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The present study aims to scrutinize the long- and short-run relationship along with the direction of causality among environmental pollution (CO2), renewable, non-renewable energy, income disparity, exchange rate, and poverty alleviation in E-9 countries of continent Asia, using a panel dataset from 1990 to 2018. The current study used pooled mean group autoregressive distributed lag (PMG ARDL) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) causality test after affirming a stable long-run association among environmental pollution and all the explanatory variables. However, ECM (error correction mechanism) was specified to explore short-run dynamics. The study's outcomes confirmed strong co-integration among environmental pollution (CO2), renewable, non-renewable energy, income disparity, exchange rate, and poverty alleviation. Moreover, uni (bi) directional causality runs from non-renewable energy, exchange rate, and income disparity (poverty alleviation and renewable energy) to environmental pollution (CO2). Results also revealed that poverty alleviation, exchange rate, and renewable energy usage substantially negatively influence environmental pollution (CO2). Contrarily, income disparities and non-renewable energy usage positively influence long- and short-run environmental pollution. Therefore, from the policy perspective, the current study focused on twofold; first, there is a desire to alleviate poverty, the decline in non-renewable energy use and income disparity among upper and lower-income quintiles. Second, boost exchange rate and renewable energy use to control environmental pollution in the described least developed countries (LDCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research was to determine the impact of renewable energy, alternative and nuclear energy, urbanization, energy use, and fossil fuel energy consumption on Romanian economic development. To investigate the relation between variables, we employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique in conjunction with FMOLS (Fully Modified Least Squares) and CCR (Canonical Cointegrating Regression). Long-run and short-run findings suggest that alternative and nuclear energy, as well as fossil fuel consumption, has a positive association with economic growth, but renewable energy, urbanization, and energy usage have an adversative relationship with economic growth. Similarly, FMOLS and CCR statistics indicate that alternative and nuclear energy and fossil fuel consumption have a favorable impact on economic development. Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, and energy use, on the other hand, revealed a negative connection with economic progress. Conservative solutions are necessary to implement appropriate policies to address energy consumption concerns in Romania in order to improve economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion concerning whether and how economic complexity (ECI) affects ecological footprint (EFP) has gained researchers' consideration, while there are slight empirical evidence to support the subject matter. In the support of theoretical argument, this study provides empirical evidence by investigating the impact of ECI on EFP along with the role of disaggregated energy consumptions by using a panel dataset of G-7 economies between 1996 and 2019. To this end, we applied panel techniques of Fully-Modify OLS and Dynamic-OLS models for cointegration analysis. The results obtained from Fully-Modify OLS and Dynamic-OLS models reveal that ECI deteriorates environmental quality by increasing EFP, while renewable energy reduces ecological pollution by decreasing EFP. In addition, the increasing demand for non-renewable energy and economic growth both degrades environmental quality in G-7 countries. More interestingly, the non-linear (ECI2) relationship between ECI and EFP confirms a U-shaped association (EKC hypothesis), which suggests that after achieving a certain threshold level, economic complexity mitigates environmental degradation in G-7 economies. The empirical results also suggest that other control variables such as population growth, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and total trade intensity lead to environmental degradation by increasing ecological footprint. Based on empirical results, the following important policy implications are drawn; first, G-7 economies should speed up the level of economic complexity along with renewable energy consumption to protect environmental quality and maintain sustainable growth and development. Secondly, the governments of G-7 countries should introduce greener technologies and promote production that are environmental friendly for drastic reduction in environmental unsustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several rural areas of China, ecological public welfare work is an effective way to improve farmers' social participation. This job does not only increase farmers' income but also greatly improves their enthusiasm for ecological environment protection. Under the goal of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, it is necessary to explore the impact of ecological public welfare jobs on the usage of Clean Energy (CE) in rural areas. Based on the data of 1100 farmers from Tibet areas in China, this paper applied the Ordered Probit model to explore the impact of ecological public welfare jobs on farmers' use of CE. The results are as follows: (1) Holding ecological public welfare jobs can raise farmers' willingness to use CE; (2) Holding ecological public welfare jobs can also promote farmers' use of CE by enhancing their ecological environment cognition and influencing their social behavior; (3) The impact of ecological public welfare work on CE use has regional and income heterogeneities. Firstly, this effect is smaller in mixed pastoral-farming areas than in agricultural and pastoral areas. Secondly, this effect is more obvious in low-income groups. Our study provided several policies aimed at improving rural and environmental development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underpinned study examines the effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on Indian agriculture, cereal production, and yield using the country-level time series data of 1965–2015. With the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the long-term equilibrium association among the variables has been explored. The results reveal that climatic factors like CO2 emissions and temperature adversely affect agricultural output, while rainfall positively affects it. Likewise, non-climatic factors, including energy used, financial development, and labor force, affect agricultural production positively in the long run. The estimated long-run results further demonstrate that CO2 emissions and rainfall positively affect both cereal production and yield, while temperature adversely affects them. The results exhibit that the cereal cropped area, energy used, financial development, and labor force significantly and positively impact the long-run cereal production and yield. Finally, pairwise Granger causality test confirmed that both climatic and non-climatic factors are significantly influencing agriculture and cereal production in India. Based on these results, policymakers and governmental institutions should formulate coherent adaptation measures and mitigation policies to tackle the adverse climate change effects on agriculture and its production of cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of the service sector and renewable energy reduce fossil-based energy consumption which mitigates CO2 emissions and this nexus provides a better understanding of the environmental sustainability. Considering the substantially increasing contribution of service sector and tremendous potential for renewable energy in ASEAN5 countries, leaning forward from ASEAN's energy and growth nexus, this study examines the impact of service sector contribution and renewable energy on the environmental quality of ASEAN5 using annual data from 1990 to 2018. The results