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This paper investigates the connection between climate change and energy security in Europe and provides empirical evidence that these issues are the two faces of the same coin. Using a panel of 39 European countries during the period 1980–2020, the empirical analysis presented in this paper indicates that increasing the share of nuclear, renewables, and other nonhydrocarbon energy and improving energy efficiency could lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions and improve energy security throughout Europe. Accordingly, policies and reforms aimed at shifting away from hydrocarbons and increasing energy efficiency in distribution and consumption are key to mitigating climate change, reducing energy dependence, and minimizing exposure to energy price volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security is among the top security concerns of the 21st century requiring technological answers. However, the technological innovations adopted often not only serve to ensure adequate energy access and stable flow of energy, but also foster specific visions of socio-economic and techno-political orders and security. This paper tweaks the analytical lens of sociotechnical imaginaries, in which desired futures are connected to social and technical elements in concrete cases by adding a focus on identity formation and ontological security to the analytical model. Zooming in on the Baltic Sea Region, the paper traces sociotechnical imaginaries tied to the desired future of energy sovereignty through coal and nuclear energy in Poland and the bright future of energy independence through a liquified natural gas terminal in Lithuania. Nationally embedded understandings of how (in)security can be managed through technological innovation and how the desired national energy visions can be attained in the process highlight the importance of ontological security concerns. In tracing those themes, the paper combines a historical view with developments since the mid-2010s in Polish and Lithuanian energy discourse and analyzes the mainstream energy security imaginaries as envisioned by political elites. The study draws on speeches of key political figures, official documents concerning energy planning as well as semi-structured interviews. The analysis highlights how the study of energy innovation in the Baltic Sea Region can contribute to the conversation between critical security studies and science and technology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a study of policy-induced changes in the Swedish pulp and paper industry, this paper follows a process of socio-technical regime destabilisation. Results from the study show that in industries where established firms have significant power, processes of endogenous renewal are more likely to destabilise established regimes than processes based on niche solutions. Further, the study shows how policy measures aimed to destabilise the current regime may result in different responses, owing to the different capabilities of individual firms. The analysis suggests that heterogeneous capabilities within established industries provide possibilities for policy makers to initiate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a legal analysis of the direct line in the legislation of the European Union. The direct line, serving as a legal instrument to implement off-grid solutions, plays a crucial role in amplifying competition within the energy market. Compared to other instruments introduced by the First Liberalization Package in 1992, the direct line is not a subject commonly brought about by legal literature. The core part of legal analyses is divided into two parts, which focus on different approaches of direct line, i.e., European Union and selected Member States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland). The motives of the Union in establishing the direct line instrument was to support opening the energy market to increase energy generating units. During the transposition of the direct line into national laws, analysed countries have directed the usage of this mechanism to promote renewable energy sources. The presented case studies create a rare pattern of how the Member States form their own interpretations and hence use the Union law in practice, which differs from the direction established in the Union forum. The research focused on legal dogmatic examining of regulations at both European and national levels, with a particular emphasis on the definition part while figuring a crucial role in shaping the direct line concept. The paper also presents other convoluted legal schemes, such as the permit issuance process for direct line construction. The conclusions assess the modifications in the European Union regime, but also their impact on electricity prices and green investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location and navigation information has become an important part of our lives. GPS data is vital in many areas from transportation to economy, from energy to security. The alteration of this information can have deleterious downstream effects that cannot be reversed. Today, it is possible to attack GPS data with accessible hardware and open source software. In this paper, the signal obtained with the help of a transceiver that samples the high frequency RF signals down to the intermediate frequency was compared with the RMS value by windowing over PSD. Then this data was statistically analyzed with the NIST runs test. In order to realize GPS signal spoofing in a short time that after GPS receiver lock the spoofing signal, field programmable gates connected to the transceiver were used. The results obtained varied according to the dimensions of the windowing process, and it was understood that the window size was in a correlation with the detection of deception in a short time. The suggested method's key benefit is its simplicity, which makes it adaptable to various GNSS systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing energy security is a crucial component of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Three main factors influence energy security: (1) the efficiency of resource use in energy production, (2) the extent of energy losses, and (3) the use of new energy sources. Novel food products can impact these factors, and this paper explores whether they are being studied in the context of reducing energy consumption. Specifically, we investigate the role of technical progress and know-how in the creation and development of novel food products and whether novel methods of food production using artificial intelligence aim to reduce energy expenditures while improving product quality, variety, and the use of new energy sources. This paper seeks to examine the impact determinants of novel foods on energy security, considering economic, technological, social, and environmental aspects of knowledge about new food. To implement the study, the relevant international literature published in the past ten years have been reviewed and methods of modeling, visualization, and descriptive statistics applied. The review is structured into three sections: the first section presents ways to save energy and other resources in the food production chain through the intensive use of artificial intelligence tools; the second section presents the development of novel food products; and the last section presents marketing challenges for novel foods. The findings show that the topic addressed by this paper is currently critical, with many authorities, research centers, food producers, and energy producers interested. However, the research problem remains open, as a systematic review of secondary sources revealed little knowledge of the topic under study, and each author's study presents a new solution. The conclusion is that utilizing new foods and innovative production techniques that require less energy not only enhances production diversity but also improves