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In this paper we revisit a two-level discretization based on localized orthogonal decomposition (LOD). It was originally proposed in [P. Henning, A. Målqvist, and D. Peterseim, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 52 (2014), pp. 1525--1550] to compute ground states of Bose--Einstein condensates by finding discrete minimizers of the Gross--Pitaevskii energy functional. The established convergence rates for the method appeared, however, suboptimal compared to numerical observations and a proof of optimal rates in this setting remained open. In this paper we shall close this gap by proving optimal order error estimates for the L² - and H¹-errors between the exact ground state and discrete minimizers, as well as error estimates for the ground state energy and the ground state eigenvalue. In particular, the achieved convergence rates for the energy and the eigenvalue are of 6th order with respect to the mesh size on which the discrete LOD space is based, without making any additional regularity assumptions. These high rates justify the use of very coarse meshes, which significantly reduces the computational effort for finding accurate approximations of ground states. In addition, we include numerical experiments that confirm the optimality of the new theoretical convergence rates, for both smooth and discontinuous potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the implications of an increased electricity generation from renewable energy on the Thai electricity generation sector with a particular focus on energy security and CO2 emissions mitigation potentials. For this purpose, three scenarios (REF, AEDP2015 and AEDP2018), developed in this paper, represent penetration levels of electricity generated from renewable energy. The implications have been analyzed through the application of LEAP model for the period 2018-2037. The analyses revealed that high penetrations of renewable energy would have positive impacts on the Thai electricity generation from several perspectives including improving the diversification of electricity supply, decreasing fossil fuel imports for generating electricity, less dependency on fossil fuel, environmentally friendly power generation, utilizing agricultural wastes, and build-up of local capabilities in electricity generation. Moreover, the energy transition due to disruptive innovations would make renewable energy more attractive. However, the transition would raise several challenges for the Thai electricity system, for example, capital-intensive investment, centralized electricity system, traditional regulatory framework and a lack of social involvement. In order to address the transitional challenges, the Thai government has initiated a number of policies including the upgrade of the grid to smart grid, the development of energy storage and the revision of the regulations to support local energy business. In addition to the initiation of the government's policies, this paper suggests that a structural change in the form of a separation between generation and transmission functions of the state electric utility, the development of new infrastructure and network regulation, and collaborations among stakeholders by increasing more participation and governance as well as aligning regulatory arrangement taking into account more on social objectives would provide a robust pathway to efficiently integrate renewable energy into the Thai electricity system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial sector is one of the main energy-intensive sectors, and it accounted for 35.2% of total energy consumption in 2017. In terms of electricity consumption, the building sector was the largest electricity consuming sector, and it accounted for 57.4% of total electricity consumption in 2017. The objective of this paper is to assess the long-term energy policy in the building and the industrial sectors during 2005-2050 through a perspective of energy saving potentials and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation by using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning system (LEAP). Results indicate that energy labeling and monetary incentive in the energy efficiency plan (EEP2015) and renewable energy plan (AEDP2015) are the most effective measures in the building and industrial sectors. This study discloses that plans are effective policies to reduce not only energy demand but also GHG emissions. Therefore, such reduction potentials can meet Thailand's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) target. In 2050, the deployment of biogas will significantly reduce GHG emissions in the residential sector. The GHG emission reduction from the non-metallic, papers and pulps, and chemical industries will be diminished by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in 2030 onwards. This study also considers energy security by focusing on economic and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the huge technical and market potential for cost-effective energy efficiency investments in Southeast Asian markets, only a small fraction of this potential has been realised. Given that the major share of global future energy demand, and associated greenhouse gas emissions, will come from emerging economies, it is important to understand the barriers to mainstreaming energy efficiency into the financial sector. This paper focuses on public initiatives that support one of the main barriers: access to capital. The researchers chose Thailand as a case study because of the range of energy efficiency finance programmes that have been designed and implemented