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The way people obtain information, learn, and connect with others across the world has changed dramatically as a result of technological advancements. Technology has eliminated distance constraints, allowing higher education to efficiently teach anybody. In order to improve teaching and learning, technology integration is becoming more common in classrooms. A better pattern for recognizing new teaching models has evolved as a result of the fast expansion of technology integration. As a result, it is critical in both learning and teaching language skills. There are numerous advantages to using technology to offer an environment for teaching and learning English skills. The objectives of the current review article were to discover answers to the issues of how technology integration promotes language learning and what the most current developments in language learning are. According to research, introducing technology into classrooms substantially improved teaching and learning English language skills.

Present study deals with homogeneous and one-pot synthesis of novel macromolecular prodrugs (MPDs) of aspirin onto naturally occurring hydrophilic biopolymer pullulan. Pullulan-aspirin conjugates were synthesized by using green carboxylic acid activating reagent 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The aspirin was first reacted with CDI to prepare aspirin-imidazolide at RT for 24 h which in situ reacted with pre-dissolved pullulan and the reaction preceded further for 24 h at 80 °C under nitrogen. Degree of substitution (DS 0.32–0.40) of aspirin onto pullulan was calculated from 1H NMR spectroscopy. Spectroscopic techniques confirmed the high covalent drug loading and purity. Thermal analysis has revealed that new MPDs of aspirin are thermally more stable than pure aspirin. The activation energy, order and frequency factor of the degradation reactions were calculated using Broido, Friedman and Chang models. The amphiphilic pullulan-aspirin conjugates self-assembled in nanoparticles without further structural modifications at solvent interface in the range of 500–680 nm as examined by transmission electron microscopy. These novel pullulan-aspirin conjugates with masked COOH functional group could be potentially safe prodrugs for the stomach.

Innovations and inventions are not outcomes of single activity of any organization. This is a result of collaboration of different partners. The evaluation of collaborated research between university and industry has created the greatest interest amongst the collaboration researchers as it can determine the feasibility and value of the collaboration. Despite the enormous importance of this collaboration, there have been certain problems in successful collaboration, for instance issues related to time, trainings, differences in their perceptions, orientations and goals, intellectual property right issues, some other technological competency and fund and financial matters are the key constraints that generates some how proportional to this collaboration. Thus to tackle the basis of these problems and to analyse the strength and weaknesses of these technological linkage, evaluation of such collaboration is highly demanded. This paper intends to illustrate an evaluation model to evaluate the university-industry collaboration and to enhance their technological linkage. For bridging the model, four important variables, constraints, evaluation parameter, success criteria and tangible outcome has been identified. The novelty of this model is, it is cost and time efficient and can be applied for any university-industry research collaboration.

University and industry has substantially contributed to enhancing the quality of life. As a result, trans-disciplinary scientific communities have come to play a vital role to produce new knowledge with effective applications for rapid technological change and innovation to be a competitive globally. For this purpose study provide a framework for the development of academic staff of higher education. We used University-Industry collaboration as the channel to develop and encourage teachers, doctors, professors and researchers with the help of research relationship. The paper contributes to the literature on university-industry interactions to improve applied knowledge, skills and practices of academic staff and enhancement on technology innovation and commercialization. Secondly, our aim to provide an efficient mechanism of knowledge transfer effectiveness (KTE) and collaborative research (CR) those are available to transfer and share knowledge and information from university to industry effectively and to eliminate major obstacles of knowledge transfer by using productive knowledge transfer indicators (KTIs). Research findings indicates the question is, how the process of university-industry interaction will be managed at different stages for the success of knowledge transfer and how knowledge gap is reduced through effective interactions. By adopting this framework any university or industry can easily cross the threshold in the grown-up academic and research collaborational community.

The importance of international technology transfer (ITT) for economic development can hardly be overstated. Both the acquirement of technology and its dissemination foster productivity growth. As invention and creation processes remain overwhelmingly the province of the OECD countries, most developing countries must rely largely on imported technologies as sources of new productive knowledge. However, considerable amounts of follow-on innovation and adaptation occur in such countries. This paper explores recent international technology transfer issues between developed and developing countries. The paper will investigate technology transfer from the perspective of innovation systems, and identify critical components for the successful transformation of technology. Based on literature, findings emphasize on the development of learning system to overcome the barriers and promote international technology transfer in the long run. The focus of this paper is to study government’s technology policy and its influence on international technology transfer as well. Due to the ever changing environment of world politics and economy, there are numerous uncertainties in policy making for every country. It is not uncommon some policies cannot meet government’s original requirement as they were legislated. The rapid development of high technology has made stable technology policy a difficult task. Therefore, it is necessary to study the causal factors and intrinsic relationship of issues involved.