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In early March 2013, Qingdao Hisense Network Technology Co., Ltd. (Hisense) independently developed the integrated monitoring system software platform for urban rail transit (HiSCADA), which successfully obtained the SIL2 product functional safety certification issued by the French BV International Inspection Bureau. This indicates that the safety performance of the integrated monitoring system of Hisense has fully met the international safety standards, and will provide a higher level of safety guarantee for the smooth operation of the system in the unmanned environment of urban rail transit.

As information and communication technologies continuously develop and improve, they are increasingly incorporated into the fields of civil engineering, construction and infrastructure. Decision-making in construction projects is key to being competitive and guaranteeing the quality of structures. Integrated monitoring systems play an important role in concrete structures. Tracking humidity and temperature provides information on concrete hydration and hardening processes. This study focuses on creating a technically and economically viable data recording system. To this end, general purpose dual sensors have been incorporated (for temperature/humidity). With the aim of measuring these values in the interior of concrete, different options for encapsulating the sensors have been examined. An economical proposal of this kind consists of a wireless network that provides data in real time, and therefore facilitates decision-making for builders and project management. Obtaining reliable data from the concrete interior allows us to verify if the hardening process has evolved correctly. In the future, this type of verification test could replace the inspection currently mandated by regulations. The cost of the proposed system offers savings of 45.37% compared to existing controls.

Integrated monitoring system for discrete manufacturing processes is presented in the paper. The multilayer hardware and software reference model was developed. Original research are an answer for industry needs of the integration of information flow in production process. Reference model corresponds with proposed data model based on multilayer data tree allowing to describe orders, products, processes and save monitoring data. Elaborated models were implemented in the integrated monitoring system demonstrator developed in the project. It was built on the base of multiagent technology to assure high flexibility and openness on applying intelligent algorithms for data processing. Currently on the base of achieved experience an application integrated monitoring system for real production system is developed. In the article the main problems of monitoring integration are presented, including specificity of discrete production, data processing and future application of Cyber-Physical-Systems. Development of manufacturing systems is based more and more on taking an advantage of applying intelligent solutions into machine and production process control and monitoring. Connection of technical systems, machine tools and manufacturing processes monitoring with advanced information processing seems to be one of the most important areas of near future development. It will play important role in efficient operation and competitiveness of the whole production system. It is also important area of applying in the future Cyber-Physical-Systems that can radically improve functionally of monitoring systems and reduce the cost of its implementation.

The development of parameters to explore the link between air-related diseases and their significant driving forces is an important aim in terms of national economics and public health. In this study, we did an integrated analysis involving multiple environmental health indicators from Uberlândia, Brazil, registered before and during a period when the Brazilian government reduced taxes on new cars in a bid to bolster local manufacturing. In addition, the present study utilized Driving Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action (DPSEEA) frameworks to evaluate correlations in environmental health indicators over 10 years (2004-2013), in which the Brazilian government reduced vehicle production taxes beginning in 2008. Significant correlations in all indicators selected were found from 2008 to 2013, corresponding to the tax reduction on new vehicles. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was significantly higher in the city center compared to the reference site, with the highest MN levels observed during the period of reduced taxes. Results reinforced the need to adopt air quality monitoring programs in major cities.

In this paper, we present an integrated monitoring platform framework to enable risk prediction using big data. By using social media and access records of their users, the proposed system determines uncertain risks they could create. By using the risk information that has been obtained from the platform, it can determine whether they should be granted the requested rights to access to restricted areas. And it can set some places that should be monitored as restricted areas. If the intrusion is detected in an area that has been set, then it promptly notifies the administrator with agile viewers showing him/her the intrusion for preparing the next step. So, it will provide a control situation for the administrator in real time and can detect the risky moments that may occur in advance.

In view of the influence of Metro under construction on the foundation pit excavation of the new commercial service project in the city and in order to ensure the safety of subway in the process of foundation pit excavation, combined with the geographical location and geological conditions of the project in this paper, the corresponding monitoring points were set up to protect and monitor the Metro near the project, so as to ensure the minimum impact on the Metro under the premise of normal construction of the foundation pit. The monitoring results were in line with the requirements of the specification, providing guarantee for the subsequent construction.

