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Summary: Many protocols, services, and electrical devices with built‐in sensors have been developed in response to the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of autonomous mobile nodes that can form an ad hoc network in the absence of any pre‐existing infrastructure. System performance may suffer due to the changeable topology of MANETs. Since most mobile hosts operate on limited battery power, energy consumption poses the biggest challenge for MANETs. Both network lifetime and throughput improve when energy usage is reduced. However, existing approaches perform poorly in terms of energy efficiency. Scalability becomes a significant issue in large‐scale networks as they grow, leading to overhead associated with routing updates and maintenance that can become unmanageable. This article employs a MANET routing protocol combined with an energy conservation strategy. The clustering hierarchy is used in MANETs to maximize the network's lifespan, considering its limited energy resources. In the MANET communication process, the cluster head (CH) is selected using Fire Hawk Optimization (FHO). When choosing nodes to act as a cluster for an extended period, CH election factors in connectivity, mobility, and remaining energy. This process is achieved using an optimized version of the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, utilizing Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICSO). In comparison to existing protocols and optimization techniques, the proposed method offers an extended network lifespan ranging from 90 to 160 h and reduced energy consumption of 80 to 110 J, as indicated by the implementation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) was standardized and is considered as the default standard for routing over the low power and lossy networks. However, it has not been optimized to work effectively, especially under mobility, and suffers from frequent disconnections that result in packet loss and increased energy consumption. In this paper, an enhanced mobility routing protocol for wireless sensor network (EM-RPL) that incorporates modules to support the mobility of nodes has been proposed. The main goal of the EM-RPL is to increase network reliability and efficiency by selecting a route that is more stable and reduces the frequency of route discovery process. The performance of the proposed EM-RPL has been evaluated in the Contiki-based Cooja simulator and compared with the performance of other protocols that support mobility in the RPL. The simulation results demonstrated that the EM-RPL improves the packet delivery ratio and minimizes power consumption by allowing the mobile nodes to select a more stable path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]