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The article discusses a method for determining the relative eccentricity , used in calculating the thermal balance of an internal combustion engine sliding bearing. When performing this calculation, a number of temperature values are set in the bearing oil layer. For each set temperature, the engine oil viscosity value and the bearing load factor Ф are determined. To determine the relative eccentricity, graphical dependencies of the load factor on the relative eccentricity are used as input data. The thermal calculation of the sliding bearing showed that the accuracy of determining the relative eccentricity is of great importance. Their inaccurate definition leads to a failure of the thermal balance in the bearing. In addition, the method of determining the value of by the accepted value of the ratio of the working length of the bearing to the diameter of the connecting rod neck of the crankshaft (graphically) for this calculation is quite time-consuming. For this reason, the graphical method for determining has been replaced with an analytical one. Relative eccentricities were obtained using the least squares method. An algorithm has been developed for automated construction of transverse and longitudinal profiles of an oil pump with epicycloidal engagement.

Stress occurring in concrete pavement slab changes on daily and annual basis. Daily changes of air temperature in between environments depend on the following: latitude where the structure is located and season. Change of air temperature causes the variable thermal stress of a slab and consequently change of its linear dimensions (slab extension or shortening. “Thermal balance of pavement” prepared for individual structure solutions, should be the basis for construction design and geometric solutions concerning air field structure. This publication refers only to natural changes of temperature conditions of the environment. Other phenomena occurring on concrete airfield pavement under the influence of imposed thermal loads will be the subject of another publication in this regard.

The process of composting biological waste is a natural process – in which heat is released. Biological wastes generated in typical households in Poland – are mainly kitchen waste (KW) and green waste from home gardens (GGW – if they are owned). From the ecological point of view – the most advantageous method of their management is their utilization in the place of production. The paper presents a proposal for effective management of bio-waste arising by composting – with the simultaneous use of heat for greenhouse heating in autumn. This is to encourage residents to independently compost bio-waste – and increase the level of recycling of waste generated in Poland by 2020. Calculations for greenhouses were made – in accordance with the energy audit methodology. The obtained thermal balance results were compared with the actual temperature prevailing in the greenhouse in autumn. These calculations were the basis for calculating the amount of KW and GGW enabling effective heating of greenhouses in the autumn so that the internal temperature does not drop below 10ºC. It has been calculated that 22 kg of composted bio-waste (KW and GGW) will suffice to heat the greenhouse in October with an area of 18 m2.

Protected wires have insulation from cross-linked polyethylene with low heat conductivity, which impairs heat removal from the hot wire. A methodology is proposed for designing admissible continuous currents for the insulated wires of overhead transmission lines, taking into account various climatic conditions, and based on the solution of the equation of thermal balance. The materials provided in this article can be used for design and operation of overhead transmission lines on which the protected wires are used.

The radiant cooling air conditioning system has been increasingly prevailed, due to its features of maintaining more comfortable indoor environment with lower energy consumption against the conventional cooling methods. This work explores the effect of heat exchange between human body and surroundings on human thermal comfort subject to the radiant cooling air conditioning system. The widely accepted thermal comfort index, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), is adopted to evaluate human thermal comfort. To determine the heat loss from human body, the human thermal balance and heat release characteristics are discussed. The test room with various boundary conditions are simulated and analyzed by Airpak. It is found that for sedentary human body subject to the radiant cooling system, the sensible heat loss is approximately linear to the PMV and the value of sensible heat loss for the thermal neutrality (PMV = 0) is a constant. The simplified PMV model is finally achieved based on the results obtained from 594 calculated points. In addition, the relation between the sensible heat loss and the PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) is obtained. The findings from this work could be referenced for thermal comfort evaluation and system design when radiant cooling applies.

Three identical solar tunnel greenhouse dryers under forced convection mode were installed for drying peppermint plants. Thermal analysis of the solar tunnel greenhouse peppermint dryer was investigated based on thermal balance equations in order to predict its performance. Performance of solar greenhouse dryer was studied as a function of change in plant conditions, air flow rates and peppermint loads under two fan operating systems and evaluated in terms of system temperatures, drying rate, drying efficiency, product quality and drying cost. The obtained data revealed that drying peppermint as leaves reduce the drying time and achieve the highest percent of volatile oil compared with drying whole plants. Drying peppermint at flow rate of 2.10 m 3 /min, load the greenhouse by about 4 kg/m 2 and operate the greenhouse by continuously fan operating system tends to increase the drying rate by 22.78% and 24.8% for whole plants and leaves comparing with periodical system.