its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article estimates the potential of using depleted offshore gas fields in Brazil for hydrogen storage and the effects this may have in terms of energy security. Brazil is starting to invest in producing green hydrogen associated with offshore wind energy generation. This initiative has stimulated the search for suitable locations to store hydrogen, including in depleted offshore gas reservoirs. The methodology used in this paper allows for identifying which of the 85 assessed depleted offshore gas fields are the most suitable for hydrogen storage and evaluating the storage capacity of the selected fields. In addition, a wind speed analysis is made to investigate possible locations for prospective wind energy generation projects that can accommodate green hydrogen production. As our main result, we find that the selected depleted offshore gas fields have the potential to store around 5483 TWh worth of hydrogen. This amount is equivalent to about 10 times the total annual electricity consumption in Brazil. Hence, Brazil can comfortably leverage its offshore wind potential in connection with hydrogen production to enhance the energy security of its electricity supply. Considering that to date primarily natural gas has been used as the main source of energy security in Brazil and that its share in the electricity sector has significantly increased over the last decade, the combination of hydrogen storage and renewable energy such as offshore wind power has the potential to provide a resilient and decarbonised electricity system in the country. Furthermore, hydrogen stored in offshore reservoirs in Brazil can become an important resource in the international energy market and constitute a possible key to energy security for countries to which Brazil may export hydrogen. We end our paper by providing comments on the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of offshore hydrogen storage in Brazil. • Offshore natural gas fields in Brazil are suitable for hydrogen storage. • Depleted offshore gas fields can store around 5483 TWh worth of hydrogen. • Two main offshore storage clusters exist in the Southeast and Northeast of Brazil. • Fossil fuel dependence in Brazil can be reduced through hydrogen use and storage. • Large-scale hydrogen storage can contribute to Brazil's energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, several achievements have been made in power generation and optimising hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) to achieve nature conservation, achieve energy security, and reduce carbon emissions. However, there are many complexities in Renewable energy (RE) conversion, sizing, design, and implementation, that require optimisation techniques to achieve optimal results in terms of reliability, cost, and environmental protection over time. This paper presents an overview of research trends in Optimization methods in HRES which are classified into modern and conventional methods. These two classifications are further divided into control methods, Artificial intelligence, Iterative and mathematical operations. However, all mentioned techniques have inherent advantages and disadvantages which will be discussed in this survey. In addition, the review paper explored different types of research in computing intelligence (CI), an aspect of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that involves the development of nature-inspired algorithms for optimisation. Finally, general optimisation criteria, system sizing methods used in RES, Mathematical modelling of RES, and gaps for future work to achieve sustainability were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper emphasizes the importance of NATO's adaptation to non-traditional threats in maintaining stability and security in the changing security environment. It highlights the need for NATO allies to prioritize the development of strategies and action plans that address emerging issues such as new technologies, energy security, climate change, hybrid threats, and cyber threats. The paper suggests that in order to effectively counter these non-traditional threats, NATO must remain current with the latest technological advancements. As such, the paper recommends that NATO allies develop new strategies and action plans without delay to counter these threats and ensure security. The relevance of NATO can only be ensured through its transformation and adaptation, which in turn makes its existence self-justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transition introduces new technical standards, laws and regulations regarding the stability and reliability of energy grids and systems. Due to the non-existence of a measuring standard, key performance indicators (KPIs) were developed to enable the measurement and comparison of individual energy grid (namely electricity, heat and gas grid) and system supportabilities while also promoting well-founded decision-making and optimization efforts. Inconsistencies in definitions concerning fundamental energy terms and the correlations between them inhibit the effective usage of the KPIs. Therefore, the overarching issue of the security of energy supply and its related subjects were also approached. The primary subject of this paper is the development of two new KPIs to measure and compare the energy grid and system supportability. These KPIs are based on spatio-temporal conditions in their respective grids. The usage and benefits of the developed KPIs are exemplarily highlighted by analyzing the impact of a scenario with the integration of a large-scale heat pump into the electricity and heat grid. The energy grid supportability is determined for each grid, whereas the energy system supportability takes the interactions of the electricity and heat grid into account. The developed KPIs are intended to enable stakeholders to identify areas with optimization potential in energy grids and systems. Moreover, the KPIs can be used to create a standardized evaluation method for regulatory requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition towards a local resilient energy supply is necessary for energy security. Climate change and the threat of economic collapse are reasons to force society to become less dependent on fossil fuel. Small-scale solutions are expected to be more sustainable, as large-scale integrated networks are featured by complexity and difficult-to-notice vulnerabilities, creating system risks. This paper presents the results of empirical research among a sample of Polish business students (N = 205) on the importance of worldviews for the choice of the energy transition scenario (local solutions vs. large-scale solutions). Worldviews are represented here by the Dominant Social Paradigm (defined for the purpose of this study as the belief that liberal democracy, free markets, and technological development are to solve all type of problems). This study addresses two research questions: (1) Is there a difference in preference for the energy transition scenarios? (2) Does adherence to the Dominant Social Paradigm determine the choice of the scenario for energy transition? The results present a preference for non-cooperative solutions (individual household solutions and large-scale solutions), while no significant relation to the worldviews represented by the Dominant Social Paradigm has been found. The results suggest that preferences for individual and large-scale solutions may be influenced more by institutional factors than by personal worldviews. A policy implication is that a change in the socio-political institutions and strengthening local governance may be a prerequisite for a sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, Brazil has carried out the most successful world program of commercial biomass for use and production of energy by stimulating its sugarcane industry and promoting the large-scale production of ethanol nationwide in response to the first oil shock. Today, the technologies behind ethanol production are well established. Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane supplier, producing its ethanol at a competitive price. If other sugarcane producing countries decided to join Brazil's move toward the production of this biofuel, what impacts might there be for each country's economy and employment? This is what we investigate in this paper. Prime candidates for ethanol production include Australia, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States of America. We evaluated the potential socioeconomic impacts of developing this promising industry by using an input–output approach. More specifically, we adapted the Brazilian method of producing ethanol to these countries' distinct economies. We augmented the input–output table of each country, inserting a new ethanol industry based on the Brazilian ethanol production model. We also augmented their new ethanol industry's sales following a hypothetical hydrous and anhydrous ethanol consumption scenario. Thereafter, we reconcile the national accounts, concluding our analysis by quantifying and comparing the different net effects of this new industry for each of the assessed countries for the year of 2009. We demonstrate which industries would be expected to be positively or negatively impacted by this substitution in each country; and find that not all of the countries we assessed would experience positive socioeconomic results from emulating Brazil's production of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's energy challenges are multifaceted. Over the past 30–40 years, energy issues have been discussed and published on an extensive scale. The green transition involves concrete actions related to increasing energy efficiency, replacing fossil fuels with alternative fuels, producing energy using renewable resources, creating various means of transport that use electric motors, identifying technical solutions that generate an increased energy yield in the case of buildings, and waste reduction, reuse and recycling. In order to attain a climate-neutral environment, it is mandatory to impose regulations, measures and actions to help decarbonize the energy sector. The analysis of published articles on these issues is the subject of this large and information-dense review. Concretely, the transition to climate neutrality will generate obvious advantages at an economic, social and technological level, for example, the opportunity for economic growth, new business models and new markets, and the generation of new jobs or technological development. At the same time, this paper underscores the need for a multifaceted approach, integrating technological innovation, policy intervention and global cooperation for an effective energy transformation. The review suggests future issues and research directions, focusing on viable strategies for energy transition and its socio-economic environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation electrification is pivotal for achieving energy security and emission reduction goals. Electric vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this transition, driving the development of new EV technologies and infrastructure. As this trend gains momentum, it becomes essential to enhance the quality of service (QoS) of EVs to encourage their widespread adoption. This paper has been structured with two primary aims to effectively address the above timely technological needs. Firstly, it comprehensively reviews the various QoS factors that influence EVs' performance and the user experience. Delving into these factors provides valuable insights into how the QoS can be improved, thereby fostering the increased use of EVs on our roads. In addition to the QoS, this paper also explores recent advancements in communication technologies vital for facilitating in-formation exchanges between EVs and charging stations. Efficient communication systems are crucial for optimizing EV operations and enhancing user experiences. This paper presents expert-level technical details in an easily understandable manner, making it a valuable resource for researchers dedicated to improving the QoS of EV communication systems, who are tirelessly working towards a cleaner, more efficient future in transportation. It consolidates the current knowledge in the field and presents the latest discoveries and developments, offering practical insights for enhancing the QoS in electric transportation. A QoS parameter reference map, a detailed classification of QoS parameters, and a classification of EV communication technology references are some of the key contributions of this review paper. In doing so, this paper contributes to the broader objectives of promoting transportation electrification, enhancing energy security, and reducing emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In these last decades, especially after the Russia–Ukraine war, the impact of energy related to issues, such as energy poverty, energy transition, and energy security have been heavily debated. To comprehend the conceptual development of this subject in the academic literature, few studies tackle the problems above by reviewing earlier research on the subject. Inspired by this interest and literature ago in this field, this study aimed to address the past, present, and future advancements of critical issues in this regard. Thus, in this review paper performed during February–April 2023, we employed the PRISMA method selecting and checking the review papers articles indexed in the three databases of Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and JSTOR. Then, the research was followed by extending it and adding some other articles discovered on the gray literature. After a detailed classification of articles, a total of 2615 review articles were deemed valid for this analysis. The study's key contributions is the classification of the some cluster themes for the metasynthesis analyses, which point to potential future directions with a special focus on governmental policies to pursue some macrolevel goals concerning energy poverty, energy transition, and energy security in our daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major energy sources province in China, Shaanxi Province ranks top three in terms of raw coal production in China and undertakes the important task of ensuring national energy supply and security. Affected by the endowment of energy resources, fossil energy accounts for a large proportion of the energy consumption structure in Shaanxi Province, and it will face huge challenges under the severe carbon emission situation in future. In order to analyze the relationship between energy consumption structure, energy efficiency and carbon emissions, the paper introduces the concept of biodiversity into the energy industry. Taking Shaanxi Province as an example, the paper calculates the energy consumption structure diversity index and analyzes the impact of energy consumption structure diversity on energy efficiency and carbon emissions in Shaanxi Province. The results shows that the diversity index and equilibrium index of energy consumption structure in Shaanxi exhibits a slow upward trend in general. In most years, energy consumption structure diversity index in Shaanxi is higher than 0.8, and the equilibrium index is higher than 0.6. The carbon emissions of energy consumption in Shaanxi generally show increasing trend, and the carbon emissions have increased from 5,064.6 tons to 21899.67 tons from 2000 to 2020. The paper also shows that Shaanxi H index is negatively correlated with total factor energy utilization efficiency in Shaanxi, and positively correlated with carbon emissions in Shaanxi. The main reason is the internal substitution of fossil energy, and the proportion of primary electricity and other energy sources is still relatively low, which leads to a higher level of carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand for sustainably produced biomass is expected to increase with the need to provide renewable commodities, improve resource