MPEG compression method is widely used in various information systems. Due to the features of digital processing and transmission methods of video streams with method of redundancy reduction, the quality of operation for corresponding information system is highly critical to the reception conditions and the quality of the channel. While monitoring the quality of the operation of such systems, the tasks is to control the quality of compression as the quality of transmission of MPEG video streams. This leads to a complication of the system for monitoring the operational quality of the video information system. One of approaches that can provide reduction of the complexity is usage of a joint monitoring system, which is proposed in this work. Scientific novelty consists of proposition of the concept of an integrated monitoring system, as well as relevant scientific findings and proposals. As result of the computational experiments, efficiency of such a system at various levels of channel quality and approaches to its implementation estimated.

To date, power system analysis has been performed separately for transmission and distribution systems. Due to the small influence of distribution systems on transmission systems, separate analyses have had no accuracy problems in existing power systems. However, as the amount of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems increases, neighboring distribution systems and even transmission systems can be affected by the distributed generation. Therefore, a power system operator needs a new system to analyze the power system, one that considers the mutual interactions between the transmission and distribution systems. This paper presents with applications and case studies a transmission and distribution integrated monitoring and analysis system for high DG penetration. The integrated system analyzes the mutual interaction between the transmission and distribution systems due to DG. The preliminary evaluation of the DG connections is automated in this system, using real time online data. Case studies with practical data show the need and effectiveness of transmission and distribution integrated monitoring and analysis for real power systems with high DG penetration.

Reliable CCS monitoring is vital in order to confirm that injected CO2 stays in the reservoir as intended, and that any occurring leakage is promptly detected allowing corrective actions to be initiated. Motivations for implementing monitoring strategies beyond the legal minimum required by government regulations, can be divided into economic, environmental and reputational factors, where the latter is significant; adequate monitoring is important for attaining public acceptance. CCS monitoring methods can be divided into deep focused (reservoir, overburden) and shallow focused (seabed, water column) methods. Shallow monitoring methods include acoustic and chemical sensors placed in the water column. For the CCS application, these sensor technologies are complementary; acoustic sensors are sensitive to CO2 in gas phase and chemical sensors can detect water-dissolved CO2 or formation fluids. We discuss the motivations for CCS monitoring, and offer a structured overview of acoustic and chemical technologies for CCS monitoring at the seabed and in the water column. Each technology is evaluated in terms of its applicability to CCS monitoring, highlighting its strengths and limitations for detection, quantification and characterization of CCS related leakage. We conclude that while state of the art sensor technology is sufficient to meet government requirements, there is potential for improved integrated monitoring through optimal use and combination of technologies. The concept of integrated monitoring where different sensor types measure different parameters is emerging as a promising monitoring strategy.

This chapter presents the interesting case study of the monitoring of the Viaduct Basento in Potenza (southern Italy). Two features make this case study fascinating. The first aspect is that Viaduct Basento is probably the most important and visionary architectural work of the famous structural engineer Sergio Musmeci. The second aspect concerns the application, almost unique in the scientific literature, of an integrated diagnosis approach combining a wide set of electromagnetic sensing technologies with advanced civil engineering analysis methodologies and tools.

For the purpose of foundation and structure stability during the construction of tide embankment, three monitoring projects including embankment settlement monitoring, berm platform settlement monitoring and pore water pressure monitoring are installed. Integrated monitoring data shows that foundation appears oversize instantaneous settlement on account of high construction speed, short loading interval at initial stage. Following with the shaping of embankment, stable monitoring data range, slow change rate and high dissipation speed of pore water pressure come along. Based on actual embankment settlement data, consolidation degree of soil mass is high and foundation stability becomes strong by means of hyperbolic curve.

The monitoring and abnormality warning of marine diesel engine are important to take appropriate responses for safety navigation. If maintenance engineers do not take appropriate response because of diag- nosis mistakes, it will occur a nasty accident. Therefore, we need integrated monitoring and diagnosis system for supporting a diagnosis objectively. In this paper, we analyze time-series data which measured by real-time, monitor the changing of conditions and trends of the analyzed data. Furthermore, we design and implement a monitoring and diagnosis system for objective supporting of real-time diagnosis. When the integrated monitor- ing and diagnosis system is adopted, it can help to improve stability of marine diesel engine by providing ab

The coal with spontaneous combustion tendency is prone to spontaneous combustion in the process of long-term storage, which has brought huge economic losses for the thermal power and has potential security risks as well. So monitoring the coal yard is necessary and valuable. Elevating integrated monitoring device is used to monitoring the spontaneous combustion of coal stored in the silo. The device fixed on the soil roof can monitoring coal temperature, alkane gases concentration and coal level between the soil roof and the surface of coal seam by timing lifting or moving close to the surface of coal seam, giving an alarm in the first time when an exception occurs.

