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Demolition and construction waste are among the topics that focus by many researchers. The ‎methods of reuse of waste materials must reduce the economic and environmental pressure of their ‎presence in various regions. Before 2014, the city of Mosul contained relatively small quantities of ‎demolition and construction debris, especially concrete rubble, asphalt materials, and bricks (they formed ‎approximately 80% of the construction and demolition debris). These materials increased very greatly ‎after the liberation operations and the widespread destruction of large parts of the city and became a great ‎problem in the reconstruction operations. There is no clear plan yet in the city to deal with this debris, and it ‎is disposed of by moving them to another place or burying them randomly when rebuilding the destroyed ‎parts. This study shows to deal with demolition and construction debris in Mosul after liberation and during ‎reconstruction operations. Also, many sources and data dealing with the re-use of demolition and ‎construction debris in the field of geotechnical engineering for operations to improve the engineering ‎properties of soils are presented. Many papers show the possibility of using construction and demolition waste as an alternative base or sub-base materials, fill for embankments, or increase durability and reduce the swelling ‎and plasticity ‎of clay. The study concludes that the researches and data can be used to deal with ‎the rubble of demolition and construction in Mosul in a way that enables to benefit from it economically ‎and environmentally.‎

Introduction. The active development of the transport network of highways is one of the areas of construction activities, the environmental safety of which does not fully comply with environmental requirements. The road transport complex has a negative impact on all existing components of ecosystems, but the greatest impact is associated with the formation of waste generated during the reconstruction of highways. To minimize the negative impact of the road construction complex waste management on environmental components, it is necessary to supplement the well-known methods of assessing the created schemes and methods with approaches associated with the analysis of environmental safety. Materials and methods. Due to the fact that most of the waste generated during the reconstruction of highways is multi-composite, a classification by enlarged types is proposed, depending on their chemical composition and state of aggregation. Results. For the numerical assessment of the biopositivity parameter in the comparative analysis of various technologies, the method of hierarchy analysis was tested, which is based on the principles of decomposition, pairwise comparisons and synthesis of priorities. In general, the assessment of biopositivity is a hierarchical procedure that includes operations related to the transformation of the scale and its aggregation. The most significant factors reflecting the impact of the technologies under consideration on the environment were selected as the criteria for the assessment. Conclusions. The presented calculations of the biopositivity parameter for the considered methods of reconstruction of highways in swampy areas showed that the peat technology has the least impact on the environment. The bio-positivity index during peat extraction is 2 times higher than when using geocontainer processing of wetlands.

Objectives : This research evaluate the level of construction waste materials in Iraq construction industry and compare construction material waste among three types of executing projects including specialist contractors, general building contractor and government department.Methods : The target materials in this study were brick, cement, sand, steel, gravel and thermo-stone. SPSS V24. Descriptive and inferential analyses were applied in this study.Results and Discussion : Field observation show that the highest percentage of waste was “Brick” with 15.21% followed by “Sand” with 12.52% and “Thermo-stone” with 12.02%. The lowest percentage of waste in Iraq construction project was “Steel” and “Cement” with 3.96% and 4% respectively. The results of a comparison between these three groups confirmed that for all types of construction project waste, the governmental project had the highest percentage (12.77%), special contractor (11.19%), a general building contractor (9.71%). The major waste from materials was handling with 31.9%, concrete construction with 28.09% and 24.26% the finishing.Conclusion The percentage of losses in the construction sites is very high compared to the permissible limit implementing inexpensive preventive measures, mostly related to managerial practice improvements.

The article considers the features of complex optimization of construction waste management and defines its role in the formation of the concept of "sustainable construction". The authors note that in order for the construction, demolition and waste management industries to remain competitive in the global market, they must continue developing and implement innovations in the supply chain to improve efficiency, sustainability, and reduce energy, waste, and resource consumption. This requires serious research on intelligent, mobile, and integrated systems. Radically advanced robotic artificial intelligence systems for sorting and processing must be developed with an emphasis on the required reuse of materials and components. Many industries face an uncertain future in which the applicability of today's technological constraints cannot be assumed. The construction industry is likely to be significantly impacted by the capabilities of transformative technologies such as artificial intelligence, additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, virtual reality, and robotics. The application of such technologies presents significant opportunities for this industry.

Earth has been used worldwide as a building material for centuries and it is still one of the most used construction materials. In many countries the excavated soil is becoming one of the largest construction waste and its disposal is costly and problematic. For this reason, there is a rising interest in employing the excavated soil directly in field, possibly as an added value construction material. In this paper a new type of rammed earth is presented. This new material is based on the shotcrete technology and has been named shot-earth. A mix of stabilized soil, aggregates and water is consolidated by high speed projection rather than by mechanical compaction to obtain both structural and non-structural elements. The first characterization of the physical properties of this material has shown the great potential of this technology.