security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with COP26 commitments. Studies have demonstrated additional environmental benefits of using perennial biomass crops (PBCs), when produced appropriately, as a feedstock for the growing bioeconomy, including utilisation for bioenergy (with or without carbon capture and storage). PBCs can potentially contribute to Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (2023–27) objectives provided they are carefully integrated into farming systems and landscapes. Despite significant research and development (R&D) investment over decades in herbaceous and coppiced woody PBCs, deployment has largely stagnated due to social, economic and policy uncertainties. This paper identifies the challenges in creating policies that are acceptable to all actors. Development will need to be informed by measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions reductions and other environmental, economic and social metrics. It discusses interlinked issues that must be considered in the expansion of PBC production: (i) available land; (ii) yield potential; (iii) integration into farming systems; (iv) R&D requirements; (v) utilisation options; and (vi) market systems and the socio‐economic environment. It makes policy recommendations that would enable greater PBC deployment: (1) incentivise farmers and land managers through specific policy measures, including carbon pricing, to allocate their less productive and less profitable land for uses which deliver demonstrable greenhouse gas reductions; (2) enable greenhouse gas mitigation markets to develop and offer secure contracts for commercial developers of verifiable low‐carbon bioenergy and bioproducts; (3) support innovation in biomass utilisation value chains; and (4) continue long‐term, strategic R&D and education for positive environmental, economic and social sustainability impacts. Perennial biomass crops (PBCs) can potentially contribute to Common Agricultural Policy (2023–27) objectives provided they are carefully integrated into farming systems and landscapes. Despite significant research and development (R&D) investment over decades in herbaceous and coppiced woody PBCs, deployment has largely stagnated due to social, economic and policy uncertainties. This paper identifies the challenges in creating policies that are acceptable to all actors and discusses the interlinked issues: (i) available land; (ii) yield potential; (iii) integration into farming systems; (iv) R&D requirements; (v) utilisation options; and (vi) market systems and the socio‐economic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is seen as a key energy vector in future energy systems due to its ability to be stored in large volumes for long periods, providing energy flexibility and security. Despite the importance of storage in hydrogen's potential role in a zero-carbon energy system, many techno-economic analyses fail to adequately model different storage methods in hydrogen supply chains, often ignoring storage requirements altogether. Therefore, this paper uses a data-driven techno-economic analysis (TEA) tool to examine the effect of storage size and cost on three different 2030 hydrogen supply chain scenarios: wind-based, solar-based, and mixed-source grid electrolysis. For varying storage sizes and specific capital costs, the overall levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH), including production, storage, and delivery to a constant demand, varies significantly. The LCOH ranges from €3.90–12.40/kgH 2 , €5.50–12.75/kgH 2 , and €2.80–15.65/kgH 2 for the wind-based, solar-based, and mixed-source grid scenarios respectively, with lower values for scenarios with low-cost storage. This highlights the critical role of low-cost hydrogen storage in realising the energy flexibility and security electrolytic hydrogen can provide. • Techno-economic analysis tool examines the effect of storage on hydrogen production. • Wind-based, solar-based, and grid electricity-based electrolysis scenarios examined. • Production only cost of hydrogen decreases by up to 35% with increasing storage size. • Up to 56 days of storage required to supply renewable hydrogen at a constant hourly rate. • Overall cost of renewable hydrogen in 2030 varies from €2.80–15.65/kgH 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable heat and power supply are among the basic household needs nowadays. It is especially topical in rural or distant locations that may be cut off from the energy grid due to extreme weather or other events. Nonetheless, the sustainability of our power production systems has to be considered to sustain our planet's long-term abilities to provide energy resources and a viable environment. Renewable energy resources must be prioritized in rural and remote areas, simultaneously strengthening distributed production ability and self-sufficiency. In this context, the use of the Stirling engine for heat to power generation in households, on the scale of small communities, and by using only renewable resources is becoming increasingly topical. Therefore, this research aims to identify the current state-of-the-art for Stirling engine applications using biomass as a renewable energy source, in the context of sustainability and energy security. The paper summarizes the current research tendencies at the household level in the use of biomass-based Stirling engines for renewable heat and power generation in decentralized energy systems. The methodology applied is a structured literature review and content analysis. The research results corroborate the progress towards the use of renewable resources and towards increased energy efficiency because the keyword and overlay analysis showed more frequent publishing in these areas. The content analysis on two more specific sub-directions of interest, i.e., biomass-fuelled Stirling engine use in households and Stirling engine implications on energy security, showed that though research activity in these directions has increased lately, more profound research is needed, especially on aspects of energy security and independence. The content analysis revealed a lack of in-depth analysis on the effects of Stirling engine use on energy security or energy independence, which is suggested as a topical subject for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sustainable energy sources has become a major challenge for society. Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, offers a potential solution to reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. The paper examines the integration of green hydrogen into various sectors, such as transportation, industry, power generation, and heating, highlighting its potential to decarbonize traditionally carbon-intensive areas. Furthermore, it analyses the strategies and policies employed by the European Union, Australia, Japan, the United States, and Canada to drive the development and adoption of green hydrogen technologies. The challenges and barriers that need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of green hydrogen, such as technological limitations, infrastructure development, costs and economic feasibility, regulatory and policy frameworks, and public perception and acceptance, have been investigated. Recommendations for overcoming these challenges and accelerating the adoption of green hydrogen technologies are provided, and the importance of research and development in this sector is emphasized. • Green hydrogen offers a sustainable solution to reduce fossil fuel dependency, decarbonizing key sectors. • Analyzed policies from the EU, Australia, Japan, the US, and Canada to foster green hydrogen technologies. • Discussing challenges: green hydrogen potential, tech limits, infrastructure, costs, regs, and public views. • Emphasized the importance of R&D and offers accelerating the adoption of green hydrogen technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition will reshape the power sector, and hydrogen is a key energy carrier that could contribute to energy