Modern societies have reached a point where everyday life relies heavily on desired operation of critical infrastructures, in spite of accidental failures and/or deliberate attacks. The issue of desired performance operation of CIS at high security level receives considerable attention worldwide. The pioneering generic methodologies and methods are presented in the paper project for designing systems capable of achieving these objectives in the cost effective manner at existing CIS and also in the future. A control systems engineering approach to integrated monitoring, control and security of critical infrastructure systems (CIS) is applied. A multilayer structure for an intelligent autonomous reconfigurable agent operating within a single region of a CIS is derived first. Methods and algorithms for synthesising the layers are proposed so that the agent can autonomously perform required control activities under wide range of operating conditions. The required ability of the system to meet the desired operational objectives under a wide range of the operating conditions is achieved by supervised reconfiguration of the agents. Recently proposed robustly feasible model predictive control technology with soft switching mechanisms between different control strategies is applied to implement the soft and robustly feasible agent reconfiguration, which is adequate to current operational conditions. Next developing the multiagent structures, which are suitable for monitoring, control and security of an overall CIS is discussed. It is based on the distributed structuring the agent layers. The proposals are illustrated by applications to the integrated wastewater treatment case-study system and drinking water distribution system.

Understanding the impacts caused by injection of large volumes of CO 2 in the deep subsurface necessitates a comprehensive monitoring strategy. While surface-based and other remote geophysical methods can provide information on the general morphology of a CO 2 plume, verification of the geochemical conditions and validation of the remote sensing data requires measurements from boreholes that penetrate the storage formation. Unfortunately, the high cost of drilling deep wellbores and deploying instrumentation systems constrains the number of dedicated monitoring borings as well as limits the technologies that can be incorporated in a borehole completion. The objective of the Modular Borehole Monitoring (MBM) Program was to develop a robust suite of well-based tools optimized for subsurface monitoring of CO 2 that could meet the needs of a comprehensive well-based monitoring program. It should have enough flexibility to be easily reconfigured for various reservoir geometries and geologies. The MBM Program sought to provide storage operators with a turn-key fully engineered design that incorporated key technologies, function over the decades long time-span necessary for post-closure reservoir monitoring, and meet industry acceptable risk profiles for deep-well installations. While still within the conceptual design phase of the MBM program, the SECARB Anthropogenic Test in Citronelle, Alabama, USA was identified as a deployment site for our engineered monitoring systems. The initial step in designing the Citronelle MBM system was to down-select from the various monitoring tools available to include technologies that we considered essential to any program. Monitoring methods selected included U-tube geochemical sampling, discrete quartz pressure and temperature gauges, an integrated fibre-optic bundle consisting of distributed temperature and heat-pulse sensing, and a sparse string of conventional 3C-geophones. While not originally planned within the initial MBM work scope, the fibre-optic cable was able to also be used for the emergent technology of distributed acoustic sensing. The MBM monitoring string was installed in March, 2012. To date, the Citronelle MBM instruments continue to operate reliably. Results and lessons learned from the Citronelle MBM deployment are addressed along with examples of data being collected.

In the course of the comprehensive diagnosis of equipment troubles, infrared diagnosis technique is adopted to achieve the non-contact NDT (non-destructive testing) and fault diagnosis for the equipments in operation. The oil analysis and integrated monitoring expert system facilitates a comprehensive and systematic monitoring of the lubricating system of important equipments and the conditions of crucial movement parts, providing a development trend of the wearing process of the major friction pairs. It also detects the signs of failure so as to prevent sudden breakdowns, thus enhancing the reliability of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis.

Systems, such as nuclear power plants, chemical processes and means of transportation, are typically seen as critical, as their failure may endanger lives and assets. The safety of such systems is, therefore, rigorously considered and established during the design and operational stages. In the design stage, an off-line safety analysis investigates, retrofits and affixes whenever necessary fault-tolerant means and reliable components. In the operational stage, the functionality of systems is monitored through three safety tasks: fault detection and diagnosis, alarm annunciation and fault controlling. However, systems still showing malfunctions and hazardous failures continue to be recorded. To address this issue, this paper develops a distributed on-line safety monitor. The monitor aims to achieve an effective integration among the delivery of the three safety tasks through the exploitation of a thorough and cost-effective off-line safety analysis model and the distributed reasoning of a multi-agent system.