In recent times due to the Indian economic growth, there is a surge in construction activities. This surge has led to an excess amount of demolition waste that is produced. According to the Building Material Promotion Council, India generates an estimated 150 million tons of C and D waste every year. Some existing initiatives and the significant stakeholders' involvement have created the demolition waste management systems essential in the building’s demolition phase. The research in the C and D and Awareness program for C and D waste that initiated has led to the implementation of some waste management systems in the building's demolition phase. In India, the amount of demolition waste produced is higher than the construction waste produced while constructing buildings. So, it is essential for the demolition waste mitigation plan in the building's demolition phase. The study aims to know circular construction and current demolition waste management performance in the Indian construction industry. Through literature review, demolition waste management systems that are carried out all around the world are collected. The current practices carried out by different stakeholders practicing in India are known through a questionnaire survey. Data interpretation is made using the data collected in the literature review and the questionnaire survey. This research identified the significant benefits, barriers, and motivation factors to implement the waste management system, and proposing any necessary changes. Designer innovation and BIM deconstruction is considered as one of the barrier-breaking innovation in adopting the circular construction.

Construction and demolition waste is defined as the solid waste generated from the construction sector, including construction work, finishes, renovations, restoration and demolition. According to State Ministry of Environment report 2016, construction and demolition waste has the largest share of total solid waste per year nationally; which confirms that it is essential to study this problem in order to reduce its negative effects on the environment and public health. The research therefore focused on studying the waste management status through presenting the Grand Egyptian Museum project as a case study, as GEM considers one of the biggest construction projects in Egypt at the present time, within the framework of the integrated and sustainable management building materials’ waste; The research goal is to set an integrated and sustainable administration framework for building materials’ waste, using qualitative method to analyze the project’s data through conducting personal interviews with some project managers who are responsible for the construction works of the project, visit their sites, an additional quantitative analysis shall be performed to question the experts about achieving integrated waste management and sustain building materials’ waste. The research concluded that the work priorities for an integrated and sustainable management plan for building materials’ waste in construction projects in Egypt was determined via logistic regression analysis.

Development squander material is a significant issues of development field. This paper says that, detailed study on literatures, list of materials used, reuse of materials, sources of wastes and the places where the materials can be reused. Finally, comparison of percentage on waste materials (Standard waste and Actual waste at site through interview), Table for the sources and reuse of waste as per literature study, suggestion have been given to reuse the waste and suggestion given to manage the materials.

Brick debris that makes up the majority of construction waste has not received proper waste disposal in Indonesia. On the other hand, brick debris could be potentially reused as non-structural building materials to reduce its negative impact on the environment. This study aims to test the effectiveness of soundproofing on recycled brick debris. The soundproof test was carried out on brick debris in the form of fine and coarse grains. The simulation box is then used as a support for the brickwork material and then the box is exposed to a sound source with a certain level of noise that is considered disturbing human comfort. Noise level measurements are made in the outside and inside the box. These measurements are tabulated and then analyzed to see the success of the two aggregates in reducing noise. Basically, the brickwork material has succeeded in becoming a recycled building material that can absorb noise, although further research must be carried out to be able to state that this material is truly ready to be used as an alternative building material with good acoustic capabilities.

Construction and demolition wastes have been studied by technical means to develop management tools to reduce environmental impacts. Among these, recycling can be highlighted. It is also noteworthy that the technical environment does not yet have an appropriate amount of scientific work that presents the study of engineering characteristics obtained for construction waste, which, many times, makes it impossible to consider these wastes for use in civil engineering. Thus, this article demonstrates the obtaining and evaluation of engineering parameters for concrete construction wastes obtained at a C&DW Recycling Plant near Sao Paulo. To this end, laboratory tests were performed according to relevant technical standards for determining the following characteristics: specific weight, integrity using ultrasound, compressive strength, elasticity modulus, and absorption. The parameters obtained may serve to better characterize the waste under study, as well as initial values for the development of basic civil engineering projects with low structural responsibility.

The waste generated from the agriculture and construction sector is a serious threat to the environment due to its disposal problems. This study is an attempt to utilize agriculture and construction waste to stabilize the geotechnical properties of clayey soil to use the composite as sub-grade material. For this purpose, rice husk ash (agriculture waste) and construction demolition waste (used construction waste) are mixed in varying amounts in clayey soil alone and along with lime to obtain the best sub-grade material. The results of the experimental testing reveal that the geotechnical properties of clayey soil are improved by stabilizing it with various waste materials thereby solving their disposal problem thus sustaining a healthy environment. The use of wastes and lime in combination improves the unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, and resilient modulus of the composite. The mix obtained on the addition of rice husk ash and construction demolition waste along with lime can be used as a sub-grade material thus achieving higher economic benefits.