The temperature of the solar array is a very important parameter for the solar array efficiency and needs to be calculated. In this study, a three-axis stabilized type satellite was used to predict the solar array temperatures at geostationary orbit A one-dimensional analytical solution was presented. The results showed that analytical solution of one-dimensional thermal balance equation for the satellite solar array conditions resulted in a good approximation.

Increased traffic safety levels are of highest importance, especially when driving on icy roads. Experimental investigations for a detailed understanding of pneumatic tire performance on ice are expensive and time consuming. The changing ambient and ice conditions make it challenging to maintain repeatable test conditions during a test program. This paper presents a tire–ice contact model (TIM) to simulate the friction levels between the tire and the ice surface. The main goal of this model is to predict the tire–ice friction based on the temperature rise in the contact patch. The temperature rise prediction in the contact patch is based on the pressure distribution in the contact patch and on the thermal properties of the tread compound and of the ice surface. The contact patch is next classified into wet and dry regions based on the ice surface temperature and temperature rise simulations. The principle of thermal balance is then applied to compute the friction level in the contact patch. The tire–ice contact model is validated by comparing friction levels from simulations and experimental findings. Friction levels at different conditions of load, inflation pressure, and ice temperatures have been simulated using the tire–ice contact model and compared to experimental findings.

In this study, the effects of biochar amendment on swine manure composting performance at temperatures in the −5 °C–15 °C range was investigated. Monitoring result showed biochar addition significantly prolonged thermophilic stage duration to meet harmless standards of livestock manure compost at 5 °C, assisting a seemingly difficult composting to succeed. Additionally, from viewpoint of thermal balance, biochar increased organic matter degradation derived heat from 50.4% to 86.5% and water vaporization heat from 29.6% to 73.5% while decreasing heat exchange by two-fold. Overall, the results presented herein indicated that biochar has potential to play a positive role in amelioration of animal manure composting at relatively low ambient temperature and provide insight into how biochar influences heat generation and flow during composting.

An analysis of thermal balance and daylight level in building residential zones is presented in the article. The evaluation is focused on influence of façade thermal insulation layers and multi glass pane windows on reduction of solar gains and daylight level in internal spaces. The evaluation was carried out as a computer simulation study run in software DesignBuilder. The simulation outputs give information about optimal façade design for energy efficiency and convenient daylighting in buildings under temperate climatic conditions. Hodnocení tepelných a světelných podmínek v obytných zónách je uvedeno v příspěvku. Hodnocení vlivu tepelné izolace fasády budovy a okenních zasklení izolačními dvojskly a trojskly na solární zisky a snížení úrovně denního osvětlení je hodnoceno ve vnitřních prostorách obytné budovy. Hodnocení je projedeno na základě počítačových simulací v programu DesignBuilder. Simulace slouží pro zhodnocení optimálního návrhu zateplení fasád a výběru vhodných oken pro zadané klimatické podmínky.

In recent years, complex district heating systems will become the main style in most of big cities of china. How to simulate the hydraulic and thermal operation becomes more and more import. In this paper, the simulation mathematical model and method on the hydraulic and thermal operation for complex district heating system is proposed. By using the optimal of economical operation efficiency of the heating networks as the objective function and thermal balance as boundary conditions, the mathematical model is established. Meanwhile, the simulation software of hydraulic and thermal operation for complex district heating system has been developed. Functions of software involve information compilation, hydraulic calculation analysis, source thermal operation calculation, etc.

The article presents the methodology of thermal balance equation generation for cold attics. This methodology is aimed to provide the scientific basis for engineer activities to prevent the ice hillock building-up on roofs during the periods of the lowest temperature of outside air. The complex of actions that leads to reduction of damages from buildings of thermal energy is listed, heating up to improvement of parameters of a microclimate in the operated rooms of the top floors of buildings. For realization of these actions any materials and technologies providing the necessary level of thermal isolation for the concrete building and satisfying to the fire-prevention and sanitary and hygienic requirements existing in the territory of the Russian Federation are used

