems. Roofs of buildings radiate heat day and night at a rate of up to 75 W/m2. Generally, most locations can provide net night sky radiation above 60 W/m2, while the nocturnal coolers have the potential of reducing space temperatures by 2 to 4 °C and can yield 14-48% savings in the energy demand of a building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India, being one of the fastest-growing economiess in recent times, has witnessed a rise in energy consumption with associated implications on energy availability and energy security. The country recognizes these challenges and has accelerated its efforts with varied degree of success by initiating various programs, policies, and required institutional arrangements to ameliorate these challenges. This paper attempts to review the development of nation’s policy programs to trace the progress so far, in terms of energy efficiency and conservation. Energy being a cross-sectoral issue has been dealt with holistically in this paper, with special reference to the policy instruments that have been instrumental in realizing the energy-saving potential and in integrating renewable energy in building sector. Further, an attempt is made to draw the success/failure with respect to various policies and programs, along with a detailed analysis of various missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current production of bioethanol based on lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) highly depends on thermostable enzymes and extremophiles owing to less risk of contamination. Thermophilic bacterial cellulases are preferred over fungi due to their higher growth rate, presence of complex multi-enzymes, stability, and enhanced bioconversion efficiency. Corncob, underutilized biomass, ensures energy conservation due to high lignocellulosic and more fermentable sugar content. In the present study, the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus aerius CMCPS1, isolated from the thermal springs of Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh, India, was characterized in terms of its activity, stability, and hydrolytic capacity. A two-step process comprising: (i) a combined strategy of hydrodynamic cavitation reaction (HCR)-coupled enzymatic (LccH at 6.5 U) pretreatment for delignification and (ii) subsequent hydrolysis of pre-treated (HCR-LccH) corncob biomass (CCB) using a thermostable cocktail of CMCPS1 was adopted to validate the efficiency of the process. Some of the parameters studied include lignin reduction, cellulose increase, and saccharification efficiency. Result: Among the five isolates obtained by in situ enrichment on various substrates, B. aerius CMCPS1, isolated from hot springs, exhibited the maximum hydrolytic activity of 4.11. The GH activity of the CMCPS1 strain under submerged fermentation revealed maximum filter paper activity (FPA) and endoglucanase activity of 4.36 IU mL−1 and 2.98 IU mL−1, respectively, at 44 h. Similarly, the isolate produced exoglucanase and β-glucosidase with an activity of 1.76 IU mL−1 and 1.23 IU mL−1 at 48 h, respectively. More specifically, the enzyme endo-1,4-β-d glucanase E.C.3.2.1.4 (CMCase) produced by B. aerius CMCPS1 displayed wider stability to pH (3–9) and temperature (30–90 °C) than most fungal cellulases. Similarly, the activity of CMCase increased in the presence of organic solvents (118% at 30% acetone v/v). The partially purified CMCase from the culture supernatant of CMCPS1 registered 64% yield with twofold purification. The zymogram and SDS-PAGE analyses further confirmed the CMCase activity with an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa. The presence of genes specific to cellulases, such as cellulose-binding domain CelB, confirmed the presence of GH family 46 and β-glucosidase activity (GH3). The multifunctional cellulases of CMCPS1 were evaluated for their saccharification efficiency on laccase (LccH, a fungal laccase from Hexagonia hirta MSF2)-pretreated corncob in a HCR. The lignin and hemicelluloses removal efficiency of HCR-LccH was 54.1 and 6.57%, respectively, with an increase in cellulose fraction (42.25%). The saccharification efficiency of 55% was achieved with CMCPS1 multifunctional cellulases at 50 °C and pH 5.0. Conclusion: The multifunctional cellulase complex of B. aerius CMCPS1 is a potential biocatalyst for application in lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries. The saccharification ability of HCR-LccH-pretreated corncob at elevated temperatures would be an advantage for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent global developments towards climate change have ignited a lot of interest in field of energy efficiency and conservation in India. The government is also developing and implementing many innovative programmes as a policy measure to promote energy efficiency and energy conservation in different sectors of Indian economy. In this study, we provide the brief review the energy saving potential in India. We focus our thought to analyze the energy policy of India using SAP-LAP analysis and identify the barriers and drivers in the field of energy efficiency and conservation promotion. We further review the different energy efficiency and conservation programmes and briefly highlight the performance of each programme. We also emphasize the limitations, challenges and issues in promoting and implementing those programmes. This paper aims to ignite interest among policymakers, researchers, energy service companies, appliance manufacturers and other pertinent stakeholders. The learnings gained from this study may be used by the policymakers in designing and implementing effective energy policy measure to remove the obstacles in the way of investment in energy efficient technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of healthcare facilities significantly affects patient outcomes, well-being, and environmental sustainability. With growing concerns over climate change and resource scarcity, there is an increasing demand to incorporate eco-friendly building concepts and healing design principles into hospital design in India. This review synthesizes recent research to explore the application of these approaches in the