1. Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers.
- Author
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Martin, Andrew, Chang, Boyce S., Pauls, Alana M., Du, Chuanshen, and Thuo, Martin
- Subjects
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PASSIVATION , *INDUCTIVE effect , *HOMOGENEOUS nucleation , *INTERFACIAL tension , *ACTIVATION energy , *METALS - Abstract
Undercooling metals relies on frustration of liquid–solid transition mainly by an increase in activation energy. Passivating oxide layers are a way to isolate the core from heterogenous nucleants (physical barrier) while also raising the activation energy (thermodynamic/kinetic barrier) needed for solidification. The latter is due to composition gradients (speciation) that establishes a sharp chemical potential gradient across the thin (0.7–5 nm) oxide shell, slowing homogeneous nucleation. When this speciation is properly tuned, the oxide layer presents a previously unaccounted for interfacial tension in the overall energy landscape of the relaxing material. We demonstrate that 1) the integrity of the passivation oxide is critical in stabilizing undercooled particle, a key tenet in developing heat‐free solders, 2) inductive effects play a critical role in undercooling, and 3) the magnitude of the influence of the passivating oxide can be larger than size effects in undercooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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