Ground-source heat pump systems (GSHP) offer great advantages over traditional heating and cooling installations. However, their applications are limited due to the high initial costs of borehole drilling. One way to avoid these costs is by reducing the size of the borefield, e.g. by combining the system with other renewable energy sources or by using active regeneration to increase the system efficiency. In this paper a hybrid ground-source heat pump system (HGSHP) is analyzed. The borefield is split into a warm part and a cold part, which allows for seasonal thermal-energy storage. Additionally, supplementary drycoolers capture heat during summer and cold during winter. The relationship between the underground storage size and temperature and the drycooler capacity is described, using an office building in Flanders (Belgium) as reference case. Results show that with a HGSHP system a significant borefield size reduction can be achieved without compromising system performance; i.e. for the reference case a reduction of 47% was achieved in the cost-optimal configuration. It is also shown that the cooling seasonal performance factor decreases significantly with underground storage capacity. In addition, the HGSHP can be used to maintain or restore thermal balance in the geothermal source when heating and cooling loads do not match.

This paper introduces the present research on engine thermal balance. It aims YC6MK natural gas engine as research project to carry out thermal balance test study. The test indicates that recycling engine residual heat and letting engine work under specified working condition are two ways of improving engine entire efficiency.

A three-dimensional finite element model of the front cover die casting made of aluminum alloy was established by PRO/E and PROCAST software. Thermal balance formation of die casting die and temperature curves of the die cavity surface at different locations were analyzed. The results showed that the nearer the distance from die cavity surface, the greater temperature fluctuation. The thermal fatigue depth of the front cover die casting die was only 0.9mm.

The paper presents an example of the thermal-flow analysis of a bottom ash cooler cooperating with a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The authors present the methodology of the conducted studies and examples of thermal balance calculations basing on measurement results. The comparison of two different ash coolers indicates a significant relationship between the outlet temperatures of the ash and cooling water depending on the construction and arrangement of the analysed ash coolers. The analysis presented in this paper enables determining the optimal rotation speed of the screw in order to achieve the required temperature of the slag depending on the actual working parameters of the CFB boiler. It provides an opportunity to optimize the heat exchange conditions in order to obtain the highest acceptable water temperature at the outlet of the ash cooler while adhering to safety regulations. The hot water could further be used for internal sanitary purposes or to support heating systems operating in the power plant.

Loose-parts monitoring system (LPMS) monitors loosened or detached parts and foreign parts inside the pressure boundary of a reactor coolant system. If any object is detected, the LPMS identifies the object's characteristics, and can contribute to improving plant safety, since it can identify loosened metal objects, which have a potential to cause severe damage to internal components of the steam generator chamber. The most significant problem of a traditional LPMS is the high false alarm rate. The most developed systems used more sophisticated methods for event identification. With these sophisticated systems, the false alarm rate could be reduced to below 1%. Even though the LPMS resulted in a false alarm rate of less than 1%, there is still a high false alarm rate when the unit increases or decreases power. As the unit increases power, the coolant starts to heat the metal structure, which causes false alarms. Plant operators should continuously identify all alarms, including false alarms, until the metal structure reaches thermal balance. It is difficult to discriminate between valid and false alarms, since the signal pattern by thermal shocks and structure friction is similar to that by loose metal impacts. The false alarm rate can be reduced to almost 0% by applying an algorithm to discriminate between the false and valid alarms. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed to discriminate against signatures which are not related to loose-parts events, especially when the unit increases or decreases power. The algorithm can discriminate the signal pattern by the impact of loose parts against the signal pattern induced by thermal shocks and structure friction. The algorithm was validated in field tests by the proven automatic gun, and the false alarm rate was minimized.

Decentralized ventilation systems applied in residential buildings are generalized in this article. Basic system elements and devices and tools assigned for its application are considered herein. Basic requirements for design of the ventilation systems used in residential buildings are stipulated.

Energy labelling of windows has been introduced in some Member States - for example Denmark, Finland, Slovakia and the UK. The UK BFRC scheme on window energy labelling has proved very efficient in communicating to the general public about the energy saving properties of high performance products thus contributing to their faster uptake. Slovak labelling system was introduced in 2008. The paper deals with main principles of energy rating system used in Slovenergookno. National system for rating the energy efficiency of windows and is recognised within the Building Regulations as a method to show compliance for your replacement windows installation..