Currently the super-viscous oil deposits are under active development in the Republic of Tatarstan. The general method of production is Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). The problem of creation the complex of methods to monitor and control the reservoir processes caused by steam injection is of a great importance for increasing the development efficiency. Traditional control methods of shallow deposits development are normally based on seismic survey and whether insufficiently adatped for shallow deposits of super-viscous oil or very expensive. Thus, the special modifications of geophysical methods are required. The paper discusses general approaches used for creation of complex of methods for steam chamber monitoring the oil production from the shallow deposits of super-viscous oil by SAGD. The methods developed include seismic and geoelectric survey. In context of integrated monitoring technique creation the set of special core survey was conducted to define the possibility of detection of the steam chamber distribution by seismic methods. The distinguishing feature of the monitoring technology developed is the use of downhole monitoring tools to receive the seismic signal and to perform the geoelectrical field establishing. The article contains the description of the seismic data obtained processing methods and the results of the seismic data interpretation. The study was made with the financial support of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project № №02.G25.31.0170)

Ensuring the safety and comfort of the environment is one of the most urgent problems of modern science is the subject of this article. The solution to this problem is based on the use of modern technologies for monitoring objects that affect the properties. This approach implements the concept of integrated monitoring objects based on their information phenomenological models. It is shown that the choice as a main indicator for monitoring the so-called “information entropy” to successfully assess the current state of complex objects and systems. The specifics of the objects is taken into account by selecting the monitoring set of parameters that are correlated with the information entropy of the system as a whole and its individual components. For example, the transport system shows how to select and measure the selected parameters to determine cyclical measurements and perform the mathematical processing of the results. The proposed solution can be used for other complex systems, that include engineering, socioeconomic, biological and other components.

This paper designs a set of PLC technology, network information technology, configuration technology in the integrated monitoring and management system, which has the advantages of unified management, reasonable open source, optimizing the configuration and overall saving. In the process of water treatment, T-S model and PID algorithm are combined to solve the problem of nonlinear and time delay.

Most ship cargo hold Internal uses artificial watch or is unattended. Therefore, it is impossible to know the appropriate information of the cargo holds Internal timely and accurately. Cargo damage and ship accidents occurred frequently. Automation remote processing and monitoring alarm system for the bulk carrier is an important part of the marine automation. The system plays a significant role to guarantee the navigation safety for bulk carriers. The paper introduced the important parts of the integrated monitoring system, structural design, hardware configuration, various modules communication transmission and various data processing software design were included. Based on embedded development, the real time information including the cargo hold internal humidity temperature, oxygen concentration, smoke gas concentration, cold water well level and other data were collected, as well the hatch closed state was detected and the cargo hold internal real time video information was collected. Then the real-time communication between the control display and acquisition modules were assured. By adjusting the corresponding buttons on the bridge according to the monitoring information, so that the cargo hold always in a safe environment, so as to avoid cargo hold accidents.

The real-time respondent speed and the reliability play a deciding role on the performance of the digital monitoring for mine hoist. Differs to the traditional monitoring for mine hoist , it is possible to improve the signal respondent speed during upgrading of mine hoist by two methods, one is to adopt the quick microprocessor and another is the embedded real-time multi-task operating system. The Advanced Reduced Instruction Set Computer Machines (ARM) is particularly suitable to work as the controller of the digital monitoring for mine hoist with its merits as high running speed and complete peripheral equipments. The micro C/OS-Ⅱcan both improve the respondent speed against various signals from mining enterprises fields and the reliability of the controlling software as an embedded real-time operating system.The principle of task allocation is an important one of the highest priority related to the stability of mine hoist and functional tasks. To avoid multiple tasks simultaneously access the same shared resources, two semaphores are introduced to determine the access mechanism of the shared resource. Application of real-time operating system is the future of digital development of mine hoist.