Indian healthcare context. Eco-friendly healthcare facilities emphasize energy efficiency, water conservation, waste management, use of renewable energy sources, and eco-friendly building materials. These sustainable practices offer environmental and economic benefits such as reduced operational costs, diminished ecological impact, and improved patient experiences. Healing architecture principles, including day lighting, natural ventilation, healing gardens, and the integration of natural elements, aim to create therapeutic environments that promote patient recovery and well-being. Studies from Indian hospitals that have implemented green design practices and healing architecture elements demonstrate the feasibility and positive outcomes of these strategies. The review examines the challenges and barriers to implementing green hospitals and healing architecture in India, such as resource constraints, regulatory compliance, and lack of awareness. Evaluation frameworks like GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) are discussed as tools for assessing and enhancing environmental sustainability in Indian hospital infrastructure. By integrating recent research with best practices, this review provides an understanding of green hospitals and healing architecture in the Indian context, highlighting their significance in creating sustainable, patient-centered healthcare facilities that prioritize both environmental stewardship and patient recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern middle class Indian homes are equipped with multiple appliances such as refrigerator, tube lights, television, fans, washing machine and electric water heater with different ratings. At the end of each month, electricity distribution agency provides monthly bill to its customers. On this bill, the total consumption of electricity for the home is shown. However, this bill does not inform equipment wise power consumption, or its contribution in the total bill. In short, user does not know which equipments is mostly responsible for the total bill of the month. This information may be critical to take energy saving steps to reduce monthly consumption to lowest possible level. To satisfy this objective, it is necessary to have a system which will record power consumption of every device at home. In this paper, related literature is synthesized to design a proposed method of measurement and conceptual system architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary aluminum production involves refining of bauxite to alumina and smelting of alumina to aluminum. Smelting is an energy-intensive process and consumes 85-90% of the electrical energy consumption. Under the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE), PAT (Perform, Achieve, and Trade) has been developed, which is a market-based mechanism to improve energy efficiency in the energy-intensive large industries. By the end of the first PAT cycle I, the energy savings of 0.456 million tons of oil equivalent/year is expected to be achieved, which is around 7% of the total national energy saving targets assessed under PAT. To achieve the targeted energy saving and to ensure unbiased implementation of the PAT scheme, normalization factors were developed by JNARDDC as a sector expert. This paper presents the methodology adopted for the formulation of normalization factor for Indian aluminum electrolysis plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Renewable energy sources are likely to play a major role in meeting the future energy requirement of a developing country like India. Among the various renewable energy sources, the bio-energy plays a key role for the power generation. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a fuzzy based linear programming optimal electricity allocation model (OEAM) that minimizes the cost and determines the optimum allocation of different energy sources for the centralized and decentralized power generation in India with special emphasis to bio-energy. Design/methodology/approach - The OEAM model optimizes and selects the appropriate energy options for the power generation on the factors such as cost, potential, demand, efficiency, emission and carbon tax. The objective function of the model is minimizing the cost of power generation. The other factors are used as constraints in the model The fuzzy linear programming optimization approach is used in the model. Findings - The extents of energy sources distribution for the power generation in the year 2020 would be 15,800 GWh (4 per cent) from the coal based plants, 85,400 GWh (20 per cent) from the nuclear plants, 191,100 GWh (44 per cent) from the hydro plants, 22,400 GWh (5 per cent) from the wind mills, 45,520 GWh (11 per cent) from the biomass gasifier plants, 14,112 GWh (3 per cent) from the biogas plants, 8,400 GWh (2 per cent) from the solid waste, 33,600 GWh (8 per cent) from the cogeneration plants and 11,970 GWh (3 per cent) from the mini hydel plants, respectively. Originality/value - The OEAM has been developed for the electricity demand allocation for the year 2020. An extensive literature survey revealed that carbon tax and emission constraints were never used in the previous models and they are considered in the present model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual consumption of petroleum products in India was about 221 million metric tons in 2015. Of this, 84% was imported. The Indian industrial sector accounts for about 16%-20% of the total fuel consumption for thermal energy for different heating applications in the temperature range of 50°C--250 °C. Solar collectors can meet these temperature requirements and offer the possibility to mitigate the consumption of oil. This study highlights the fact that conversion efficiency from solar energy is much higher for process heating than for electricity generation and that process heating applications constitute a significant share of industrial energy consumption. In this paper, a methodology has been developed to estimate the potential for integration of solar collectors for process heating. The methodology employs process operating temperatures to select the type of solar collectors. The size