With the development and exploitation of geothermal energy ground source heat pump (GSHP) sys- tems are being utilized all over Shanghai due to its unique energy advantages. A model experiment is designed and carried out to simulate an alternately-running GSHP sys- tem in summer and winter. It aims to study the character- istics of thermal conductivity and moisture migration of saturated soft clay (Shanghai mucky clay) with respect to thermal balance during the operation of a GSHP system by a series of laboratory modeling experiments. Thermal conductivity is an essential thermo-physical parameter for designing a GSHP system and is calculated (1.3680 W/(m C)) rather than obtained via the expensive and time consuming in situ thermal response test. The value mea- sured in laboratory experiments (1.1200 W/(m C)) by transient probes did not comply well with in situ data. The Thermal conduction and moisture migration characteristics of Shanghai mucky clay indicate it is a geo-material with good heat storage but poor heat release based on a com- parison between summer and winter conditions. All results provide reference for further discussion regarding the environmental effect of thermal balance surrounding a GSHP system. They are essential and valuable for the development of GSHP systems in Shanghai.

In this paper, some vehicle models used for dynamometer test bench are put forward to adapt different performance tests of two-axle vehicle. Firstly, the vehicle driving model with two degrees of freedom is established by analyzing the force condition of a moving vehicle. And it can be used in performance tests which do not need complex road condition, such as acceleration test. Secondly, considering pitching motion of vehicle, the driving model with three degrees of freedom is proposed and applied to performance tests which need complex road condition, like thermal balance test or road simulation experiment. Finally, in order to do steering performance test in dynamometer test bench, the driving model is modified by considering the influence caused by steering and combines steering model to become a whole steering model of vehicle. Those models mentioned above provide theoretical support in dynamometer test bench researching.

According to the Fanger's comfort theory, the individual thermal sensation is mainly connected with the thermal balance of the human body. This balance and the related comfort indicators (the Predicted Mean Vote, PMV, and the correlated Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied, PPD) depend on four environmental parameters (air temperature, humidity and velocity, and internal envelope mean radiant temperature) and two variables connected with the human being (physical activity and clothing). Differently from the other environmental parameters under the system control, the mean radiant temperature is strongly conditioned by the envelope characteristics, and in particular, by the presence of glazed surfaces whose insulating performance is commonly lower than the one of opaque components. Transparent components also admit solar radiation into the indoor environment, affecting the thermal balance of the building and of the occupants. In this paper, the heating and cooling energy needs of an open-space office with different windows' characteristics have been analyzed under controlled internal comfort conditions. A set of configurations given by different windows' glazing systems, area, disposition and orientation has been simulated, considering the climatic conditions of Paris, Milan and Rome. The passive energy performance of the different glazing solutions has then been compared accounting for the long-term comfort conditions (on seasonal basis). The time distribution of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Discomfort Time weighted by the Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (WDTPPD) are analyzed, including also the effect of the diffuse and beam solar radiation directly reaching the occupants through the windows.

The article presents the partial knowledge of the area of building thermal physics. The goal is to evaluate the measured data ​​of the temperatures the lightweight-construction of external wall, which is made in three different material solutions and three different colored exterior side surfaces and evaluation of thermal parameters of three window constructions from different material and different glass systems. It is a measurement of two chambers of the pavilion type, where the samples are placed on the facade and they are exposed to the real action of external climatic factors. From the inside they are made ​​stationary conditions. The rooms have minimized heat loss of heat passing through interior walls and air filtration.Temperature measurements are made at different places of assessed constructions and they underway continuously throughout the year. The article will publish initial results only of temperature measurements. After completing the laboratory of additional sensors will be able to be processed year round thermal balance observed envelope and opening constructions.

Thermal management technology is the important means to optimize the design of thermal control system and maintain the manned thermal environment within the docking spacecraft combination. Through the thermal characteristic analysis of com- bination between target spacecraft and manned spacecraft, the thermal management design and simulated model basing on inter cabin ventilation were proposed. Results of simulation and thermal balance tests and orbital data show that velocity distribution satisfied the need and the air temperature and humidity were in target area. Base on simulation and tests, the thermal management design of manned combination was proved. The paper concluded the thermal management technology for space station.