The built environment requires ever-increasing amounts of raw material resources and at the same time bears the responsibility for the resulting waste. Waste is generated throughout the life cycle. In the initial phases it is referred to as industrial waste, while during construction, reconstruction, and demolition it is called construction waste. Construction waste is most voluminous but it also has a great potential in circular economy that aims at the closed loop cycle where already used construction materials and components are recovered as raw materials. Sustainable building principles include four basic strategies, waste avoidance, construction materials and components re-use, continued use, and recycling. The possibility of construction waste treatment and its possible recovery in the building process depends on the type of prevailing materials that are contained in building elements as well as on detachability, separability and inseparability of structural joints and components. The architect plays a responsible role in decreasing the volume of construction waste as the conception of a building represents the key factor in sustainable construction waste management. Planning a construction with a good dismantling potential at the end of the building’s life cycle includes a number of factors such as the choice of building materials with a low environmental impact, the design of detachable composite materials and structures as well as the design of mono material structures. This article focuses on waste resulting from the built environment and discusses architectural concepts with a potential of reducing the volume of construction waste and its potential recovery as a construction resource.

Iron ore tailings has acid pH and high content of metals, such as iron, aluminum and manganese. Regarding the environment, these metals poses a risk of contaminating the soil and underground water. Yet, construction residues usually have high pH and because of this, they can be used to neutralize soil acidity and to reduce metal availability in mining tailing piles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aplicabilith of CW to promote neutralization of the acidity in iron ore tailings aiming at decreasing the solubility and mobilith of metal found in them. Thus, a sample of construction waste was collected and characterized which was later incorporated at different doses into a sample of iron mining tailing collected in the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais – Brazil). The construction waste raised the pH of the tailing sample from 5.58 to 8.22. Moreover, the incorporation of the waste incorporation decreased the manganese solubility in at least 80%. Despite the lack of national legislations and policies on the use of construction waste for this purpose, the results show that it is a promising technological alternative.

Off-site construction (OSC) involves the fabrication and assembly of building components in a purpose-built factory which are then transported to the job site for final installation. OSC has proven to be a greener construction approach, spurring research towards benchmarking the sustainable attributes of the technique. However, a quantitative statistical analysis of studies on OSC sustainability and a framework of the knowledge domain are not well-established. Drawing on 642 bibliographic records from Scopus, this paper conducted a bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on the sustainability of OSC from 1971 to 2019. The findings show that research publications on OSC sustainability only witnessed steady growth since 2000. A geospatial analysis revealed that at least 32% of countries are involved in the OSC sustainability research, of which the United States, China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada make the greatest contributions. The hot topics in the contemporary OSC sustainability research were identified as embodied carbon, embodied energy, construction waste, post-occupancy evaluation, resources conservation, and recycling, and cost savings. The paper identified areas that require further research. Thus, the paper offers an all-embracing understanding of the core research themes, trends, and patterns on OSC sustainability to stakeholders.

Introduction. In this article the analysis of certain biopositive technologies applied to processing or recycling of construction waste, municipal sewage, and paste-like slurries of organo-mineral nature is performed. The relevance of this research is confirmed by the steadily growing number of publications and currently implemented government programmes aimed at solving such problems. The paper summarizes the results of research into the treatment of wastes having different origin. Materials and methods. The analysis of the research literature and patents for inventions, as well as publicly available technologies used in waste processing and recycling is performed. Selection of biopositive technologies based on the chemical nature of materials and their groups is described. Biopositive technologies, most effectively applied to construction materials, are identified for the purpose of converting engineering structures into secondary raw components. The co-authors demonstrate the application of a biopositive technology to sludge decontaminated at municipal waste water treatment plants and to hot waste generated by the hydrolysis industry, as well as technologies used to process special thermal insulation and waterproofing materials. Results. The use of water-organic emulsions as active components in effective regeneration of asphalt granulated concrete mixtures is considered. Сompositions, concentrations and sedimentation stability of such emulsions have been identified. The results of the study of physical, mechanical and hydro-physical properties of the asphalt-concrete granulate treated with water-organic emulsions are described. This regeneration technology helps bitumen to restore binding properties on the surface of the asphalt-concrete granulate and makes this composite applicable as a material designated for the bottom layers of the road pavement. Conclusions. These biopositive technologies make it possible to efficiently and rationally process or recycle a wide range of municipal and construction waste into structures and products having various applications. Recycling, composting and plasma technologies are considered in this case.