security. The inclusion of sustainability criteria is crucial for the adequate design/deployment of resilient hydrogen networks. While cost and environmental metrics are commonly included in hydrogen models, social aspects are rarely considered. This paper aims to identify the social criteria related to the hydrogen economy by using a systematic hybrid literature review. The main contribution is the identification of twelve social aspects which are described, ranked, and discussed. "Accessibility", "Information", "H 2 markets", and "Acceptability" are now emerging as the main themes of hydrogen-related social research. Identified gaps are e.g., lack of the definition of the value of H 2 for society, insufficient research for "socio-political" aspects (e.g., geopolitics, wellbeing), scarce application of social lifecycle assessment, and the low amount of works with a focus on social practices and cultural issues. [Display omitted] • Twelve social aspects related to the hydrogen economy have been identified. • A systematic hybrid literature review (bibliometric and structured) was used. • Useful for sustainability modellers, researchers, policymakers, stakeholders, etc. • Accessibility, Information, H 2 markets, and Acceptability are popular topics. • Gaps, challenges, and perspectives are identified by a multidisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we determine the constitutive relations for structurally anisotropic materials from a reference with initial strain or initial stress. Using reference independence of strain energy density, we first deduce the relationship of various initial strain measures with material symmetry and determine the resulting structural tensors. We use these structural tensors to derive the necessary invariants for initially strained materials. We also Examine the polyconvexity of the derived invariants and determine constitutive relations for the initially strained Ogden model. Next, we determine the constitutive relation for a combination of initial stress-texture symmetry which may be a more popular approach of recent interest. We deduce four reference-independent constitutive relations for initially stressed transversely isotropic incompressible materials. The first two strain energy functions are linear in the left Cauchy stretch and its cofactor, respectively, in the stress-free state. In the absence of initial stress, the third strain energy function involves all standard invariants for transversely isotropy. To deduce this strain energy in the presence of initial stress, we invert a fourth-order tensor and perform several involved tensor calculations. Finally, we obtain the constitutive relation for an initially stressed transversely isotropic limited chain extensible (LCE) model. To determine the initial stretch in the preferred texture direction in terms of initial stress, we utilize the geometrical interpretation of the Almansi strain measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is considered a transitional energy source in the transition to clean energy owing to its clean, efficient, and ecologically beneficial properties. The trade of liquefied natural gas (LNG) serves as the backbone of the global natural gas trade and significantly influences the dynamics of the global energy trade system. This paper constructs long-term global LNG trade networks, and explores the spatiotemporal evolution and topological structures of the international LNG trade by utilizing multilevel network analysis methods, to provide insights for comprehensively understanding the market dynamics of the global LNG trade system. The findings indicate the following: (1) The global LNG trade volume shows an overall upward trend, and the global LNG trade network exhibits uneven spatial distribution, clear hierarchical differentiation, and an increasingly complicated structure. Global LNG trade is gradually changing from regionalization to globalization, and the international LNG market is undergoing structural reshaping. (2) The global LNG trade network continues to expand in size and density, and the rapidly growing LNG supply and trade relations are driving the formation of the global natural gas market. (3) Global LNG trade is still in a phase of rapid change, with the global efficiency of the network increasing and then decreasing. The trade network has traditionally been centered on ten countries, including Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Qatar. (4) The global LNG trade network exhibits clear core-periphery structures with considerable polarization effects, and the trade network structure is continuously evolving and is growing unbalanced. Finally, we put forward relevant policy suggestions to promote global LNG trade interconnectivity and enhance environmental protection and respond to global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to simulate the European natural gas system in extreme situations and to determine its weaknesses in terms of demand coverage. An assessment has also been made of the targets set for existing energy efficiency regulations and their effects on the coverage of future natural gas demand. This document assesses the potential for energy efficiency improvements associated with European countries and the effect of such improvements on the lessening of the natural gas demand. Once the efficiency improvement potential has been identified, the results of demand coverage in various scenarios of natural gas supply cut-off via pipelines were studied. The expected result reflects the study of the effect of the presumed demand reduction, due to the improvement of energy efficiency, on the self-sufficiency of the natural gas network and the improvement of energy coverage for EU countries. To carry out this study, an evaluation of the current infrastructures was developed, the existing resources were optimized, and the independence of the system was quantified in relation to the current situation of natural gas consumption at the European level. The proposed model has resulted in improvements in the coverage of the demand of certain countries and has detected those with systems that are not robust enough to face extreme crisis situations. The main conclusions are that the natural gas system has improved considerably from 2009 to the present, and that, in the event of massive gas cuts, there is a real risk of being unable to cover the natural gas demand of several countries with a very high dependence on gas from Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure energy security the state must ensure access to electricity to all domestic and industrial consumers, which are made through power substations, which are very dangerous workplaces by the fact that the voltage are very high. For this reson role of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is to ensure secure workplaces in an ergonomic and healthy working environment for personnel. In many unfortunate cases, OHS activity is subordinate to production or service activity and risk assessments and audits are also made formally by non-specialized personnel, leading to undesirable events with an unstable effect, and the need for auditing with legal and other provisions is intended to verify compliance with OHS rules and principles and to limit or stop work accidents. This paper addresses the verification of OHS, by "INCDPM Bucharest method" - Auditing of conformity with legal and other provisions" - to an 400/220/110/20 kV power substation, for the purpose of verifying knowledge and conformity with legal and other provisions at the workplaces level and assessing the efficiency or failure of the OHS management system of the analyzed economic entity management, and after implementation it will serve as a tool to verify the functioning of the system. The auditing of the OHS shows that the power substation under consideration has an overall level of security close to maximum and a low overall risk level, which means that OHS rules are met and the auditing has had a positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security