The study of Lugo (Spain) smithies slag was done in order to compare the technology used in the manufacture of iron using ore from Moncorvo (Portugal) with that one adopted in Galicia, utilizing local iron ore. The book by Clodio Gonzalez-Perez is an excellent document to understand the history of the iron industry with an enormous economic and social importance in the nineteenth century and earlier. The interest devoted to the Moncorvo iron ore body and to the works in it, led the author to become aware of industrial activities in the region where iron smithies have been built, whose testimony are, only, slag heaps. The smithies buildings are not yet discovered in spite the studies published about them. Therefore, the smithies buildings, in ruin, existing in Galicia, are very important and should be classified in order to be recovered, at least in partly, concerning its archaeological value. The visit to the Lugo smithies allowed to observe the facilities and technological resources involved and take slag samples which study is reported here. It allowed a detailed analysis of the metallurgical process, concerning raw materials consumed, and sought to justify the limonitic ore enrichment process, assuming that, the high iron content of the burden, calculated from the chemical analysis of slag, would require fragmentation (crushing), manual separation (hand picking), clay removal and calcinations. The charcoal consumed in reduction, was examined, taking in account the knowledge gained, by the economic and social importance assumed, for industry and the people, the felling of the forests. The shortage of firewood, surrounding the smithies and villages, compelled increasing of transport costs. Technical elements collected and chemical, metallographic and microprobe analysis were carried out and allowed a proposal of the thermal balance of the process, to justify low iron yield and high charcoal consumptions, leading to economic and social problems over time and to cause the premature death of some smithies. The knowledge gained by the Lugo slag characterization is important to allow a comparison with those of Moncorvo. It is important to emphasize that there are no significant structural differences in the slag from Moncorvo or that from Lugo. However, comparing the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the ores utilized, we find differences that caused the occurrence in the Lugo slag, higher content of alumina and different SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the burden. These differences determine a higher fluidity of molten slag, allowing the dissolution of a relatively large quantity of iron oxide, which reduction is more difficult. The total heat loss may be justified by the small combustion intensity, determined by low wind flow and low thickness of refractory walls. Heat losses due to gases sent to the atmosphere with high percentage of CO and high temperature are relevant for the charcoal consumption, an expensive material.

Until the 21st century, in the countries of cold climate, windows have been considered to be the elements of the buildings, through which large quantities of heat leak in the heating season. Nowadays modern technologies allow engineers to improve thermodynamic characteristics of these external enclosures, so that in some cases, even a favorable thermal balance can be obtained. However, better results can still be achieved. The paper presents the results of the research into energy balance of enclosure walls depending on geometric characteristics and glazed areas of a building. In this context, the possibility of using a dynamic window protection system is discussed and its influence on the energy balance is determined. The results obtained show that the influence is considerable.

When combined with extreme environmental conditions extreme sport challenges and often pushes physiological capacities to their regulatory limit, impairing performance and increasing the risk of serious medical conditions. Cold environmental temperatures associated with water and air exposure are of particular concern as hypothermia and cold injury can occur rapidly and without warning. Despite controlled endothermy that utilises several integrated thermoregulatory mechanisms, human body temperature is constrained by environmental biophysics. In cold environments rapid heat exchange can occur if metabolic heat production is insufficient to maintain thermal balance, or because of limited protection from extreme conditions. Declining body temperatures are associated with reduced dexterity, shivering, poor muscle co-ordination and force production, amnesia and cardiovascular strain that might challenge human survival let alone performance. The occurrence of cold injury can be alleviated with the implementation of risk management strategies that are designed to assess environmental conditions, location, protection and metabolic heat production of the event. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the risks associated with cold environments by presenting pertinent research, physiological responses and applied practice relevant to sport medics, athletes and coaches challenges.

The circulating cooling water system which ensures the production process running safely plays a very important role in the iron and steel enterprise and its energy-saving operation is based on the accurate prediction of the cooling water outlet temperature in the plate heat exchanger. A hybrid modeling method is proposed in this paper to predict the cooling water outlet temperature in the plate heat exchanger. By analyzing the operational mechanism of the heat transfer process in the plate heat exchanger, the mechanistic model is established according to the thermal transfer equation and the thermal balance equation and then the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is applied to develop the hybrid model with the mechanistic model, in which the RBFNN corrects the error made by the mechanistic model due to the theoretical assumption and the inaccurate value of parameter. Finally the simulation is made to verify the modeling method and the results show that the hybrid model has the better prediction performance than the mechanistic model, which lays the foundation for the operation optimization of the circulating cooling water system.

This paper presents a numeric model of the normative consumption of heat for the colour homogenisation of unfrozen wood using saturated steam in pressure autoclaves, in the form of a technically feasible standard. For more effective determination of the objectively necessary consumption of heat for steaming non-frozen wood in a steam autoclave, a program was prepared in EXCEL in the form of a numeric table. Based on the technical and technological data on machinery, the range of colour homogenised wood and the colour-homogenisation regime, the program provides information about normative - the consumption of heat per 1 m³ - of colour homogenised wood as well as about the consumption of heat for individual items of the thermal balance off the process of colour homogenisation in a pressure autoclave.