The average builder in the USA provides a warrantee for 10 years, and the US Department for Energy calculates that US office buildings have an average lifespan of 73 years. No building is permanent, and all will face demolition at some point. When a building comes to the end of its safe and useful lifespan, there is no method for re-using the material in new buildings, instead, all constructions today require virgin material. This is a problem for sustainability because US cities, like most other global cities, require cyclical replacement of ageing buildings, and therefore perpetual resource extraction. This paper provides techniques for computationally arranging materials after the demolition and unmaking of architecture. Rather than downcycling concrete into low-value aggregate or melting float glass into opaque bottles methods are shown for this material to be indexed, re-machined and algorithmically arranged into new assemblies. These assemblies are conceived of as holding patterns; an indexed library of materials that are put into useful architectural arrangements, but ready to be disassembled towards some future use. These holding patterns are used as infill to the city rather than landfill beyond. Rather than building for sixty-year life spans, the project offers an imagination of eternal re-constructions that can learn from the carcass of past buildings. Based on rough estimates 2016 could be the first year where there exists more than one trillion tons of concrete on earth. More than the total weight of living trees on the planet (Crowther et al. 2015; USGS, 2018). This paper begins to develop new aptitudes for re-fitting misfit material rather than consuming evermore.

In the present study, the effect of construction waste and pulverized lime on the strength of Shanghai clayey soil is investigated. The unconfined compressive strength and direct shear tests have been carried out on reinforced soils with different combinations of construction waste and pulverized lime over various curing periods. The results from unconfined compressive tests show that the compressive strength increases after introduction of construction waste and pulverized lime, and the longer the curing period the higher the strength of treated soil. The results from direct shear tests show that the shear strength parameters increase to different degree after mixing with construction waste and pulverized lime. The tests also show the increase in compressive strength is insignificant with the addition of construction waste alone, but ductility increases. The conclusions drawn from the present study are important not only for designing and construction of geotechnical engineering projects in practice, but also for making good use of waste material, sustainable development and environmental protection.

Goal. The goal of this research is the development of new methods of digitalizing and automation of low dangerous construction waste disposal licensing. Materials and methods. The digital workflow form is jointly used by a waste producer, a transporter, a waste inceptor and a garbage processing license department. The workflow is carried out within blockchain technology. Results. The workflow, the digital application form, the optimization method of data saving without repeating records in blockchain is developed. The problem of licensing process transparency is solved and corruption is prevented. The proposed technical solution uses the FabricSDK platform. Conclusion. The blockchain technology provides equal access rights to information to all participants, ensures maximum speed and transparency of licensing, applauds newcomers of the blockchain network, which contributes to healthy competition in the waste management market.

Earthen materials have been used in civil engineering construction worldwide with different forms, such as mud, adobe, rammed earth and bricks. Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) can be considered as a new member of the earthen building material family. Also, it can overcome the problems associated with fired bricks and cement blocks. Cement is the most commonly used as stabilizers to enhance the properties of CSEB. The governing factor which controls the properties of CSEB is the amount of clay content in the soil. Researches have concluded that about 25% of clay and silt (finer) content contributes to high compressive strength. However, controlling of larger particles is not addressed much. This study focused on controlling the finer content as well as larger particles with the use of construction waste (mostly with crushed concrete) and river sand. Selected soil was modified to get the finer content as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. This modification was done by adding river sand and construction waste to the soil to optimize the particle packing based on particle packing theories. Cement was used as the stabilizer with 6%, 8%, and 10%. (150 × 150 × 150) mm3 cubes were cast and tested for dry density, water absorption, 28 days wet and dry compressive strength, accelerated erosion and compared with SLS 1382; part 2 requirements. Block properties were conformed with SLS 1382 requirement when finer contents are 10% and 5% with 10% and 8% cement. Further, Industrial-scale blocks of (350 × 100 × 175) mm3 made with 10% finer and 8% cement satisfied the Grade 1 block properties. CSEB made mixing with construction waste contributes to manage the environmental pollution due to construction waste while giving a fair solution to the problem with the shortage of building materials.

Quick development in technology in the last decade affected many industries and should be the main force that will help the construction industry to develop the methods and processes that will decrease the environmental impact of the built structures. Computational technology could be helpful in precise early building design and also in the decision making process. Predicting possible building scenarios in the first stage of design has a lot of benefits, such as finding better solutions for the environment and creating a sustainable green building for the future. In any case, we must agree on the right protocol and methods to achieve that goal. Residential buildings are the most important, as these buildings are the most numerous buildings in every country. The proposed model of a sustainable building is the model where the building and its parts have low environmental impact. The representative residential buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be the case study to develop some conclusions and recommendations for future buildings. These buildings and their parts will be analyzed from the environmental impact /construction waste standpoint. Existing buildings will be analyzed and conclusions will contribute to properly make the next generation of buildings, which will be environmentally friendly for another century and future generations. Further research to find the method and protocols to lower the construction in the design phase is developed, based on this first analysis.

