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In recent decades, works have been published on the Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to provide available, feasible, and efficient renewable energy systems. Several studies have looked at the efficiency of the systems in terms of sustainability through performance parameters. This study aims at estimating the optimum HRES based on biomass and photovoltaic (PV) using the case study of 94 residential buildings with an electricity demand of 84.5 kWp. The influence of key parameters (global solar irradiation, component efficiencies, fuel consumption, economic convenience) and their impact on the performance and cost of the system is investigated. The optimum system is evaluated by the simulation software HOMER Pro. A single year of hourly data is used to analyze the component performance and the overall system performance. In this work, a mathematical model based on the IEC 61724 standard is used to incorporate numerous performance indicators that are critical for estimating the performance of a hybrid system. Evaluating results comprise of three performance basic indicators, namely, energy efficiency, system sizing, and economic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different waste streams from olive oil production from Montenegro are utilized energetically by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC – hydrochar) and pyrolysis (biochar). Pyrolysis experiments of three-phase olive mill solid waste (3POMSW) were conducted for different pyrolysis temperatures of 450, 550, and 700 °C and a residence of 60 min for each experiment. HTC experiments for two-phase olive mill waste (2POMW) and a mixture of olive mill wastewater (3POMWW) and 3POMSW were carried out at 180, 200, and 220 °C, autogenous pressure of (1, 1.6, and 2.3 MPa) for 60 min. Increasing reaction temperature led throughout all experiments to a lower carbon recovery. Furthermore, all hydrochar and biochar samples had energy densification of more than one, indicating a higher mass-energy density than the initial feedstock. The highest energy yields were achieved for the 3POMW, with 46.48 % in hydrochar treated at 180 °C and 44.09 % in biochar treated at 450 °C. Concerning the hydrochar from 2POMW, the highest energy and mass yields of 62.53 % and 49.65 %, respectively obtained at 180 °C. Summarizing, the energy potential of Montenegro's olive mill waste (OMW) was estimated at 43.69 PJ, which roughly could cover the whole energy demand of the olive oil industry in Montenegro. • Biochar and hydrocar energy potential derived from olive mills waste was evaluated. • Hydrocar derived at 200 °C for 60 min are suitable for substituting peat. • Biochar derived at 450 °C and above are suitable for substituting coal. • Pyrolysis and HTC are feasible methods to provide bioenergy olive mill waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hybrid bio-share energy systems offer a high potential associated with raw material price and conversion technology. • Waste biomass can significantly contribute to hybrid electrification. • A simulation tool using HOMER Pro-was successfully set-up and a mathematical model to calculate the range of system capacities. • An optimized system includes PV, biomass and grid connection. • PV module as well as biomass costs are the most sensitive parameters. Increasing household energy demand in the countries of the global south and the lack of conventional fuels and their high prices is forcing local authorities to look for alternatives. Based on the example of the city of Gaza, the primary renewable energy sources are large volumes of biomass, particularly waste-derived, which causes environmental and health damage, as well as abundant amounts of solar radiation. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) of solar and biomass is proposed, providing sustainable electrification for highly populated communities. By reviewing the literature studies on the electrification systems consisting of biomass and solar energy systems in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, and with respect to the corresponding technologies applied, we decided to incorporate a biogas engine generator. Simulation experiments are conducted by HOMER Pro-software of the residential district average daily demand is about 1074 kWh/day, and peaks of 84.5 kW p. The grid-connected system utilises renewable resources through photovoltaic panels and a biogas generator. Pre-mathematical model to evaluate the system components capacities is provided with different zones of load profile to achieve optimum solution of the biomass contribution and reveals at least $2.30 M net present cost (NPC) and $0. 438/kWh cost of energy (CoE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]