Conventional methodology is applied in this study to estimate the efficiency of nuclear power generation and the electrical power that is generated at a nuclear plant built in the nineteen-sixties. A simulation of the whole power plant is conducted with this methodology. The characteristic parameters from the study are compared with those estimated by the manufacturer for its on-design operation mode. Furthermore, the model calculates the anticipated pressures, temperatures, mass flows and electrical power on the basis of the data from various performance tests. These estimated parameters are then compared with real values measured in the plant. The objective of the present paper is to study whether the conventional approach is acceptable for the simulation of the parameters of the power station, and to identify areas where the results of the simulation may be improved, in order to minimize the deviations between the simulated parameters and the actual measurements.

The AP30 platform reached an important milestone at the Alma Smelter. This latter is the first to operate above 400 kA. Following this success, Rio Tinto Aluminium group launched the AP44 cell development to offer a technology capable of operating above 440 kA. This represents fifty percent more than the original AP30 cell. The technology is expected to deliver world-class performance such as metal production of 3274 kg/day/cell and an energy consumption of approximately 13.23 kWh/kg.

A three-dimensional finite element model of the aluminum alloy front cover die casting die was established by PRO/E and PROCAST software. Thermal balance forming of die casting die and the influence of pouring temperature on thermal fatigue depth of die cavity surface were analyzed. The results showed that the temperature amplitude increased with the decrease of distance from die cavity surface. The higher the pouring temperature is, the bigger the thermal fatigue depth will be.

The Flight Model (FM) of a high-resolution electro-optical camera (EOS-C Ver.3.0), the mission payload of an Earth observation satellite, was successfully developed by Satrec Initiative. We designed it to give improved thermal representatives compared with the Structural-Thermal Model (STM) by optimizing the thermal characteristics based on the STM thermal vacuum test results. We developed the FM and verified the workmanship by performing the acceptance level thermal vacuum test. We also conducted the verification of its Thermal Mathematical Model (TMM) by the thermal balance test. As the result, it was confirmed that TMM faithfully represents the thermal characteristics of the EOS-C Ver.3.0 FM.

In order to explore the behavior laws of sinter reduction in TGR-OBF (top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace), reduction experiments of sinter have been conducted by thermal balance mass loss method with different atmospheres, temperatures and volume flows. The changes of RI (reduction degree of Fe2O3), RI (reduction rate of Fez O3 ) and r ( reduction degree of FeO) have been examined. The results show that the reduction of sinter was significantly improved under TGR-OBF atmosphere, and the Rl and r were measured up to 98.2% and 97.8% at 900 °C respectively. With increasing of the reduction temperature, the reduction of sinter speeded up greatly, and the reduction time-duration shortened from 117 min at 900 “C to 63 min at 1100 °C. Moreover, the reduction of sinter enhanced with increasing of the reductive gas flow. When the flow increased from 10 to 15 L/min, the initial reduction rate of sinter increased from 2. 47%/min to 3. 73%/min. While increasing H2 and CO contents in the reductive atmosphere, the reduction of sinter was promoted. Besides, Hz influenced more evidently than CO to the reduction of sinter, especially in the later stage of the reduction process, for instance, the reduction of wustite will be improved enormously when increasing the H2 content in the reductive atmosphere.

A new drain arrangement with water jet pump for regenerative system was put forward, and the working principle of water jet pump was introduced. The calculation model for jet coefficient of water jet pump, and the enthalpy of mixing of water jet pump outlet were determined, and the calculation model of economical indexes of unit based on the thermal balance method was built. Taking a 600MW supercritical steam power plant as an example, the jet coefficient of water jet pump was calculated, and the economy was compared under the different arrangement, the results shown that thermal economy of the drain arrangement with water jet pump was higher than that of flashed heaters.

In this paper, the yearly performance of a library building located in Harbin, China, equipped with a ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system, was simulated and its ground heat exchanger (GHE) was designed in the TRNSYS 17 environment. Utilizing the hourly load simulation results, a TRNSYS model was developed to analyze underground thermal balance of the entire system, obtaining the 30-year operation conditions of the reference building. According to simulation results, annual average storage temperature, the highest and lowest inlet temperature of the heat pump, factors that influence efficiency of the system, change as the number of boreholes changes. And the optimized length of heat exchangers was studied, as well as method of determining the concentration of antifreeze in heat-transfer fluid in cold regions.