Building information modelling (BIM) implementation in prefabricated building tends to be an emerging research domain in the recent decades to many benefits to project shareholders, such as enhancement in design, data exchange and sharing, and reducing construction waste and productivity. This research explores state-of-the-art of BIM adoption in the prefabricated building issues through the bibliometric review method. The objective of this paper is to identify the barriers to BIM implementation in prefabricated building projects. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by integrating BIM with prefabricated building projects for further research needs.

With the acceleration of China's urbanization process, construction activities have led to a substantial increase in construction waste. However, as China's construction waste recycling rate is low, it is difficult to convert construction waste into valuable products for the sustainable development of waste resources. The biggest reason for this is the construction waste industrial chain, which is imperfect and has many problems. In this study, a simulation model is established using system dynamics software Vensim PLE. The analogue simulation shows that (1) China generates a large amount of construction waste every year. If construction waste source reduction measures are implemented, it will inhibit 50% of the waste generated. Upstream enterprises in the industry chain should actively develop waste reduction technology and improve waste reduction management; (2) marginal effect exists in the single waste reduction measure, but the government should implement more portfolio reduction measures to enhance the reduction effect, which is often three times that of the single policy; (3) the middle stream recycling enterprises in the industry chain cannot solely rely on government subsidies to reduce the cost of waste recycling. It is necessary to create synergistic linkages with more responsible entities upstream and downstream of the industry chain, thus creating a new model in construction waste management. (4) Government policies tend to drive the purchasing power of building material market. The government should actively exert its subjective initiative, supervise and provide policies to help the downstream enterprises that supply recycled building materials in the industry chain, and change the rigid understanding of contractors and owners about recycled building materials. The research conclusions can provide theoretical guidance for industry chain-related enterprises and government management departments in policy formulation, so that construction waste is sustainably developed.

Rapid growth in the construction industry has increased construction waste generation and caused serious impact on the environment. In Malaysia, most contractors are using the conventional method as the main method in the construction process. However, using conventional methods for construction work is not environmentally friendly because of the poor quality control at the construction site and the uncontrolled waste production. This has contributed to pollution problems in the environment in the form of air and water pollution, and construction waste. The aim of this study was to identify the type of construction waste and causes of waste generation from conventional methods with IBS. In addition, this study also suggests measures to minimize construction waste generation at the construction site. This study used quantitative methods of questionnaires as an instrument. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed to the G7 contractors and developers in Johor to get feedback. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical methods and indices mean. From the results, it was found that most types of solid waste high in conventional construction are wood (3.85) but with the use of IBS, wood waste generation can be reduced (3.15). For the source of waste generation, it shows that the handling process is the main cause with the mean score (3.47) in IBS and the mean score (3.75) during construction is carried out for conventional methods. Therefore, IBS technology is the considered best option in order to minimize waste generation at the construction site.

In the next decades many buildings and structures, constructed from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) will reach their end of lifetime, therefore solutions should be developed to recycle the resulting waste material. AAC blocks cannot be reused in the form of building blocks as traditional clay bricks. The typical form of AAC waste is crushed stone or powder. Present study is dealing with the possibilities of the recycling of AAC waste as concrete aggregate, prefabricated concrete tiles, concrete blocks, shuttering blocks and cement supplementary material. The concrete mixes were designed in a way to apply as much AAC waste as possible and to require the least further processing (crushing, pulverizing) of the waste material at the same time. Mechanical (compressive strength), thermal (heat conductivity) and durability (frost and freeze-thaw resistance) properties of the samples containing AAC waste as aggregate or supplementary material were tested. The results indicated that opportunities in applying aerated concrete waste in granular form as aggregate for load bearing purposes are limited, but in powdered form can be highly advantageous. However, if the load bearing capacity is not a strong requirement there are many feasible modes to recycle AAC waste as vertical wall coverings, stumped concrete wall, design exposed concrete or lightweight aggregate concrete. In advance to granular form, adding powdered AAC to normal concrete, the durability attributes were improved.

Adopting a holistic three-step literature review workflow, a total of 1,639 journal articles were used in this study as the literature sample related to recycled aggregate (RA). This study summarized the existing research topics focusing on RA, gaps of current research, suggestions for promoting RA usage, and research directions for future work. A research framework was also proposed linking the existing research themes into trends in RA research. This review work serves as a foundation work to bridge the gap between scientific research and industry practice, as well as to guide the directions in RA-related academic work using an interdisciplinary approach.