since the early 1990s. Interviews with 21 experts from government, the private sector and academia provided the core data for this research. The analysis employed a multi-level perspective and focused on the historical evolution of public support of energy efficiency finance in the country. We identified three distinct phases of public policy development over the past two decades. Despite an impressive variety of ambitious and creative programmes, the initiatives have not yet succeeded in integrating energy efficiency into the financial sector in a meaningful way. Some of the key lessons found are that (a) it is better to treat energy efficiency and renewable energy in separate financing initiatives, (b) governments find it challenging to design effective mechanisms to de-risk financial investments, and (c) international organisations play an important role in testing and facilitating the introduction of new financing approaches and mechanisms. In emerging economies, cost-effective implementation of energy efficiency measures is a promising alternative that can reduce the need for investment in large-scale power generation capacity. The researchers hope that this paper will contribute to more effective design of programmes to incentivise energy efficiency financing in Thailand and in other economies in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon tax policy is a cost-effective instrument for emission reduction. However, setting the carbon tax is one of the challenging task for policy makers as it will lead to higher price of emission-intensive sources especially the utility price. In a large-scale power generation system, minimizing the operational cost and the environmental impact are conflicting objectives and it is difficult to find the compromise solution. This paper proposes a methodology of finding a feasible carbon tax rate on strategic level using the operational unit commitment model. We present a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model to solve the unit commitment problem and consider the environmental impacts. The methodology of analyzing of the effect of carbon tax rates on the power generation, operating cost, and CO2 emission is also provided. The trade-off relationship between total operating cost and total CO2 emission is presented in the Pareto-optimal curve to analyze the feasible carbon tax rate that is influencing on electricity operating cost. The significant outcome of this paper is a modeling framework for the policy makers to determine the possible carbon tax that can be imposed on the electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy promotion is recognized as an important goal in international climate policies in order to reduce CO2‐emissions. Biodiesel can potentially be an important contributor in this respect, especially in Thailand with its large biomass production from oil palm cultivation. Palm oil is the main raw feedstock for biodiesel production. However, biodiesel production is also controversial in many respects, in particular considering its sustainability. This paper assesses the collaboration between different actors in the Thai biodiesel and oil palm networks in organizing biodiesel provision. Through qualitative interviews with key political, economic, and societal actors the structure and the dynamic of the biodiesel and oil palm industry, as well as the relevant policy dynamics, were investigated. We found that the implementation of biodiesel policy was dominated by the need to secure the production of palm oil‐based cooking oil leading to frequent adjustments. Sustainable improvement and environmental considerations hardly played a role in the interactions between the actors involved in the palm oil and biodiesel industries. Government agencies were dominant and steered the biodiesel and the oil palm industries both directly and indirectly via economic and societal actors. Nevertheless, the promotion of biodiesel continues to be the basis of the national renewable energy master plan with its clear target to balance and stabilize the economic, social and environmental issues. As the renewable energy master plan does not fit with the possible feedstock, the main challenges in achieving these sustainable targets are therefore how to maintain a stable and consistent policy, especially concerning balancing the palm oil used for biodiesel production on the one hand and palm oil‐based cooking oil on the other. Sustainability goal of biofuel policy is balancing the feedstock for food and energy. Collaboration among actors involved promote efficiency biofuel policy implementation. Sustainable improvement and environmental considerations hardly played a role in the interactions among the actors involved in the Thai palm oil and biodiesel industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the promotion of renewable energy in Thailand, referencing the paper "Greening the Power: Renewable Energy Development in Thailand" published in the December 2014 issue of "TDRI Quarterly Review." Topics discussed in the paper include the plans and policies of Thailand for the development of renewable energy technology and investment in renewable energy projects. The factors that drive expansion in renewable energy consumption in England are also mentioned.