of the solar field is estimated taking into account the thermal heat loads, working fluid and temperatures of these processes, the efficiency of the chosen solar collectors, location-based solar irradiance and capacity utilization of the solar collectors. The proposed methodology has been validated with a software tool called System Advisor Model (SAM). The techno-economic analysis will indicate the viability of solar systems for integration in industries. Therefore, the consociated parameters on economic (capital cost, fuel oil savings, monetary benefits), financial (Payback periods, Rates of Returns) and environmental (Carbon savings) are estimated. Further, the methodology has been applied to select Indian industries to verify its potential quantitatively. The industries selected include Textile, Pulp & Paper, Dairy, Leather and Automobile. Process-wise energy demands are considered while estimating the potential as the fuel requirement offset by solar energy in terms of absolute fuel oil savings, monetary benefits and carbon savings. The other economic and financial parameters mentioned above were estimated to verify the capability and present the market position of solar systems. Further, sensitivity analyses have been performed with respect to solar energy penetration and fuel oil prices to address the viability of integration of solar energy for process heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing energy crisis, the need to conserve and manage energy resources in a responsible manner is being increasingly felt by different sectors of the economy. India's civil aviation industry is on a high-growth trajectory. India aims to become the third-largest aviation market by 2020 and the largest by 2030. The rise in the energy needs of airports to satisfy this demand has led to great concerns about the environmental impact of the aviation industry. Long term sustainability of airports is getting more important in this scenario. As demand for air travel continues to grow, aviation's environmental impacts need to be addressed while continuing to maximize its social and economic benefits. This paper presents the problem of high energy consumption in the aviation sector by analysing the energy consumption data of three Indian airports in the composite climatic zone of India and the imperative need to design energy efficient airports. Data was collected from energy audits, which were conducted over a period of one year. The collected information was used to perform an analysis for assessing specific measures to reduce energy use at the passenger terminal building (PTB) and to identify possible actions for improving the airport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the need for awareness of energy conservation practices and consumers' attitude towards the same. This is an empirical study with a sample size of 143 households. In this study the researchers examined the latest literature about energy consumption trends in the world and India, and the need for promotion of energy conservation activities in India. The paper focuses on understanding the difference in consumer behaviour in context of energy conservation of rural and urban residents; multiple discriminant analysis was used for studying the discriminating power of selected variables between rural and urban residents. The demand for energy is growing. The challenge faced by policy makers is to leverage alternative form of renewable energy to fulfil this growing demand. Attempt has been made to study the attitude towards the renewable energy. There has to be a balance between economic growth and pollution carrying capacity of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian industry may not be best in technology in comparison to developed countries. But the companies in India do understand the market trends and operate accordingly. The Indian consumer has his own beliefs and attitudes. Recently, the concern about environment has been growing rapidly in many of the developing countries, such as, India, Maldives, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka etc, who are already threatened by the global warming. In India, the customer has always been used to using minimum resources for a livelihood because of the inherited lifestyle and beliefs. The Indian customer base in rural areas cannot afford many of the luxurious products. This has given rise to various levels of customer differentiation for 'green' and eco-friendly products which are affordable. India is a diversified country, not only in culture but also in economics, and hence this trend is most welcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy conservation behaviour of people is a significant issue given the growing global concern about environmental issues. The current study is part of a larger intervention project aimed at changing the energy use behaviour of people living in rural households in Kerala, India. Preliminary activities of the project started in early 1997. The management and administration of the project spread over a period of 8 years. The study explores the extent of energy saved by these rural households when awareness, availability and training about the technologies are present, and thereby examines the impact of attitudinal variables and contextual factors on the energy-saving behaviour of people. This paper revisits the theories of behavioural change in the context of energy-saving behaviour and investigates whether Attitude, Behaviour, Context theory can be used to predict environmentally significant human behaviour. Findings revealed that traditional habits and beliefs influenced attitude formation in rural households and hence should be treated as an important consideration in changing energy conservation behaviours in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reduction of electricity distribution loss is a major area of focus in India. This paper aims to investigate geo-electrical options to improve distribution efficiency of electrical network. Distribution efficiencies corresponding to several possible electrical network options are assessed using Geographical Information System (GIS) integrated electrical theory. An existing