Geological CO[subscript 2] sequestration is a key technology for mitigating atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations while providing low carbon energy. Deployment of sequestration at scales necessary for a material contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation poses a number of challenges not encountered in current operations. At the basin scale, injection sites will not be as well characterized as current operations. Predictions of system response to this magnitude of injection are expected to have greater uncertainty and risk. Through an integrated, model based design and assimilation, monitoring provides a platform for mitigating the associated risks. Because footprints of basin scale injection projects are expected to be very large, the high resolution monitoring programs in existing projects are not economically feasible for monitoring at large scales. The acceptable levels of resolution and risk are dependent on the footprint of the network and the monitoring technique employed, which are in turn, constrained by cost of deployment and regulatory requirements. Network design must make an implicit assumption on the size of the leak that is able to be measured. Leak detection at the surface is complicated by the many natural and anthropogenic sources of CO[subscript 2] that can mask a leak or result in the incorrect assessment of whether a leak has occurred. In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian framework for decision support in discriminating between CO[subscript 2] detected from a leak and CO[subscript 2] measured from background fluctuations. For small leakage concentrations, the signal cannot be distinguished from background fluctuations. When complementary observations are jointly considered, the ability to discriminate between a leakage and background concentrations improves, and the number of samples required for confident detection decreases. Incorporation of Bayesian decision support tools into monitoring programs will assist in reducing risk in geological sequestration in a cost effective manner by providing a framework for efficient integration of complementary observations and enhancing the information content of the network., Luce Foundation. Clare Boothe Luce Program (Post-Doctoral Fellowship)

If leakage current is neglected, it can become a cause for disasters such as electric shock and fire, therefore a continuous monitoring is necessary. However in most cases, because management of substations is performed by unmanned systems, or walk-around inspections, continuous monitor is difficult. So when an accident occurs and the cause is not immediately resolved causing the emergency generator`s OCGR getting activated by the leakage current that in turn cut off the ACB, the emergency generator may stop working. To prevent such a problem, a real-time integrated monitoring system for monitoring the leakage current returning to the grounding wire of neutral point of the low voltage side of transformer is proposed. Therefore in this paper, the effects of flow of leakage current, which is caused by insulation degradation phenomena or insulation destroy phenomena, were identified by simulation. And through cases studies; the excellence of integrated monitoring system was verified.

With the construction of integrated automated mining monitoring system and its platform, the monitoring data of great capacity from different subsystems were converged in the dispatching room. A high-speed response linkage model for integrated automated monitoring system at coal mine was proposed. In this model, the monitoring data from different subsystems were analyzed intelligently by building the data storage and linkage rules. Also, the uniform dada exchanging formats and data processing mechanism were defined to share monitoring data between different subsystems for united alarms, which provide coal mine with an efficient intelligent dispatching and decision-making method. The simulation results show that this model can meet the demand of high-speed response linkage for integrated monitoring system at coal mine.

The paper reports on development, calibration and exploitation of an integrated energy-based monitoring method for waterjet machining. The main advantage of the method resides in its ability to simultaneously monitor the level of output (at nozzle), active (cutting through) and passive (not cutting) waterjet energy thus enabling its budgeting. Relying on multiple acoustic emission sensors, the monitoring solution was implemented on the harsh waterjet environment to detect process malfunctions (e.g. jet penetration, nozzle clogging) and by adjust cutting conditions (e.g. feed speed) to result in improved accuracy and quality of machined surfaces.

Through cooperative research between the government, the private sector, mining companies and equipment manufacturers, considerable progress had been made during the last decade in studying the mechanics of strata failure and acquiring the knowledge needed to develop an integrated monitoring system for assessing local roof stability. Because of higher geotechnical risks in retreat mining operations, it was both important to develop panel layout designs that control convergence and stress and to monitor ground response during operations to verify designs and provide warning of impending stability problems. For detecting both localized roof stability problems and global overburden collapse mechanisms, the proposes an integrated panel-wide monitoring system which combines the capabilities of load rate monitoring of mobile roof supports (MRSs) with deformation measurements using an extensive array of sensors located near the mining face and throughout the panel. Two monitoring methods for the detection of localized roof stability problems have been evaluated on the basis of mine measurements and numerical modeling considerations. These are load rate monitoring of the hydraulic cylinders of mobile roof support (MRS) and re mote monitoring of roof movements. Analyses of field data in retreat sections show that roof instabilities are influenced by: (1) pillar failure, (2) pillar yielding, (3) mine seismicity (bumps), (4) geologic structures, and (5) panel layout designs and practice. Pillar yielding and unloading can be conveniently monitored by the load rate monitoring device, but to detect impending localized roof falls, additional ground deformation measurements are needed near the mining face. By increasing the number of deformation measurements in the entire panel, additional safeguards can be achieved for detecting overburden collapse mechanisms while continuously monitoring local roof stability close to the retreat line.