Justice and sustainability are the foundation of fair and equitable biofuel development. Policies and practices are consequently necessary to support a just transition towards a low-carbon economy. Therefore, this study aimed to understand multi-actor perspectives on policies and practices relevant to the just transition in biofuel development. Applying a socio-legal approach based on the JUST framework, this study focused on the Indonesian biofuel industry, which is primarily driven by crude palm oil (CPO) production. This study also added comparative perspectives from Thailand's biofuel industry. The primary data were gathered from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), while the secondary data were from research, policy, and other government archives. Based on the results, oil palm plantations in Indonesia and Thailand are crucial for macroeconomic development. However, smallholder farmers in Indonesia, especially independent ones that do not join farmer groups, remain marginalised by the current regulations. In fact, many benefits from biofuel practices and policies accumulate disproportionately towards large corporations, while marginalised groups bear the costs. The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification that should induce market accessibility and competitiveness has not fully reached most rural farmers. Furthermore, various overlapping regulations and perplexing data differences exist from multiple ministries and administrative levels. Thus, palm oil stakeholders in Indonesia demand a dedicated institution for integrated regulation and monitoring of the industry, similar to the National Palm Oil Policy Committee in Thailand. The myriad of legal, political, socio-economic, and justice issues thus necessitates all hands on deck to ensure a just transition for all stakeholders of the Indonesian biofuel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of an ex-ante evaluation of the economy-wide benefits that may be achieved through the implementation of the 20-year Energy Efficiency Action Plan (EEAP) in Thailand. The objective of the EEAP is to reduce energy intensity by 25 % in 2030 compared to 2010. This is to be reached by reducing the projected energy consumption by 20 % or 38 Mtoe until 2030. We have specified an analytical framework, which allows for a calculation of the overall energy cost savings, energy import cost reductions and reduced CO emissions. Moreover, we calculated the induced energy efficiency investments, employment effects and impacts on governmental budget. The evaluation shows that an effective implementation of the plan may lead to a reduction in energy expenditure of 37.7 billion EUR by 2030. Moreover, the EEAP-induced energy savings will significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions as well as Thailand's energy import costs and generate private investment in energy efficiency of about 5 billion EUR annually in 2030, which in turn may lead to about 300,000 new jobs. The size of the net impact of the plan on Thailand's governmental budget is uncertain due to positive and negative effects on corporate and income tax revenues, expenses for unemployment benefits, governmental energy consumption, expenses for energy subsidies and energy tax income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nexus between trade openness and energy demand is hot topic of discussion among academicians and researchers, and numerous studies are available in existing literature while investigating the nexus between trade openness and energy demand. This paper explores the relationship between energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth in case of Thailand. In doing so, we have applied Bayer and Hanck cointegration approach to test whether the long run relationship exists between the variables. Our results confirm the presence of cointegration between the variables. Energy consumption stimulates economic growth. Trade openness adds in economic growth. The causality analysis reveals that energy consumption Granger causes economic growth and in resulting, economic growth Granger causes energy consumption. Trade openness and energy consumption are interdependent i.e. trade openness Granger causes energy consumption and in return, energy consumption Granger causes trade openness. This paper openness up new directions for policy making authorities in Thailand to design a comprehensive energy and trade policies to sustain economic growth for long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thailand is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels. The utilization of energy resources is the main source of CO2 emissions. Thus, restructuring current energy system is essential for the realization of low-carbon futures. Efficient and rational implementations of low emission reduction strategies and policies require application of energy system models that have the ability to estimate the baseline energy demand and CO2 emissions, and to explore technical and economic effects of different strategies over time. This paper reviews and discusses the perspective of low-carbon energy systems in the case of Thailand. It analyzes the projected development of energy system in Thailand. The literature on modeling of energy systems is analyzed and discussed. The paper presents a quantitative comparison of the selected energy model applications in terms of energy demand and energy-related CO2 emissions. The paper explores the potential pathways using findings from existing modeling studies to guide the development of a low-carbon energy system within a backcasting framework. It is found that there are wide ranges of projected emissions paths across the models. The findings suggest that there is sufficient technical potential to achieve a low-carbon target by 2030. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the implementation of biogas technologies in animal farms in Thailand and the government policies used to promote these technologies are presented. The Thai government has created a goal of achieving 14% of all energy needs from renewable resources by 2022. As a renewable technology, biogas has the potential to reduce Thailand's dependence on fossil fuels which make up over 90% of Thailand's electricity generation. An unfortunate by-product from animal farm waste is the greenhouse gas, methane. The benefits from capturing and utilizing this gas include increased electric generation, less odor in the local community, less greenhouse gas emissions, more revenue for farmers and production of raw fertilizer material. Thailand has the potential to produce over onebillionm3 of biogas per annum from its agricultural industry alone. Current utilization is only 36% of this potential. This paper will briefly discuss the technology used to capture and use biogas from animal farms in Thailand. The effect of government policies on this technology deployment shall be discussed. This paper demonstrates how technology and policy need to work together in order to best provide a practical solution for energy problems. In 2012, greenhouse gases worth 1400Gg CO2 equivalent were saved from entering the atmosphere from animal farms in Thailand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper focuses on how fragmentation in public administration has become a major institutional constraint on CO2 emission mitigation policies in Thailand, particularly for energy policy in the transportation sector. Most of our data are narratives and descriptions derived from in-depth interviews with various governmental agencies and academics. It was found that in practice, the environmental policy link between separated sectors continues to be weak because of the lack of appropriate institutional structure for integration. We conclude that the institutions tend to be independent, fragmented, and working on relatively narrow mandates. The closed decision-making processes and the organizational structures strongly bias the different administrative units towards their respective interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of changes in the structure of the economy, radical changes in economic policy and oil price shocks on the relation between Thailand energy demand and its macroeconomic determinants. The impact of these structural changes on the relationship between energy consumption, income, energy prices and structural variation is examined through unit root and cointegration tests, the cointegration relationship and the error correction model. Methods which endogenize the location of an a priori unknown break point are employed to assess the impact of structural change. In general, the recognition of structural change has lead to some unique insights. In particular, the results of some of the conventional unit root and cointegration tests are reversed once structural changes are recognized. Estimates from the cointegrating regression imply long-run income, price, and structural variation elasticities of 0.568, -0.600 and 1.046, respectively. In comparison, estimates from the error correction model suggest a higher short-run income elasticity (0.788) but lower short-run price and structural variation elasticities (-0.522 and 0.491, respectively). One of the important implications of the estimates pertains to the low price elasticity for aggregate energy demand which implies that the over-pricing of energy as a policy instrument is not likely to be very influential for restraining future energy demand. Additionally, taxes on energy prices are unlikely to achieve government goals for energy conservation and environmental improvement, although they may well be efficient for raising revenue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rising electricity demand, heavy reliance on imports, and recent economic downturns due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain bottlenecks, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Thailand is suffering severely from energy resilience risks. The government has therefore set a goal of decentralizing energy production through small-scale distributed renewable energy systems. To support their design and the planning process, we simulate multiple scenarios with wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and battery storage for a model community in rural Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. Using the software NESSI4D, we evaluate and discuss their impact on energy resilience by considering environmental sustainability, economic attractiveness, and independence from the central power grid. To fill the gap of missing data on energy demand, we synthesize high-resolution load profiles from the Thailand Vietnam Socio-Economic Panel. We conclude that distributed photovoltaic systems with additional battery storage are only suitable to promote energy resilience if the government provides appropriate financial incentives. Considering temporal variations and local conditions, as well as a participatory decision-making process, are crucial for the long-term success of energy projects. Our advice to decision-makers is to design policies and regulatory support that are aligned with the preferences and needs of target communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses future electricity generation portfolios in Thailand in 2030 given uncertain future fossil-fuel prices, carbon pricing policies, electricity demand, and capital costs. Thailand faces challenges for generation investment given its rapid socio-economic progress and fast growing demand. A novel generation investment and planning decision-support tool which incorporates a Monte Carlo extension to conventional optimal