is related to national economic development and social stability, and it is one of the significant and urgent problems faced by all countries in the world. This paper takes 36583 articles on energy security from 2013 to 2023 in the Web of Science database as the data set, using the CiteSpace Knowledge graph method to systematically analyze the status quo, research hotspots, and evolution trends of world energy security research. The results show that research hotspots are concentrated in six primary areas: energy governance, energy and climate change, renewable energy security, energy models, energy efficiency, and energy technology. The cross-research between artificial intelligence, communication technologies, and the field of energy security is one of the future research hotspots. Cross-disciplinary integration is an essential feature of research in energy security in recent years, which can provide reference for subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transition and achieving net-zero goals were viewed as a straight road – in some quarters. Still, with the realities on the ground, energy security has emerged as another path governments must earnestly consider. The government of the United Kingdom has backed, and committed itself to achieving, a greener and clean-energy society through various policies and laws. However, the Russian–Ukraine crisis has raised a vital question of energy security for the government. This paper looks pragmatically at some issues and opportunities for the UK government. Energy security issues are not peculiar to the UK; many countries are saddled with these energy problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy communities have gained popularity as a means of reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy independence. However, determining the optimal sizing for each production and storage unit within these communities poses challenges due to conflicting objectives, such as minimizing costs while maximizing energy production. To address this issue, this paper employs a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm with multiple swarms. This approach aims to foster a broader diversity of solutions while concurrently ensuring a good plurality of nondominant solutions that define a Pareto frontier. To evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of this approach, four case studies with different energy management strategies focused on real-world operations were evaluated, aiming to replicate the practical challenges encountered in actual renewable energy communities. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in determining the optimal size of production and storage units within renewable energy communities, while simultaneously addressing multiple conflicting objectives, including economic viability and flexibility, specifically Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), Self-Consumption Ratio (SCR) and Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR). The findings also provide valuable insights that clarify which energy management strategies are most suitable for this type of community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep geothermal resources mainly refer to the thermal energy stored in subsurface rocks and fluids therein at a depth of 3e10 km, which is a kind of renewable and sustainable clean energy unaffected by weather and seasonal changes. Large scale exploitation of the deep geothermal resources is of great significance to ensuring national energy security and achieving the "Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality". Based on the latest terrestrial heat flow data, this paper estimated the potential of deep geothermal resources in the terrestrial areas of China, and the results show that the total amount of geothermal resources within 3-10 km under the Earth's surface in the terrestrial areas of China is 24.6 x 1015 GJ. In line with climate zones categorized, the geothermal resource proportion is 43.81% for severe cold regions, 29.19% for cold regions, 6.92% for mild regions, 13.82% for hot summer and cold winter regions, and 6.26% for hot summer and warm winter regions. Statistics according to the burial depth range reveal that the resources within depth ranges of 3-5 km, 5-7 km and 7-10 km under the Earth's surface are 4.3119 x 1015 GJ, 6.37674 x 1015 GJ and 13.89594 x 1015 GJ respectively, showing an increasing trend of geothermal potential with increasing burial depth. The deep geothermal resources are mainly of medium-to-high temperature reserves, and the energy supply strategy can be optimized by combining the climate conditions and population distribution, as well as considering power generation. In regions of cold or severe cold climate, the geothermal resources may be applied to geothermal power generation and district heating in combination; in regions of hot summer and cold winter or mild climates, the resources can be used for geothermal power generation combined with cooling and heating; in regions of hot summer and warm winter climates, the resources may be applied to geothermal power generation combined with cooling and industrial and agricultural utilization. Exploitation of deep geothermal resources also can be combined with carbon dioxide sequestration, multi-mineral resources extraction and energy storage to realize comprehensive exploitation and utilization of various energy resources. It is suggested that theoretical technology research should be combined with pilot tests and field demonstrations, and large-scale economic exploitation of deep geothermal resources should be arranged in a coordinated manner, following the principles of overall planning and step-by-step implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of European strategic autonomy (ESA) in the energy field gained particular traction after the Russian invasion of Ukraine showed the extent and risks of fossil energy dependency on autocratic regimes. Fossil dependency on undemocratic and unstable petrostates is a critical weakness that increase the European Union's (EUs) vulnerability and limit its capacity to act. This liability stretches beyond the dependency on Russia since the EU imports from many other countries that are undemocratic and heavily reliant on oil and gas revenues. Increasing new sources of renewable energy helps to address this issue, but also brings new dependencies, namely on critical raw materials (CRMs) whose value chains are largely in Chinese hands. This paper argues that the EU should nevertheless continue to reduce its fossil dependencies on petrostates and consider more pro-actively how to manage the energy relationship with them. Simultaneously, in the area of CRMs it needs to expand its partnerships, recycling capacities and research and development (R&D) into diversification into alternative materials for green energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new design for a π-phase shifter and two π/2-phase shifters, which are based on a two-dimensional rods-in-air photonic crystal waveguide. The proposed devices have been designed using both triangular and square lattice photonic crystal structures. Notably, these phase shifters do not require any external energy source to operate. To calculate the band diagram of the PhC, the plane wave expansion method was utilized, while finite-difference time-domain simulation methodology was used to estimate and examine the performance of the proposed phase shifters. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed π-phase shifter can achieve a bandwidth of 1.5THz, whereas the π/2-phase shifters, designed on triangular and square lattice can achieve bandwidths of 1.9THz and 1.35THz, respectively. Due to their straightforward design structure and energy independence, these devices are well-suited for future generations of all-optical photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has emerged as a promising technology to facilitate underwater exploration and enable to realize various types of underwater applications. Due to the harshness of underwater environment, IoUT confronts various communicational problems in establishing reliable paths between the underwater things and onshore station. Moreover, some underwater applications such as seismic monitoring are critical and providing a secure and private communication is an essential issue. In this paper, we propose a framework to address the majority of underwater communicational challenges. To improve the reliability of communication, the proposed framework leverages the capabilities of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Fog computing. To achieve this goal, SDN controller establishes optimal routes between underwater things and Fog nodes which are located at the water surface. Furthermore, to guarantee the security and privacy, the proposed solution employs encrypts any transaction and stores them in a Blockchain. Fog nodes manage the Blockchain and stores the received messages from underwater things in it. To achieve more energy efficiency, instead of using heavyweight Proof of Work in the Blockchain, the controller selects the best Fog node in terms of energy among others to mine new blocks. Simulation results confirmed that the proposed framework is practical and can be applied in IoUT environment to achieve reliability, security and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a geopolitical lens to explain the evolving tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean. More specifically, it unpacks conceptually how sovereignty, balance of power and energy security concerns drive exploration schemes and forge pipeline politics. First, the discovery of new gas deposits in the Eastern Mediterranean have created significant Turkish challenges to Cypriot, Greek and Egyptian sovereignty. Second, Greece and Cyprus have allied with both Israel and Egypt to balance against Turkey. The designated pipeline infrastructure these countries promote serves to enhance their sovereignty and cement their alliance and joint posturing vis-à-vis Turkey. Third, Russia's geopolitical assertiveness has led the European Commission to vigorously back gas schemes in the Eastern Mediterranean to enhance energy security, promote diversification and balance against the Russian threat. Together, these three prime objectives account for the evolving conundrum in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a key driver of all modern economies. Sustainable development is playing an increasingly important role both at regional and local levels. It is a compromise between social and economic needs and the preservation of nature. In the policy of the European Union, the idea of sustainable development and environmental protection is of decisive importance for the implemented programs and economic activities. Contemporary challenges require the transformation of the energy market towards greater use of renewable sources. According to Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and European Council on promoting energy from renewable sources, Poland has committed itself to achieving a 23% share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by 2030. This goal considers total energy consumption in terms of power, engineering, heating, refrigeration, and transport. The aim of this paper was, firstly, an analysis of the share of renewable energy in the European Union over an 18-year period (2004–2021), with particular emphasis on the position of Poland. The second objective was the analysis of renewable energy at the local level in Poland, i.e., at the local government unit (LAU) level. Changes in the share of renewable energy in Poland compared to other European countries were also examined. The study utilized functional analysis of principal components and cluster analysis based on the data from the Central Statistical Office and EUROSTAT. The study found that while Poland does not differ significantly from other countries in using renewable energy, it does fall below the European average. Principal component analysis suggests that Poland responds adequately to European changes in the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. This dynamic is stable (over 95% explained by the first component) and applies to most countries surveyed. In addition, the authors sought to answer questions relating to the current status of renewable energy sources in Poland, the barriers and challenges facing the introduction of renewable energy in the country, a comparative analysis of Poland's progress in renewable energy with other global counterparts, and an exploration of the future prospects and potential for the development of renewable energy in Poland. The study found that the potential for renewable energy is greatest in the northern areas of Poland, with photovoltaics and wind power plants providing the greatest capacity. Poland's renewable energy potential is very high and will be determined by technological development, political, economic, and social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of European strategic autonomy (ESA) in the energy field gained particular traction after the Russian invasion of Ukraine showed the extent and risks of fossil energy dependency on autocratic regimes. Fossil dependency on undemocratic and unstable petrostates is a critical weakness that increase the European Union’s (EUs) vulnerability and limit its capacity to act. This liability stretches beyond the dependency on Russia since the EU imports from many other countries that are undemocratic and heavily reliant on oil and gas revenues. Increasing new sources of renewable energy helps to address this issue, but also brings new dependencies, namely on critical raw materials (CRMs) whose value chains are largely in Chinese hands. This paper argues that the EU should nevertheless continue to reduce its fossil dependencies on petrostates and consider more pro-actively how to manage the energy relationship with them. Simultaneously, in the area of CRMs it needs to expand its partnerships, recycling capacities and research and development (R&D) into diversification into alternative materials for green energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the impact of strategic photovoltaic (PV) deployment on regional electricity self-sufficiency in Iraq, offering key insights into the advantages and challenges of transitioning towards an energy-independent system by 2050. Findings indicate a noteworthy contribution of rising PV supply towards improved self-sufficiency, with a PV supply of 83.1 TWh catering to a total demand of 66.2 TWh in 2022, achieving a 76% self-sufficiency level. This suggests PV generation covers 76% of the districts electricity needs, thus bolstering energy security by reducing external energy source reliance. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the significance of expanded rooftop PV capacity to augment self-sufficiency and decrease dependency on conventional energy. Predictions suggest a potential rise in rooftop utilization for PV installations from 66% in 2022 to 88% by 2050, accentuating the need for policy initiatives to endorse and incentivize rooftop PV system adoption. The paper offers several recommendations, including the creation of supportive regulatory frameworks for PV integration, the introduction of financial incentives, capacity building initiatives, public awareness campaigns, grid modernization efforts, and regional energy planning which incorporates PV deployment considerations and sets self-sufficiency targets.