electrical distribution network of a rural area in Assam (India) is considered for the present investigation. Information related to characteristics of loads, features of conductors, and transformers of the existing network are used for this investigation. The line losses of the three existing transformers are estimated at about 36, 20, and 3 % of their respective connected loads. Longer distribution lines associated with higher loads are the causes of higher line losses. Using basic electrical theory and GIS tools, it is found that line losses can be reduced in the existing distribution system through management of distribution transformer and reconductoring. Two alternative locations for each of the three transformers are identified for optimal management of distribution transformers. Similarly, five different types of commercially available conductors are identified for possible reconductoring to reduce line loss. The economic viability of reconductoring of distribution lines are also assessed through an economic analysis. Net present values of total expenditure comprising purchase prices of conductor and cost attributed to line losses are estimated considering 30 years of useful life. The existing conductor has the worst economic merit, though it is the cheapest amongst all. A net saving of about US $24,084 is possible through the best choice of distribution conductor for the village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Wheat is grown in most of the Indian and Chinese regions and after harvesting, the remaining straw offers considerable promise as a renewable source most suitable for papermaking and as a pulping resource. Delignification of wheat straw offers ample scope for energy conservation by way of the application of the process intensification principles. The present work reviews the pretreatment techniques available for improving the effectiveness of the conventional approach for polysaccharide component separation, softening and delignification. A detailed overview of the cavitation assisted delignification process has been presented based on the earlier literature illustrations and important operational guidelines have been presented for overall low-cost and amenable energy utilization in the processes. The effectiveness of the methods has been evaluated according to yield and properties of the isolated fibers in comparison to the conventional treatment. Also the experimental results of one such non-conventional treatment scheme based on the use of hydrodynamic cavitation have been presented for the pulping of wheat straw. The effect of hydrodynamically induced cavitation on cell wall matrix and its components have been characterized using FT-IR analysis with an objective of understanding the cavitation assisted digestion mechanism on straws. It has been observed that the use of hydrodynamic cavitation does not degrade the fibrillar structure of cellulose but causes relocalisation and partial removal of lignin. Overall it appears that considerable improvement can be obtained due to the use of pretreatment or alternate techniques for delignification, which is an energy intensive step in the paper making industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present paper has the main aim of illustrating some main results obtained from a walk through preliminary energy audit performed on The Bharati Hospitals and Research centre, Pune, India. These results are analyzed in order to determine an optimum consumption pattern and potential of saving in terms of expenditure towards energy cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper investigates the causality relationships among energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and income in India using a dynamic modeling approach. The paper also utilises an innovation accounting method to investigate profiles of the macroeconomic variables persisting from an unanticipated shock in innovation. Our results provide evidence of the existence of bi-directional Granger causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the long-run but neither CO2 emissions nor energy consumption causes movements in real income. There is no causality relationship between energy consumption and income in any direction in the long-run implying that India could follow energy conservation and efficiency improvement policies without impeding economic growth. This will allow India to reduce CO2 emissions without affecting its economic growth and contribute significantly towards combating global warming as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: India has a very large potential for harnessing renewable energy sources. However, there is a large gap between the estimated potential and the cumulative achievements made so far. A variety of reasons are attributed to the current low levels of dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India as against their respective estimated potentials. Several of these attributes could, one way or the other, be related to the current status of development of the technology, its appropriateness and dissemination strategies adopted for their diffusion and deployment. Results of an attempt to assess the current status of some renewable energy technologies in India are briefly presented in this paper. The main findings of a structured questionnaire based survey undertaken for eliciting views of different categories of stakeholders on various issues affecting dissemination of renewable energy technologies in India are presented in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The world over energy resources are getting scarcer and increasingly exorbitant with time. In India bridging the ever- widening gap between energy demand and supply by increasing supply is an expensive option. The share of energy costs in total production costs can, therefore improve profit levels in all the industries. Thermal Power Plant is a major source of electricity production by coal. We will understand the overview of Thermal Power Plant i.e its parts such as boiler, turbine etc. Overview of Thermal Power Plant is very important for its better functioning and for its maintenance. The satisfactory design consist of selection