An integrated monitoring system for carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC) strands recently implemented in the Penobscot Narrows Bridge in Maine is presented. This cable-stayed bridge features a cradle-stay system in the pylons that provides a continuous cable stay between the main span bridge deck anchorage and the back span bridge deck anchorage. The cradle-stay system allowed for replacing epoxy-coated steel strands with CFCC strands. The monitoring system installed in the bridge is composed of a set of sensors and devices that provide complementary structural information: (a) load cells supported on steel anchorage chairs, (b) linear voltage differential transformers (LVDTs) mounted on the steel anchorage chairs, (c) fiber-optic strain (FOS) sensors embedded in composite sleeves, and (d) temperature sensors. The monitoring system was designed to detect variations over time in individual carbon fiber strand force and strains at the anchorage locations and to correlate the measurements with ambient temperature. Laboratory tests were conducted to proof-load the steel anchorage chairs and to calibrate the LVDTs and embedded FOS strain measurement systems. The baseline response of the CFCC strands that was based on load cell, FOS sensors, and LVDTs measurements after the strand stressing operation is presented. The CFCC strands experienced changes in tensile force between +3% and −5% over the first 4 months in service, which were consistent with ambient temperature fluctuations. The FOS measured strand strains and the LVDT deflections of the anchored chair exhibited trends consistent with the variations in CFCC strand force.

This paper introduces a combined control strategy for wind/storage systems. The strategy is based on an on-site monitoring system which not only provides basic SCADA functions but also provides interfaces that can be implemented by advanced applications. The combined control strategy is deployed as an advanced application in the monitoring system. The key features of the strategy are fluctuation stabilizing and plan curve tracking. There are calculations and process-flow figures that describe the strategy. The running result of the strategy is optimistic.

Clubfoot is a complex deformity found in one in a thousand children. It frequently causes disability — either from the original deformity or because of secondary conditions and problems associated with treatment. Recently, many pedorthsis supporting orthotics deformity in a foot have been evolved. Unfortunately, such pedorthsis need patients to involve in many doctor visits. The advance in wearable technology gives clinicians the tools they need to provide the best possible care to their patients, In the past year, several wearable devices, apps, and other forms of mobile technology have emerged that aim to track your health and overall well-being. In this paper an integrated remote monitoring application called FARH for clubfoot patient progression will be proposed. Farah requires only a single lightweight chipset that can be integrated unobtrusively into a comfortable shoe without hindering daily-living activities. The key advantages of this system include the capability of being used in unconstrained environments, with different footwear conditions, and on different walking surfaces. Moreover, a real time analysis of data describing a certain patient case based on analysis of foot pressure distribution in conjunction with alarming system in case of mistaken walk is also provided. Monitoring progression through automatic collection and analysis of data over time periods will highly support both patients and doctor in charge. Extension to remotely monitor other trackable disease is also included.

Monitoring socioecological impacts of policy interventions aimed at changing land-use practices is a major challenge in sustainable development and conservation. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) intends to compensate local stakeholders for demonstrated carbon emission reduction and increased removals accounted for internationally, while promoting social and environmental benefits locally. Thus, monitoring REDD+ inherently requires the use of interdisciplinary data at different scales. Forest carbon monitoring, central to REDD+, is considerably advanced, yet the progress on social and environmental monitoring systems is uneven. We argue that scalar and interdisciplinary integration of REDD+ monitoring is crucial to uncover and understand trade-offs and synergies on which effectiveness, efficiency and equity of REDD+ may depend. We review previous efforts in integrating environmental and social monitoring, as well as efforts specific to REDD+, and discuss how old and new knowledge can contribute towards integrated monitoring. We observe that there are many challenges, but strong advantages, in an integrated monitoring approach. The current emergence of diverging standards and methodologies with narrow focus can inform future integrative efforts but could, in the long run, hinder coherence in national processes. We conclude that recent technological advances open new opportunities to integrate information across scale and disciplines, leveraging and combining existing data with targeted additional measures. The application of mixed methods in data collection can foster integration, in particular from the local level upwards. However, this requires greater coordination at higher levels to efficiently upscale multiple data streams. The unequal standpoint of carbon, social and environmental monitoring efforts provide a timely opportunity to promote integration, learn from advances in carbon monitoring, and build on existing and emerging platforms and tools that are locally to globally relevant.