A novel ground source heat pump heating system with air seasonal heat storage (GSHPASHS) is described. This is followed by reporting the development of a simplified mathematical model for the system. The operational performances of the GSHPASHS system applied in a house of 120m2 building area in Harbin (N45.75°, E126.77°) have been investigated by simulation. The results show that the system can meet the heating space needs of the building. The air seasonal thermal storage can raise the soil temperature around the ground heat exchanger to a higher level, which is favorable for increasing the coefficient of performance of the heat pump.

International audience; With the objective of addressing issues related to the temperature control of a solar closed photobioreac-tor (PBR), a laboratory setup representative of an intensified closed flat panel PBR was designed. Only its thermal behaviour was considered, with no cultivation of microalgae. It was characterized indoors under controlled artificial irradiation and outdoors under solar irradiation on sunny days in summer. A simplified thermal model to predict the temperature time course was developed and validated by comparison with experimental results. The thermal model was then used as a simulation tool to investigate relevant parameters influencing thermal behaviour, such as the optical properties of the illuminated surface and the surrounding wind speed. A heat balance was applied for different cases to determine the energy consumption during one year of operation with temperature regulated in a range suitable for microalgae growth.

The deicing process and practical model of aircraft on ground were introduced, and the thermal consume was discussed. Deicing model of the aircraft on ground was founded based on thermal balance. The simulation results indicated that the proposed model was effective to analyze the aircraft on ground deicing process.

Thermal factors are often important in determining whether a given clothing ensemble is suitable for use under specified conditions. Although final approval of a particular ensemble often involves field trials, the need for such trials can be minimized by measuring the thermal properties of the garment using a heated manikin and then predicting human behavior using a mathematical human thermal model. While many laboratories are capable of measuring the properties of garments using manikins and several mathematical models exist, there have been very few published comparisons of actual human behavior with model predictions. The purpose of this paper is to present such a comparison for soldiers wearing a Slovene Armed Forces summer clothing ensemble during a three-hour hike across a 160 m high ridge. Values measured during the trial were: oxygen consumption; skin and core temperatures; regional thermal fluxes; clothing temperature; and environmental conditions. Subjective assessments of thermal comfort were made at regular intervals during the hike. Agreement between predicted and actual behavior was reasonable, although there were significant differences which could be attributed both to deficiencies in the model and to difficulties inherent in conducting field trials of this kind.

During the past few decades, a large number of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems have been widely applied in various buildings around the world due to the attractive advantages of high efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, most buildings in warm-climate or cold-climate areas have unbalanced loads, dominated by either cooling loads or heating loads. Therefore, it is necessary to employ integrated approaches in the design of GCHP systems to decrease the initial cost of the GCHP systems and, at the same time, to improve the system performance. In this paper, the main integrated approaches of GCHP systems were summarized based on the available references and our experience. Then the suggestions were given. For a heating-dominated building, the combination of a GCHP system with a solar thermal system shows great potential for energy conservation and high-efficiency utilization of the GCHP system. With respect to a cooling-dominated building, the simplest approach is to integrate a GCHP system with a cooling tower although there are more available technologies. It is believed that the high inertia heating or cooling distribution systems such as radiant floors, ceilings or walls are more suitable for GCHP systems. It is highly suggested to establish optimal operational control strategies for integrated GCHP systems according to the climatic conditions, building functions and thermal balance of the ground.

The optimal clearance formula of piston friction pair for water hydraulic pump was established based on thermal balance principle. Simulations and experimental research were carried out on its influence factors, results show that, a minimum thermal clearance exists in each of the piston friction pair and its initial clearance must be greater than this one, otherwise it will happen to death. Some effective measures can take to reduce the minimum thermal balance clearance as follows: decreasing the piston diameter or swash-plate tilt angle, choosing the appropriate couple material, reducing friction coefficient and fully running-in, etc.