of sites; estimation of cost; selection of Boiler, Turbine, Electrical Generator, Cooling System. The Transportation of electrical energy is more economical to the transportation of coal. So, we have to put greater efforts on thermal power plant as it is very economical for us. This reduction can be achieved by improving the efficiency of industrial operations and equipments. Energy plays an important role in identifying energy conservation opportunities in the industrial sector, while they do not provide the final answer to the problem; they do help to identify potential for energy conservation and induces the companies to concentrate their efforts in this area in a focused manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is running 11% peak demand as well as short of electrical energy which is the cause of poor grid availability at many sits in India. This motivates the consumer to install their own captive power plant in the building to improve reliability of electricity building. The photovoltaic system cost is rapidly decreasing day by day as well as it is the pollution free source of electricity it is popularity choice of residential consumers. The electronics loads (DC appliances) are increasing in the building. The PV system is also a source of DC power. Therefore, the integration of the DC appliances as well as PV system to the traditional AC distribution system forced to introduce the DC–AC and AC–DC converters at the PV system and appliances. Which decrease the system efficiency, reliability and system capital cost. In this paper, the comparison analysis of the distribution structures (i) Traditional system: AC distribution system with AC compatible appliances (conventional), (ii) Hybrid system: AC distribution system with DC compatible a appliances (high efficient) and (iii) DC system: DC distribution system with DC compatible appliances. The simulation results of this study shows that DC system in the building shows high efficiency and small capital cost as compared to the traditional as well as hybrid system. It is also need small number of AC–DC–sAC conversion stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between electricity and growth of the economy is investigated by applying the newly-developed bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag test with a Fourier function to examine both the causality and cointegration for China, India, and the United States (US). While it is not possible to detect a long-term cointegration relation among the economy's electricity and growth, the study findings demonstrate the contingency of the causality. The ensemble method in machine learning performs better than conventional methods as electricity is an independent indicator for forecast economics. Concerning the US, previous electricity consumption has a positive impact on the current nature of economic growth. In contrast, the consumption of electricity is negatively affected by the development of the economy. However, for China and India, positive and negative feedback can be observed, respectively. Due to the increased awareness of the environment's adverse effects, China should promote technologies that conserve energy and boost energy efficiency to achieve sustainable development in both environmental and economic terms. In India's context, broadening access to electricity has significance for residents in rural areas and enhances economic growth. It is recommended that policy-makers promote innovative technologies in the US, as the abundant natural and human resources can make valuable contributions to the society and development of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation through various energy efficiency measures have received a paramount attention in the Indian policy making for achieving sustainable economic progress as well as meeting the country's voluntary commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The enaction of Energy Conservation Act, 2001 in fact marks the issuance of the first legal framework and institutional arrangement for enhancing energy efficiency in the country with the ultimate objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian Economy. With a multi-sectoral outreach, various programs and initiatives have been framed to cut down energy intensity across the economy. This study undertakes an examination of the association between these measures and energy intensity at an aggregate level using Auto regressive distributive lag models for the time period 1979-80 to 2017-18, controlling for a variety of covariates relevant to energy intensity such as ratio of fossil vs alternate fuel shares, size of the industrial sector, energy prices and technological advancement. The analysis confirms the effectiveness of measures of energy efficiency on energy intensity in the long run and further strengthening of these measures as well as additional initiatives to harness the benefits of reduced intensity are suggested as the potential policy implications for the Indian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Tower technology has gained considerable momentum over the past decade. Unlike the parabolic trough, Solar Tower has a lot of variants in terms of type of receivers, working fluids, power cycles, size of heliostats, etc. Most of the literature available on this technology does not address in great depths, details of various parameters associated with tower technology. A detailed examination of plant parameters is required in order to perform a potential assessment, design basis or feasibility analysis. This paper aims to assess the principal parameters of existing plants, namely, solar to electric conversion efficiency, mirror and land area per MW e of equivalent capacity, packing density, field layout configuration, receiver size, tower height and gross costs of plants, wherever data is available. Based on this global review of existing plants, it is observed that, the annual solar to electric conversion efficiencies has an average value of 16% and the packing density has an average value of about 20%. Since most of the existing plants have been constructed for demonstration purposes, the true potential of this technology has not yet