At present, nanotechnology is a significant research area in different countries, owing to its immense ability along with its economic impact. Nanotechnology is the scientific study, development, manufacturing, and processing of structures and materials on a nanoscale level. It has tremendous application in different industries such as construction. This study discusses the various progressive uses of nanomaterials in concrete, as well as their related health risks and environmental impacts. Nanomaterials such as nanosilica, nano-TiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), ferric oxides, polycarboxylates, and nanocellulose have the capability to increase the durability of buildings by improving their mechanical and thermal properties. This could cause an indirect reduction in energy usage and total expenses in the concrete industry. However, due to the uncertainties and irregularities in size, shape, and chemical compositions, some nanosized materials might have harmful effects on the environment and human health. Acknowledgement of the possible beneficial impacts and inadvertent dangers of these nanosized materials to the environment will be extremely important when pursuing progress in the upcoming years. This research paper is expected to bring proper attention to the probable effects of construction waste, together with the importance of proper regulations, on the final disposal of the construction waste. This publication was supported by Qatar University Grant QUST-2-CAM-2021-256. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.

With the increase in the construction waste generation rates in recent times, concerns related to the attainment of global sustainability triggered as well. Consequently, issues related to the effective management of construction waste have got the attention of waste management researchers more than ever before. Governments worldwide allocate massive funds into research and development (R&D) to make focused policies for protecting the environment and conserve their limited resources. Hong Kong, a special administrative region (HKSAR) of the Republic of China, like many other advanced regions in the world, also faces serious challenges to protect the environment and achieve sustainability. In order to arrive at sustainable solutions through the implementation of well-designed strategies, exploration of synergies between academic research and the actual practice has become more crucial now. To address this, the research method considers an exploratory approach to investigate the 1) academic research being conducted in the area of construction waste management; 2) actual practice by exploring the waste management infrastructure support system, construction waste generation, reuse and disposal trends, and the implemented policies; and 3) exploration of synergies between the actual and academic practices for improved construction waste management in Hong Kong. For scope purposes, this study considers 20 years period, i.e., 2001-2020. Recommendations highlighting the need for bridging the gap between academic research and actual practice are also delineated for future researchers.

Construction waste generation along with the extensive consumption of natural resources has propelled researchers to investigate effective measures for minimising the waste. While several studies have shown that the structural design would be an influencing factor on the carbon dioxide emissions of a building, there is a lack of studies to corroborate the effect of different structural systems to generate waste during the construction stage. This article seeks to bridge some of the knowledge gaps regarding the waste generation from different structural systems during the construction phase in a building project in South Korea and demonstrate its potential for waste reduction. In this study, the amount of waste generation during the construction phase was calculated based on the quantities and the material loss rate of each building material to estimate the quantity of construction waste by the changes in the application of different structural systems for the slab of the studied model. The total waste generation during the construction phase of the different slab systems shows that the solid slab system produces the largest amount of construction waste, which is 101,361.385 kg. On the other hand, the void slab system generates 87,603.958 kg of the construction waste, which is the lowest amount among the four variables of this study. The additional purchasing costs due to the loss of construction materials indicate that the solid slab system would require 80,709.76 USD, which is the highest value of the four variables in this study. The void slab system would cost USD 50,054.12 for additional materials purchasing costs, which is approximately 38% lower than the solid slab system.

Nowadays, few measures have been carried out to improve the relationship among construction site activities, the environment and the citizens. Maybe due to the mobility of the construction activity, it is difficult to make the construction companies ­ especially the smallest ones ­ keep the law. There are some good examples but they are still insufficient. The production of legal documents that encourages a more environmentally positive behaviour, that is, that arouse and force the construction industry to handle its debris and by-products more carefully, is of vital importance to the contribution of this sector for sustainable development for the which all must contribute. In this context, special mention must be made to the mandatory, in public projects, of a waste management plan, which must be made during the design stage. It seems to be a correct and effective way to highlight the importance of waste management and to get all the participants involved, from the design to the construction stage. This change, however, must be accompanied by public awareness campaigns. It is not enough to stress that the plan is mandatory. The plan's importance must be addressed too. It will be easier to reach our goals if all kwon the advantages and importance of such a plan. Due to the need for adaptation and improvement of existing buildings taking into account the new standards of quality and comfort, the works involving demolition of buildings or parts of buildings are becoming increasingly frequent in Portugal. Thus, the study of practical solutions that point to the reuse of building materials and components, will contribute to decrease the urban problem created by illegal landfills ­ bringing