generation mix methods combined with portfolio-based analysis techniques, is used. The tool can formally assess tradeoffs between expected future generation costs, cost uncertainties, and CO2 emissions for the range of different generation portfolios. Results highlight that different levels of future carbon pricing will have significant impacts on the most appropriate generation portfolios. The impact of carbon pricing, however, is not on the appropriate proportion of combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) in the mix but, instead, on the future role of coal versus nuclear in Thailand. Compared with the current proposed 2030 generation mix, it is possible that there are other generation portfolios that offer lower expected costs, cost uncertainty, and CO2 emissions depending on future carbon pricing. Results suggest that this investment decision-support approach may have value for electric utilities and policy-makers contemplating significant generation investments under high future uncertainty and conflicting policy objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cassava is one of the most important crops in Thailand as it is one of the most feasible feedstock for ethanol production to help meet the target set by the Renewable Energy Development Planning (REDP) of 9 million liters per day by the year 2022. That target is very ambitious and will need a considerable amount of feed stock to supply ethanol production. So this paper aims to study factors determining demand, supply, and price of cassava in Thailand for both food and fuel and to observe it''s effect on ethanol production targets. The analysis utilized time-series data for the period 1989-2009 in order to estimate the model parameters by means of the Two-Stage Least Squares method. The results of this analysis found that in recent years the share of ethanol production has increased continuously as has cassava production. Factors affecting supply of fresh cassava are the yield and the land area cultivated. The cultivated land utilized is also affected by the land area cultivated in the previous year and the price of cassava roots in the previous year. On the demand side, cassava products such as chips, pellets, and starch are affected by their wholesale price, competitor''s price, and policy implementation. Factors affecting cassava root price are the wholesale price which itself is affected by the supply whereas factors affecting cassava product price are it''s export price, cassava root price, and policy implementation. However, no significant effect on ethanol production in Thailand can be observed as a result of cassava price variations. In order to meet targets set by REDP, the demand of ethanol production should be seriously considered. The demand and supply models of cassava are useful to predict cassava prices when cassava demand goes beyond ethanol production. This model should highlight the important implications for Government in decision-making on agricultural and energy policies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Industrial demand accounts for about 30% of total final energy demand in Thailand, which experienced rapid increases in energy demand in the past two decades. This paper analyzes the changes in industrial energy demand over a period of 20 years from 1981 to 2000 by considering changes in demand pattern, fuel consumption and energy intensities. It identifies the factors affecting the energy consumption by employing the factor decomposition technique using Laspeyres approach. It is found that the share of food and beverage industry declined in terms of value addition and energy demand, while the shares of chemical and non-metallic minerals industries have increased. The energy intensity of industry has followed a U-shaped curve but post-1997, the trend is upward looking. At the overall industry level, the activity effect was the major factor affecting energy demand, followed by the energy intensity effect. Changes in the food and beverage industry and non-metallic industry have significantly influenced the energy demand of the industrial sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper analyses the energy situation in Thailand. Information on past and present use of energy is presented, particularly on biomass energy. Biomass technologies currently being promoted and estimated resource potential, including projections for the years 2005 and 2010, are also briefly explained. National initiatives to promote the use of renewable energy technologies, especially biomass energy technologies and the institutional framework, are reviewed and presented. Finally, barriers to the promotion of biomass energy technologies are analysed and discussed, followed by recommendations and measures to overcome these barriers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The main objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between energy use, exports, and imports in Thailand. The annual data from 1979 to 2012 are employed. The results from bounds testing for co-integration reveal that energy use is the main determinant of exports and imports. The results from short-run dynamics indicate that there is long-run causality running from energy use to exports and imports. Policy implication based upon the results of this study is that energy policy should be designed so as to generate sufficient energy for production in the exported and energy-intensive imported goods.However, trade and environmental problems should not be separable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the key facts on the current proven reserves, production, sources, and supply of