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The battery pack performance and expected lifespan are crucial in electric vehicle applications. Balancing the charge on a battery pack connected in series and parallel is crucial due to manufacturing discrepancies and distinct performance of each cell in a standard battery pack. In this paper, a switched-resistor passive balancing-based method is proposed for balancing cells in a battery management system (BMS). The value of the available voltage at the battery cell terminals is balanced using resistors in an electrical circuit, and the excess voltage is eliminated. The cell balancing outcome demonstrates that the electrical circuit can maintain an even voltage across each cell. The procedure of balancing involves individually adjusting each cell's level of charge. Passive balancing releases energy as heat by draining charge from cells that have too much charge. A passive cell balancer is a cost-effective solution and easy to install, but due to thermal loss from a resistor, it has a low energy efficiency for cell balancing and necessitates a lengthy balancing process. This passive cell balancer is an effective and reliable method for low-power devices and portable applications such as electrical vehicles. The power limits during charging and discharging are estimated using the bisection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods of accurately determining the efficiency of motors in situ without costly plant downtime are required to implement online motor management strategies that can lead to energy and cost savings. An ideal method must perform in practical power system conditions where there is variation in the supply voltage. An improved non-intrusive compensated slip technique utilising vibration signature analysis has been proposed for accurately estimating induction motor efficiency. The performance of this technique is evaluated through experimental data under ideal and non-ideal supply voltage conditions. The proposed method of estimating motor efficiency is found to be accurate and easy to implement. The proposed technique is robust in under-voltage and over-voltage power supply conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]