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The atom distribution and electronic properties of (010), (001) and (100) planes of MnWO4 and FeWO4 were studied based on a DFT calculation. The surface stabilities of the three planes were compared according to their surface energies. The most stable one is (010) plane, followed by (001) and (100). (010) and (001) are the main planes for absorption of anion collector ions, which is supported by their bonding relationship and charge density distribution of surface atoms and finally proved by the results of flotation test and stereomicroscope analysis. In addition, the tungsten atoms can be viewed as the absorption site for collectors in (001) plane but not in (010) plane, which can explain the phenomenon in flotation test that the recovery of wolframite can hardly be further boosted even with a high dosage of BHA.

A new technology, duplex ion nitrocarburizing and sulphurizing technology (DINS), for friction reduction and anti-scuffing applications of diesel engine cylinder was studied. Duplex ion nitrocarburized-sulphurized layer was prepared on the surface of CrMoCu alloy cast iron by using the DINS process. The morphology, phase structure and tribological behaviors under sulphur contained additive lubrication were investigated. Results show that the sulphide surface layer of the duplex layer is mainly composed of close-packed hexagonal structured FeS phase and cubic structured FeS2 phase. The nitrocarburized sub-surface layer of the duplex layer is mainly composed of Fe2C and Fe3N phases. The harder nitrocarburized layer can provide effective support to the softer sulphide layer and avoid its lamellar tear. The synergistic effect between the duplex layer and the sulphur contained additive lubricant, resulted in 10% and 33.3% reduction in coefficient of friction and wear volume, respectively, compared with those of the sulphurized surface, and 25% and 50.1% reduction, respectively, compared with those of the plain surface. Bench test of diesel engine further demonstrated that the DINS process can provide the treated cylinder with superior properties in anti-scuffing and friction reduction, so that it can be used to prolong the service life of the cylinder.