coal. The research provides an overview of the energy situation in Thailand; how the demand for coal and the clean coal activities being undertaken in Thailand. Coal production is currently a large industrial of energy source. In recent years Thailand's economy has grown rapidly, resulting in increased energy demand. This demand is met almost entirely by fossil fuels which provide 90% of the country's supply; gas makes up 70%, coal 20%, and there are some oil-fired plants. The remaining 10% comes mainly from hydroelectricity and other renewables. Several international institutions operating in Southeast Asia play an important role in contributing to the long-term energy strategy in Thailand. However, their work on promoting the use of clean coal technologies is limited in Thailand. The use of coal in Thailand will increase if all the planned new coal-fired power stations are built. Therefore, it is important that information on, and research into, the use of clean coal technologies within Thailand are supported and increased to better inform the wider community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has stepped up its efforts to increase the share of renewable energy to its energy mix since the 2002 public administration reform. Recently, Thailand has adopted its integrated energy blueprint. In addition, Thailand has voluntarily submitted its intended nationally determined contribution at the UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Paris. These developments, as well as the steps and challenges Thailand must face to achieve its ambitious targets and commitments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-cutting government policies that are designed to mitigate CO emissions have caused an increased interdependence between government agencies. This leads to fragmentation in the public administration of climate change mitigation. The need for more coordination among government agencies involved in drafting and implementing energy and transportation policies is necessary to create collaborative strategies that can affect energy demand and reduce CO emissions. The study aims to use Thailand as a case study to examine and discuss how effective coordination and integration of energy and transport policies and actions in the domain of GHG mitigation in Thailand can be successful. The authors applied a mixed-method information gathering approach combined with data from panel discussions. A thorough literature review guided the evidence, which was reinforced by the expert opinions of 35 industry professionals and governmental officers. Importance-performance analysis was applied as a policy assessment method. The study proposes applying a combination of several factors and conditions regarding institutional aspects of transport and energy sectors into a new greater strategies and actions toward CO mitigation. In findings, a combination of instruments and autonomy of sectors is the greatest important and successful opportunity to enable effective coordination and integration of policies for CO mitigation. Insightful discussions on integrated approach and recommendations would contribute to collaboratively administrative mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Asia’s largest biofuels producers are currently Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, China and India. This paper first examines the current status of biofuels in these countries, including the national development targets, strategies, incentives and policies. It then identifies the fundamental driving forces behind the development and promotion of these industries and considers their economic, social and environmental impacts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study assesses Thailand's energy policies on renewable electricity generation and energy efficiency in industries and buildings. The CO2 emissions from power generation expansion plans (PGEPs) are also evaluated. The PGEPs of CO2 reduction targets of 20% and 40% emissions are also evaluated. Since 2008 Thai government has proposed the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) for renewable energy utilization. Results from energy efficiency measures indicate total cost saving of 1.34% and cumulative CO2 emission reduction of 59 Mt-CO2 in 2030 when compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. It was found that subsidies in the AEDP will promote renewable energy utilization and provide substantial CO2 mitigation. As a co-benefit, fuel import vulnerability can be improved by 27.31% and 14.27% for CO2 reduction targets of 20% and 40%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews and analyses the advancement of renewable sources of energy in Bangladesh and Thailand in terms of policy intervention and institutional settings. Since renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gas compared with fossil fuels, their use should mitigate climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services. The article turns first to a review of energy–environment trends and the potential for renewables in these two nations. It then discusses strategies for the advancement of renewables. It is argued that further significant efforts can be made towards the advancement of renewables in Bangladesh and Thailand. These two nations could also learn from the experience in industrialized nations and other developing nations with regard to requisite policy instruments and processes. A number of barriers remain to the advancement of renewables, especially in terms of policy arrangements, institutional settings, financing mechanisms and technologies. Resources, cooperation and learning are