This thesis is an investigation into the extended use of waste in an architectural context. As resources are becoming depleted, new systems and techniques need to be developed to use what we have more effectively. By studying the material flows of urban construction, new purposes for construction waste can be revealed. This thesis challenges the current perceptions of waste to that of a nutrient. In order to showcase and frame waste as nutrient, the project proposal is for urban interventions built from waste to be placed throughout public spaces on Ryerson’s Campus. These interventions will inform the public on material reuse and at the same time increase the quality of public space. Typically when waste is used in architecture, the material sources are unique, this thesis questions that notion by investigating materials that are ubiquitous. This thesis strives to answer if and how architecture can add value to waste materials

The demand for scarce raw material has been increased with rise of construction. An ideal raw material is clay, which is abundantly used in manufacturing bricks. The proposed study aims at making a brick blocks with clay-free materials. Therefore, instead of clay, waste additives such as sludge waste, construction and demolition waste, and fly-ash are used as a binding material. These additives would contribute a better performance and properties without altering the desired strength. Sewage sludge is an important component of sewage disposal, but it is also ruinous to the environment. Construction and demolition (CD) debris are a rising source of waste utilization. The objective of the proposed work is to eliminate the natural resources like clay and utilization of waste additives effectively in making brick blocks. The mix proportions are maintained at 30% sludge with 3:2:2, 2:3:2, and 2:2:3 (fly ash: cement: CD), similarly, 40% sludge with 1:3:2, 2:3:1, and 3:2:1 and 50% sludge with 2:1:2, 2:2:1, and 1.5:1.5:2. The physicochemical properties include density, water absorption, pH, shrinkage, plasticity index, and efflorescence, and leaching characteristics were analyzed. Mechanical properties include compressive strength and thermal conductivity; mineralogical and microstructural analysis and durability aspects were carried out. The presence of organic matter influences the overall property. The stress distribution was induced by porosity and attained a maximum strength of 14.5 N/mm

Minimizing construction waste is one of the major challenges of the sector in our country. Estimating the losses and waste generated in civil construction accurately is vital for minimizing them in the project stage. This vision allows engineers to visualize and explore possible corrective measures in order to increase construction efficiency. In addition, it can enable builders to identify critical processes in waste generation and plan control strategies. By integrating several projects into a single model, the process of modeling the construction information (BIM) can assist in the solution of this challenge. Through a questionnaire applied to engineers and architects, this work intends to explore the current reality and the potential of the application of BIM in the generation of construction waste.

Construction and demolition fines (C&amp, D-fines) and green waste compost (GWC) are two commonly generated urban waste materials that represent repositories of geochemical value. Here technosols were produced from volumetric mixtures of these materials ranging from 0–100% C&amp, D-fines, with the remaining proportion comprised of GWC. Agronomic assessment was carried out by way of pot and rhizobox plant growth experiments with ryegrass, barley and pea to determine germination, plant mass and rooting behaviours. Geochemical and mineralogical evaluation was achieved by soil pore water solution measurements combined with X-ray powder diffraction analyses respectively, to characterise the technosols and their distinct deviations from a reference agricultural geogenic soil (soil). The results demonstrated that germination, growth and root mass/surface area of vegetation were up to 80-fold greater after 30-days in the technosol composed of equal volumes of the two materials (50% C&amp, D-fines: 50% GWC) compared to the soil. High concentrations of Ca and Mg in pore waters (550–800 mg·L−1) were dominant features of the technosols, in contrast to the soil (&lt, 50 mg·L−1), resulting from gypsum and calcite enrichment of the C&amp, D-fines. In contrast, the GWC represented a source of soluble K (450–1000·mg·L−1). Highly elevated Ca concentrations in extended leaching tests of the C&amp, D-fines reflected ongoing gypsum dissolution, whereas soluble Mg and K were rapidly depleted from the GWC. In summary, short-term performance of the technosols as plant growth substrates was strong despite their geochemical and mineralogical distinction from soil. Gleaning additional geochemical value from combining urban wastes in this way is potentially suited to myriad scenarios where geogenic soils are contaminated, sealed or otherwise absent. Further assessment will now be needed to determine the geochemical longevity of the technosols before wider scale applications can be recommended.

Green concrete (GC) was developed for realizing sustainable development, recycling waste materials, and reducing environmental pollution. For the practical use of GC, various harmful materials must blocked from entering its cracks and pores; and its strength and durability must be improved. The use of an inorganic coating material (ICM) for GC effectively prevents the intrusion of harmful materials and repairs the concrete. ICMs can reduce the permeability and increase the durability of concrete. This study investigated GC, construction waste, and ICMs and used recycled sand and gravel as well as construction waste as substitutes for cement. The results indicate that the coarse aggregate substitution, water-binder ratio, and recycled fine aggregate substitution must be controlled suitably in GC. Furthermore, the coating layer, fine aggregate substitution, and aging of the ICM mut be controlled suitably. GC with an ICM showed poorer performance than conventional concrete, mainly because of the high porosity. Nonetheless, the ICM somewhate reduces the porosity and resists the penetration of chloride ions, thereby promoting concrete quality.