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain glaciers are crucial sources of fresh water, contributing directly and indirectly to water, energy and food supplies for hundreds of millions of people. Assessing the impact of diminishing glacial meltwater contributions to the security of this resource is critical as we seek to manage and adapt to changing freshwater dynamics in a warming world. Both water quantity and quality influence water (in)security, so understanding the fluxes of water, sediment and contaminants through glacial and proglacial systems is required for holistic assessment of meltwater contribution to downstream resource security. In this paper we consider the socio-environmental role of and pressures on glacier-fed waters, discuss key research priorities for the assessment of both the quantity and quality of meltwater and reflect on the importance of situating our understanding within a transdisciplinary and inclusive research landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, particularly since 2002, relations between Iran and Turkey have been on the rise and generally expanding. The aim of this paper is to analyse and clarify the reasons for the sustainability of the two countries' relations while undergoing intermittent eruptions of disputes over the years. In other words, the main question is: why have Iran and Turkey, with their political frictions, routinely embraced rapprochement and collaboration in recent decades? Accordingly, the hypothesis proposed is that a key reason for the ongoing cooperation between Tehran and Ankara in different fields, is the rationale of geopolitical complementarity engendering their security needs in broad meaning, particularly energy security and natural gas. Whilst the logic also applies to water security, both states attach greater importance to border security and energy. In short, their common geopolitical destiny over-rides individual state preferences. To examine this hypothesis, Barry Buzan's theory based on a broad definition of security as well as regional security complex has been deployed through descriptive analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. has transitioned from being the 20th-century global leader in civilian nuclear power to a nation searching for ways to revive its once-dominant nuclear enterprise. The future of U.S. civilian nuclear power transcends that of a science and technology issue and, fundamentally, is a policy issue. This is a policy paper that uses a nuclear power policy framework to analyze current and historical U.S. civilian nuclear power policy and to identify weaknesses and deficiencies that need to be overcome in order for the U.S. to (1) leverage advanced nuclear reactors as a domestic technology to meet energy security and reliability objectives under carbon constraints, (2) operationalize national security as a priority objective and (3) restore the U.S. as a major global exporter of nuclear technology. The results of this analysis indicate that the national security implications of U.S. nuclear power have been marginalized in general due to the domestic market challenges of competing with less expensive and oftentimes more socially acceptable technologies, as well as the international challenges of competing with state-owned nuclear enterprises. The results are then discussed and used for making three following policy recommendations: (1) conduct a U.S. nuclear industrial base review; (2) create a demand signal using U.S. military installations; and (3) shift away from a sell-side nuclear vendor model for global exports to a buy-side model brokered by a third-party integrator that can work with multiple U.S. nuclear partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has clear aspirations to become a major global exporter of hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels and as part of the drive to reduce CO2 emissions, as set out in the National Hydrogen Strategy released in 2019 jointly by the federal and state governments. In 2021, the Australian Energy Market Operator specified a grid forecast scenario for the first time entitled "hydrogen superpower". Not only does Australia hope to capitalise on the emerging demand for zero-carbon hydrogen in places like Japan and South Korea by establishing a new export industry, but it also needs to mitigate the built-in carbon risk of its export revenue from coal and LNG as major customers, such as Japan and South Korea, move to decarbonise their energy systems. This places hydrogen at the nexus of energy, climate change mitigation and economic growth, with implications for energy security. Much of the published literature on this topic concentrates on the details of what being a major hydrogen exporter will look like and what steps will need to be taken to achieve it. However, there appears to be a gap in the study of the implications for Australia's domestic energy system in terms of energy security and export economic vulnerability. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for the implications of becoming a major hydrogen exporter on Australia's energy system. Various green hydrogen export scenarios for Australia were compared, and the most recent and comprehensive was selected as the basis for further examination for domestic energy system impacts. In this scenario, 248.5 GW of new renewable electricity generation capacity was estimated to be required by 2050 to produce the additional 867 TWh required for an electrolyser output of 2088 PJ of green hydrogen for export, which will comprise 55.9% of Australia's total electricity demand at that time. The characteristics of comparative export-oriented resources and their interactions with the domestic economy and energy system are then examined through the lens of the resource curse hypothesis, and the LNG and aluminium industries. These existing resource export frameworks are reviewed for applicability of specific factors to export-oriented green hydrogen production, with applicable factors then compiled into a novel conceptual framework for exporter domestic implications from large-scale exports of green hydrogen. The green hydrogen export superpower (2050) scenario is then quantitatively assessed using the established indicators for energy exporter vulnerability and domestic energy security, comparing it to Australia's 2019 energy exports profile. This assessment finds that in almost all factors, exporter vulnerability is reduced, and domestic energy security is enhanced by the transition from fossil fuel exports to green hydrogen, with the exception of an increase in exposure of the domestic energy system to international market forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wireless energy-carrying communication method for the Internet of Things (IoT) presents several difficulties for information security such as eavesdropping or data loss. To solve these issues, this paper presents a new secure transmission method for IoT wireless energy-carrying communication systems. In this method, first the secret message is turned into a word, delivered to the intended recipient and unlawful listener, respectively, and the received message is characterized as an entropy function. The message is iteratively solved using the block coordinate descent technique, and for each iteration, a digital baseband signal containing the receiver's secret message symbol and the matching beamforming vector is delivered. By concurrently optimizing the transmit beamforming vector, the noise covariance matrix, and the receiver power allocation factor based on a design that complies with the security rate and energy acquisition limitations for each receiver, the overall system transmit power is reduced. The Lagrangian method is used to solve the secure transmission problem of the communication system based on an iterative block coordinate descent algorithm, as well as to change the nonconvex problem into a convex problem and precisely derive the upper and lower bounds of the original transmission problem. In comparison to the conventional policy transmission scheme, the experimental results demonstrate that the DIPS (Digital Image Processing System) scheme can increase the STP (Signaling Transfer Point) by approximately 34.16 percent in the eavesdropper independent eavesdropping and joint eavesdropping scenarios. The usefulness of the secure transmission strategy for wireless energy-carrying communication systems is confirmed by this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]