required in order to overcome such barriers and to foster the development of necessary policy measures. Implementation of the clean development mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, and replication and adaptation of effective strategies from other settings are possible avenues for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to predict the efficiency of the Sustainable Development Policy for Energy Consumption under Environmental Law in Thailand for the next 17 years (2020–2036) and analyze the relationships among causal factors by applying a structural equation modeling/vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (SEM-VARIMAX Model). This model is effective for analyzing relationships among causal factors and optimizing future forecasting. It can be applied to contexts in different sectors, which distinguishes it from other previous models. Furthermore, this model ensures the absence of heteroskedasticity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation. In fact, it meets all the standards of goodness of fit. Therefore, it is suitable for use as a tool for decision-making and planning long-term national strategies. With the implementation of the Sustainable Development Policy for Energy Consumption under Environmental Law (S. D. E L) , the forecast results derived from the SEM-VARIMAX Model indicate a continuously high change in energy consumption from 2020 to 2036the change exceeds the rate determined by the government. In addition, energy consumption is predicted to have an increased growth rate of up to 185.66% (2036/2020), which is about 397.08 ktoe (2036). The change is primarily influenced by a causal relationship that contains latent variables, namely, the economic factor (E C O N) , social factor (S O C I) , and environmental factor (E N V I) . The performance of the SEM-VARIMAX Model was tested, and the model produced a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.06% and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.19%. A comparison of these results with those of other models, including the multiple linear regression model (MLR), back-propagation neural network (BP model), grey model, artificial neural natural model (ANN model), and the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA model), indicates that the SEM-VARIMAX model fits and is appropriate for long-term national policy formulation in various contexts in Thailand. This study's results further indicate the low efficiency of Sustainable Development Policy for Energy Consumption under Environmental Law in Thailand. The predicted result for energy consumption in 2036 is greater than the government-established goal for consumption of no greater than 251.05 ktoe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamic nexus between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the sustainable environment helps the economies in developing resources and formulating apposite energy policies. In the recent past, various studies have explored the nexus between CO2 emissions and economic growth. This study, however, investigates the nexus between renewable energy production, CO2 emissions, and economic growth over the period from 1995 to 2016 for seven Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) methodologies were used to estimate the long- and short-run relationships. The panel results revealed that renewable energy production has a significant long term effect on CO2 emissions for Vietnam (t = −2.990), Thailand (t = −2.505), and Indonesia (t = −2.515), and economic growth impact for Malaysia (t = 2.050), Thailand (t = −2.001), and the Philippines (t = −2.710). It is, therefore, vital that the ASEAN countries implement policies and strategies that ensure energy saving and continuous economic growth without forsaking the environment. This study, as such, recommends that ASEAN countries should take measures to decrease the reliance on fossil fuels for achieving these objectives. Future research should consider the principles of circular economy and clean energy development mechanisms integrated with renewable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the challenges of Thai energy-from-waste (EFW) development from an institutional perspective. Policy capacity, described as conditions for effective policy development and implementation, of the main government organizations involved in EFW development under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015 is examined. Adopting the variables used under the institutional analytical and development (IAD) approach, we modified the analytical framework for policy capacity by categorizing factors contributing to policy capacity into elements (skills, resources, and process) that affect the decisions and actions of actors of government organizations. Then, the results from the in-depth interview were interpreted through a modified analytical framework to examine policy capacity at the organizational and systemic level of government organizations involved in EFW development. We believe that a modified analytical framework for policy capacity is compatible with the IAD approach and can facilitate the utilization of policy capacity for further analysis under the IAD approach. Moreover, the modified framework can encourage a better understanding of current policy capacity and its impacts on other organizations, since an organization values its own policy capacity and others' policy capacity differently. Consequently, this understanding can benefit the improvement of cooperation among Thai government organizations involved in EFW development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]