Loop heat pipes (LHPs) were designed for the alpha magnetic spectrometer (AMS-02) to dissipate heat from the cryocoolers. A bypass valve is applied to the LHP to keep the cryocooler temperature above its limit (−20°C) in cold environment. Extensive experiments were performed on operation characteristics of LHPs with the bypass valve for AMS-02 during thermal vacuum and thermal balance (TVTB) test. We found that the bypass valve can start up successfully in cold environment. With the bypass valve, the evaporator temperature is stable and can meet the requirement of the cryocooler. We analyzed three operating modes of the bypass valve. Set point temperature and regulation temperature shifts were observed and their relations with the bypass valve temperature were given.

In this research the ability of the ventilation system in an operating room to keep the operating table and the instrument tables free from airborne bacteria has been evaluated in an experimental mock-up for different ventilation systems under various static circumstances. To accomplish this, the VDI 2167 particle test has been used as a basis. In this test particles are released on the floor and smoke concentrations are measured on the operating table. The VDI 2167 method was able to distinguish the different systems, but did not provide for a complete evaluation. The thermal balance in the room plays a major role in whether a laminar downflow system works and the VDI method does not incorporate this into the tests in an adequate manner. Moreover, the influence of surgical lighting is not included in the test method in an effective way.

A high-resolution electro-optical camera (EOS-C Ver.3.0), the mission payload of an Earth observation satellite, is under development in Satrec Initiative. We designed this system to give improved thermal performance compared with the EOS-C Ver.2.0 which is the main payload of DubaiSat-1 by optimizing the active and passive thermal control design. We developed the Structural-Thermal Model (STM) and verified the design margin by performing the qualification level thermal vacuum test. We also conducted the verification of its Thermal Mathematical Model (TMM) through the thermal balance test. As a result, it was confirmed that TMM faithfully represents the thermal characteristics of the EOS-C Ver.3.0.

Assuming thermal balance and solute conservation, a numerical model has been proposed to describe the recalescence behavior of bulk-undercooled Cu–Ni melts. Applying a finite-difference scheme, the transformed solid fraction upon recalescence is given as a function of the liquid temperature, while the average liquid concentration can be tracked by calculation of the liquid/solid (L/S) Gibbs energy difference, in combination with a dendrite growth model. Accordingly, a transition from non-equilibrium to equilibrium process has been described from the evolution of L/S Gibbs energy difference. Applying the present model, the experimentally observed maximum recalescence temperature can be well predicted.

Following thermal vacuum/thermal balance testing, a gray haze was discovered on the corners of the Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC) aperture window. The phenomenon was suggested to be a result of molecular transport from a low outgassing structural adhesive. Detailed analyses, both chemical and analytical, were conducted to assess the formation of the haze. Each material was considered individually, as it was not known if the actual contamination was a result of one, many, or possibly none of the materials considered. Results of the analytical assessment and the comparison with the aforementioned chemical analyses provided incontrovertible evidence as to the cause of the window haze. The resultant cleanup and subsequent elimination of the problem are also addressed. [Editor's Note: This 1990 paper is republished as part of the Journal of the IEST 50th anniversary celebration. It is accompanied by remarks from Patti Hansen, author of "Overview of the HST Contamination Engineering Program at 15 Years: A Cleanliness Metric for Success with Optical Satellites" paper in this issue.]

The article is devoted to the formulation of requirements for heaters intended for warming burn patients. Relationships based on the equation of human thermal balance and Newton’s law that enable one to determine the level of power parameters of heaters that compensate the deficit of heat in burn patients are deduced and considered in detail.

Energy efficiency in BOF process is related to hot metal and scrap ratio and thus to production capacity potential and specific CO2 emissions. A thermal balance in the fume system, using a selected metrology, can be calculated dynamically and provides a valuable tool for investigating the process parameters that are relevant for optimizing and controlling energy efficiency. The method and first results are presented.

The assessment of building energy performance in Europe is widely based on standards that usually refer to the simplified method provided for by EN ISO 13790 (2008). In this simplified method, the estimation of heat transfer is steady-state based, and the building energy balance takes into account the behaviour of the building when interacting with the unsteady parameters by introducing a corrector factor related to the thermal mass effect (i.e. utilization factor). Nevertheless, this method, called “quasi-steady-state”, is often unreliable compared to the results provided by a detailed dynamic simulation, in particular concerning the assessment of the thermal need in warmer climates. This chapter highlights this critical point through case studies applications. Additionally, since the common goal of the building energy assessment is to depict a building with an average usage pattern, the implications concerning the assumptions of the main input parameters to be adopted in the building heat balance assessment are also investigated, showing their very high importance in influencing the final climatization need.