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The intuition of the power distribution system is to supply good quality of power to the customers with cost-effectively and environment friendly. Renewable energy resources (RES) are integrated in the distribution system to meet out the variable load demand with the decarbonizing effect. With the inclusion of RES, the operation of Distribution Network (DN) has become more complex. This paper describes the state of art in various load flow methods used to analyze the parameters in DN. This paper emphasizes upon the various challenges of DN with the integration of RES. It reviews the various pricing methodologies for the delivered power in DN elaborately. The importance of Demand Side Management (DSM) and energy storage in DN are explored in this paper. The analysis of nodal voltages in the DN with Solar PV, Storage, PHEV and Diesel sources is demonstrated on IEEE four node test feeder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumped-hydro energy storage schemes (PHES) are developed for improving the net efficiency of the base load thermal power plants. These schemes are operated only at times of peak demand and during major power plant outages. In India, the first pumped storage plant was commissioned during 1985 and till today eleven plants with on aggregate installed capacity of 4804 MW have been in operation. However all these plants up to the year 2003 have generated energy less than the projected figures. The major reason for less output from the PHES in India, than that envisaged in the planning stage is deficit of off-peak power availability for pumping operation in almost all the regional power grids except north-eastern grid. But gradual increase in efficiency has been realized from PHES operation after introduction of the availability based tariff (ABT) in 2003. Further, the increase in peak power demand, requirement of spinning reserve, increased generation from renewable energy sources have singly and combinedly triggered the necessity for installation of more pumped storage schemes in the country. Under these circumstances, this analysis addresses the economics of pumped storage schemes in India with special reference to Kadamparai PHES. Various costs involved in pumped storage operation are analyzed in the Indian context. The case study reveals considerable techno-economic benefits obtained by more operational hours of the PHES in the state grid after 2003. The analysis and results would be useful for investors and researchers to understand the economics of Indian pumped storage schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The growing economy with corresponding increase in power demand causes more challenges in power sector of developing countries. In India, the increase in peak power demand necessitates energy storage schemes over and above the storage—hydro-, oil- and gas-based peak power plants to ensure power system stability. In utility energy storage schemes, the Pumped storage schemes attract more attention even in the developed countries due to its unique operational flexibility over other energy storage systems. In India, the availability of suitable topographies, hydro-thermal ratio imbalance in various regions, and optimal storage capacity for flexible power system operation gives a thought for the planers and executors to implement these schemes to meet peak demands. This paper presents a critical review of the necessity of pumped storage schemes in India. This review reveals that the major constraint for pumped storage operation in India is the deficit of off-peak power available in all the regional grids except north-east region for pumping at present. But the current adversity is likely to be gradually solved by the commissioning of newly proposed power projects. Fixing of a separate operational tariff for pumped storage schemes throughout the country is another requirement for which the government has set up a one man committee to analyze the feasibility for this peak tariff. Non-availability of lower tail pools and irrigation needs also causes poor pumping operations in some cases. However, most of the states in India are evincing interest in pumped storage schemes and proposals are being submitted to central government for securing stations clearance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]