been realised. Using this assessment as a basis, the technical, financial and policy drivers and barriers for adopting tower technology in India are discussed. It is seen that based on indigenisation prospects, tower technology with external cylindrical or cavity receivers with storage could be adopted. The role and significance of this technology is brought out in the context of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in order to achieve grid-connected solar power. It is estimated that around 1800 MW of grid connected Solar Tower plants could come up under this mission by 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the Granger causal relationship between the consumption of power both at the aggregate and sectoral level and economic growth in India using the frequency domain approach, which would help policy makers seek the efficient allocation of electricity via proper policy initiatives at different frequencies. We find that at the aggregate level, unidirectional causality runs from the total power consumption to economic growth, starting from the second up to the seventh quarter. In the sectoral context, the results are different. Since there is no causality between industrial power consumption and economic growth; therefore, an energy conservation policy can thus be implemented for the industrial sector. Moreover, since a bidirectional causality exists after 15 quarters for the commercial sector, a short-term policy but not an energy conservation policy could also be initiated for this sector. In the industrial and agricultural sectors, a promotional policy should be initiated because a unidirectional causality exists from sectoral power consumption to economic growth. Therefore, different and sector-specific policies would be more appropriate than a single policy for all power sectors in India in order to orient the efficient utilisation of power towards better economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the past two decades, ground source heat pump (GSHP) system has made good impact on energy saving in the Western and European countries in heating/cooling and industrial applications. Their potential for reduction in CO2 emission has been very well utilized by these countries to contribute to a green environment. In this paper an attempt is made to give an overview about how India can benefit from this technology. The economic growth of India has huge impact on energy and environment of the country. Though Indian building sector is growing in multifold, still there is a demand for electricity to meet the needs of people. Any technology to reduce energy consumption will have great impact on people's life and economy. In this way a study has been carried out to estimate, to what extend the ground source heat pump technology can help India to reduce its energy demand and also save the environment. This study covers 10 provinces of northern part of India which require both heating and cooling. Based on the topography of the states, they are classified into severe winter states and moderate winter states for heating requirement. During winter period the conventional electric heaters consume electricity between 1416 and 7085GW annually and for the same heating load GSHP consumes only 471–1416GW. In summer months the electricity consumed by conventional air conditioner ranges between 5506 and 27,532GW and by GSHP it varies from 4811 to 14,440GW. The annual CO2 emission by the conventional systems used for heating and cooling vary between 5270 and 26,352millionkg of CO2. In the case of GSHP CO2 emission lies between 4022 and 12,071millionkg. It is estimated that by employing GSHP technology India can save annually a minimum electricity of 1639–18,700GW and CO2 emission of 1.3–14.2 million tons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the potential of renewable energy, investment and CO2 mitigation by renewable energy technologies. Currently, India's per-capita emissions are around one tonne of CO2/year. The present energy scene offers India a window of opportunity to invest in renewable energy. The annual turnover of renewable energy industry has reached $12.3 billion in 2011, which is 36% higher than 2010 investment of $7.5 billion. Increasing the share of renewable energy in overall energy mix is an effective option to mitigate CO2 emission. Presently, the share of renewable energy is around 12% in the energy mix. The present study estimated CO2 mitigation potential of Indian renewable energy sector about 203milliontonnes with an installed capacity of 24GW in 2012. However, enormous potential identified in renewable energy sector with favorable CO2 mitigation the government is compromising with limited financial resources. However, policy efforts need to be strengthened to encourage a massive scale-up of renewable technologies to build sustained low carbon economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The future economic growth for India is likely to result in rapid and accelerated surge in energy demand, with expected shortages in terms of supply. Many of its current policies and strategies are aimed at the improvement and possible maximization of energy production from the renewable sector. It is also clear that while energy conservation and energy efficiency can make an important contribution, renewable energies will be essential to the solution and are likely to play an increasingly important role for providing enhanced energy access, reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and helping India pursue its low-carbon progressive pathway. However, most of the states in India, like the northernmost state of Jammu and Kashmir, have experienced an energy crisis over a sustained period of time and the government both at center and state level has to embark upon with these pressing issues in a more sustainable manner and accordingly initiate various renewable energy projects within these states. This paper will provide a broad-spectrum view about the energy situation within Jammu and Kashmir and will highlight the current policies along with future strategies for the optimal utilization of renewable energy resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]