of the fully modified ordinary least squared, dynamic ordinary least squared, and canonical co-integrating regressions depicted that the service sectors of Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore augment CO2 emissions; however, the service sectors of Malaysia and Indonesia could reduce CO2 emissions. The increasing share of renewable energy can enhance environmental quality, but its magnitude varies in ASEAN5 economies; non-renewable energy, population, and economic development deteriorate the environment. Our results confirm the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in all the ASEAN5; the Gregory-Hansen test confirmed that results are robust. Finally, the Granger causality designated that economic development and non-renewable energy have a significant causal relationship with CO2 emission of ASEAN5 countries. These findings suggest that the ASEAN5 economies need to optimize their economic structure for promoting sustainable development in the long run. Graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the long-run (LR) and short-run (SR) effects of renewable and non-renewable energy (RE and NRE) usage, economic development (ED), agricultural value-added (AVA), and forestry area (FA) on the environmental quality (EQ) in China spanning from 1990 to 2015. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) bounds testing method and the Johansen cointegration approach are applied to produce empirical estimates. The empirical results of the ARDL and the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimators established that renewable energy usage and forest area reduce CO2 emissions and improve the environmental quality, while non-renewable energy consumption, economic development, and agricultural output increase the level of CO2 emissions in China. The robustness of outcomes is checked through the Granger causality test, impulse response function (IRF), and variance decomposition method (VDM) suggesting that fossil fuel usage in the agriculture production process is mainly accountable for China's CO2 emissions. These findings have inherent policy implications for the central and local Chinese government, which are exhibited in the "Conclusions" section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy affects the economic growth and development of a country. Renewable energy has become an important part of the world's energy consumption. The use of fossil fuel energy contributes to global warming and carbon dioxide emissions, and has a detrimental effect on the environment. The long-run and short-run causality relationships between electric power consumption, renewable electricity output, renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, energy use, carbon dioxide emissions, and gross domestic product per capita for Pakistan over the period of 1990–2017 were investigated in this paper using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration. The augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test and the Phillips–Perron unit root test were used to check the stationarity of the variables, while the Johansen cointegration test was applied to check the robustness of the long-run relationships. The Granger causality test under the vector error correction model extracted during the short-run estimation showed a unidirectional relationship among all variables except for the relationship between gross domestic product per capita and carbon dioxide emission, which was bidirectional (feedback hypothesis). The evidence showed that in the long run, carbon dioxide emissions, electric power consumption, and renewable electricity output had a positive and significant relationship with the gross domestic product per capita, while the relationship of renewable energy consumption, energy use, and fossil fuel energy consumption with the gross domestic product per capita had a negative effect. Overall, the long-run effects of the variables were found to have a stronger effect on the gross domestic product per capita than the short-run dynamics, which indicated that the findings were heterogeneous. The evidence suggests that the government of Pakistan should take steps to enhance the use of renewable energy resources to resolve the energy crisis in the country and introduce new policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to examine the long-term effects of financial development, economic growth, energy consumption (electricity consumption in the agriculture sector), foreign direct investment (FDI), and population on the environmental quality in Pakistan during the period of 1980 to 2016. We use CO2 emissions from the agriculture sector as a proxy indicator for environmental quality. We employ various unit root tests (e.g., ADF, PP, ERS, KPSS) and structural break unit root tests (Z&A, CMR) to check the stationarity and structural break in the data series. Cointegration tests, i.e., Johansen, Engle-Granger, and ARDL cointegration approaches are used to ensure their robustness. Results showed that significant long-term cointegration exists among the variables. Findings also indicated that an increase in financial development and foreign direct investment (FDI) improves environmental quality, whereas the increase in economic growth and electricity consumption in the agriculture sector degrades environmental quality in Pakistan. Based on the findings, we suggest policymakers should provide a conducive environment for foreign investment. Moreover, it is also suggested that a reliance on fossil fuels be reduced and a transition to renewable energy sources be encouraged to decrease the environmental pollution in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic conditions of rural households have changed because the extensive usage of the Internet technology in rural China. Hence, according to micro-survey data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014, 2016 and 2018, in this work we use the Probit model to experimentally examine the association between cooking energy usage and Internet technology use in Chinese rural households. Research results showed that Internet technology use can significantly and positively influences the choice of Households' clean cooking energy, and further mechanism analysis reveals that off-farm employment as a partly mediator between the use of the Internet and the clean energy consumed by households. In particular, we further examine the region and age differences in Internet technology use and its household cooking energy consumption consequences. The assessment of the Internet technology used by rural residents' heterogeneity indicates that in the eastern region or the younger and middle-aged group of rural residents can better use the Internet technology to realize the households' cooking energy conversion. Therefore, in the context of global climate change and frequent catastrophic weather occurrences, we suggest that rural households should widely utilize the Internet, greatly expand off-farm employment channels, and accelerate the conversion and upgrading of cooking energy consumption in rural areas. • Impact of Internet use on rural households' fuel consumption in China is examined. • Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2104, 2016 and 2018 is used in this study. • Probit model and the mediation effect model are applied. • Internet use significantly promotes household clean fuel consumption in rural China • Mechanism analysis reveals that non-agricultural employment plays a partial mediating role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the electricity production from different sources in Pakistan, and the contribution of these sources to economic growth. An ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller) unit root test was used to check the variables stationarity, while an ARDL bounds testing approach was used to check the long-term relationship among the study variables. Results illustrate that electricity produced from coal, hydropower, natural gas and nuclear sources has a significant influence on the economic growth of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]