International audience; This paper presents the first optimization study of multi-site transportation in the construction industry, whichallows mutualizing building material delivery and construction waste removal. This study is inspired by a real-worldproblem encountered in the framework of the French R&D project DILC, in which a pooling platformmust centralize the delivery of building materials to the construction sites and the pickup of their waste, usinga limited and heterogeneous fleet that are allowed to perform multiple trips, under time and capacity limitationconstraints. The problem under study, called the Multi-Trip Pickup and Delivery Problem, with Split loads,Profits and Multiple TimeWindows is a new extension of the vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery,that considers new realistic constraints specific to the construction industry such as each construction site mayhave a priority on its delivery request or its pickup request or both, with a higher priority level for deliveryrequest, and each construction site may have several time windows. To solve this problem, we propose newinsertion criteria that takes into consideration several aspects of our problem, which we have embedded in aconstruction heuristic. Experiments performed on new real instances have shown the efficiency of our method.

This paper aims to present a methodology for reusing and recycling scrap timber from building sites using augmented reality and flexible digital models. The project we present describes a process that enables existing material to be reused and repurposed such that the designed model is updated by the digital inventory of digitised offcuts/waste elements.

Many rehabilitation operations of historic buildings have not succeeded to utilize appropriate material for purpose of the project. Currently, the use of construction waste, especially the waste brick, is largely expanded in the world due to construction and rehabilitation of buildings. For efficient and sustainable use of such material in the rehabilitation of the architectural ornaments, an experimental study was conducted to examine the influence of the waste brick content on the physical and mechanical properties of the gypsum mortar. The materials used to prepare the gypsum mortar were gypsum, natural sand, waste brick, water and superplasticizer. The main variable in this study were the waste brick content (0% to 100%) and the type of the substrate (limestone and brick). The W/B ratio of all the mixtures was kept constant to maintain a similar level of the workability. Several tests were performed to assess the physical and the mechanical behaviour of the gypsum mortars including the adhesion test, XRD and the SEM analysis. The results found show that the adhesion strengths in the mortars are more important when the substrate is made from limestone with the regard to the substrate made with brick. However, excessive percentage of waste brick in the mortar can lead to adverse effects and reduce the adhesive strength. Gypsum mortars made with 75% of waste brick should be recommended for the rehabilitation of the architectural ornaments., (undefined)

The construction industry has become more interested in moving towards implementing an innovative method to reduce wastes and Environmental Impacts (EIs) during the construction stage. Tools and me...

The present study investigates waste generation during the production and erection phase of a prefabricated single family house in Austria as a basis for identifying waste prevention potentials. Therefore, the material composition of a case study building (wood frame construction) is compared to waste generated during production and erection. In order to assess the whole life cycle of prefabricated buildings the use phase as well as the end-of-life phase are also considered. Examples are given to show how different measures can impact the generation of waste directly and indirectly. The results show that production and erection are already very efficient with regard to waste generation and prevention potentials mainly exist in further offcut reduction and optimization in packaging. The use phase and the end-of-life of the building are more complex to investigate and waste prevention potentials are less tangible. However, important measures for waste reduction are related to the easy exchangeability of building components as well as their reusability. The lifetime extension of the building and building components, which can be achieved through proper operation and maintenance, can be considered a key issue for preventing waste in the building sector.

The search for a cheaper binder using natural resources and industrial waste has become a major concern in the manufacture of cement. According to the literature, researchers have found that glass and marble waste in the form of powder can be introduced into cement to obtain a cheaper and less polluting cement. In this study, we attempted to determine the strength of concrete containing glass powder and marble powder by partially replacing cement in concrete. Cement substitution by these mineral additions in the range of 5% to 10%. This approach is based on the properties of the material and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Several parameters are considered, namely: the effect of filler, the effect of the adjuvant and the ratio W / C, to lead, to the making of a concrete based on local materials characterized by good strength, porosity minimum and acceptable durability.

As the construction of sponge cities in China is in full swing, it is necessary to use a lot of crushed stones and gravels, which will damage the ecological environment. It is imminent to use recycled aggregates to replace natural crushed stones and gravels for sponge city construction. Aiming at the applicability of recycled aggregates in sponge cities, by conducting experimental research on the water absorption, water storage and water permeability characteristics of recycled aggregates, it is concluded that the water absorption and water storage properties of recycled aggregates are better than natural crushed stones and water permeability Slightly worse than natural crushed stone, further verifying the applicability of recycled aggregates in the construction of sponge cities, and the prospects for future popularization and application are considerable.