In this chapter information is summarized on the assessment of the risk of impacts of cadmium, lead and mercury emissions and related depositions of these metals, with an emphasis on natural areas in Europe. Depositions are compared to critical loads to identify areas in Europe where critical loads are exceeded. Critical loads of cadmium, lead and mercury were based on (i) computations by 18 Parties to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) and (ii) computations from available data on soil chemistry, meteorology and land cover for the other Parties. Two target years are considered, i.e. 2010 and 2020. Emissions for these years have been assessed in support of the negotiations for the review and possible revision of the Heavy metal protocol (Aarhus 1998). The relationship between emissions, depositions and critical load exceedances is analysed assuming the implementation of abatement techniques under Current LEgislation in 2010 (CLE2010) and in 2020 under Full Implementation of the Aarhus protocol (FI2020). Comparing the critical loads to atmospheric depositions in these years, shows that cadmium deposition is not a widespread risk in either years, that the computed risk of lead deposition affects about 22 and 16¿% of natural European area in 2010 and 2020, respectively, and that mercury deposition is computed to affect an area of more than 74¿% in both years.

Multivariate statistical (MVS) technologies can be applied to both continuous and batch operations for process monitoring and fault diagnosis. Dofasco has developed an on-line MVS monitoring application for its #2 Continuous Caster that combines both continuous and batch MVS technologies into an integrated monitoring solution. Continuous MVS-based monitoring is used for continuous, run-time casting operation. Batch MVS-based monitoring is applied during the start-up operation while the process is in the transition to the run-time operation. This integrated application provides a realtime indication of the stability of the casting operation, which has resulted in improved process safety and economic performance.

The paper deals with the region's environmental-economic system management through a tool such as the environmental-socio-economic monitoring. The purpose of research – is analysis and development of theoretical assumptions of environmental-socio-economic monitoring system for the effective management of geographically distributed environmental-economic system. The main elements of environmental-socio-economic monitoring are identified, taking into account the characteristics of the studied area. The main result of the research is the development of multi-functional integrated monitoring system for the evaluation of the indicators "gross domestic product" and "gross national product", taking into account the influence of environmental factors. The results of the study conducted may be recommended to the regional and federal governments to support the effective, environment-friendly management decision-making consistent with the overall development concept.

Alstom is a worldwide leader in rail equipment and services with experience of implementing and using Remote Condition Monitoring systems. Within the UK, this has notably included supporting maintenance activities on the West Coast Main Line fleet since 2005. Alstom's TrainTracer tool is used on fleets worldwide, and we also implement retrofit of Remote Monitoring Systems to fleets, with references including but not limited to Classes 175, 180, 465 and 442, Sao Paulo Metro lines, X60 in Sweden and AGV for Italy's NTV. The paper considers the merits and issues for each of event and raw data monitoring approaches, focusing on Alstom's systems to provide relevant experience from real-world examples before discussing the optimised, intelligent approach used in Alstom's Remote Monitoring Systems platform. The paper then proceeds to discuss integrated monitoring of the wider railway system, with particular reference to Alstom's systems (including remote monitoring and automated depot inspections) and how these address the issues and opportunities, taking advantage of the aforementioned optimised approach.

We describe the application of a distributed optical fiber sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering, as an integrated system for safety monitoring of railway infrastructures. The strain distribution was measured statically and dynamically along 60 meters of rail track, as well as along a 3-m stone arch bridge. We show that, gluing an optical fiber along the rail track, traffic monitoring can be performed in order to identify the train passage over the instrumented sector and determine its running conditions. Furthermore, dynamic and static strain measurements on a rail bridge are reported, aimed to detect potential structural defects. The results indicate that distributed sensing technology represents a valuable tool in railway traffic and safety monitoring.

To ensure the health and safety of workers, integrated industrial hygiene methodologies often include biological monitoring of the workers to help understand their exposure to chemicals. To this end, a field-portable breath-analysis system was developed and tested to measure selected solvents in exhaled air. The exhaled breath data were evaluated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to relate exposure to tissue dose. The system was designed to monitor workers every time they entered or left a work environment--a vast improvement over current 8-hour integrated monitoring strategies. The system combines (1) chemical dosimeters to measure airborne contaminant levels (analyzed in the field/ workplace); (2) real-time breath analysis to quantitate exposure; and 3) PBPK models to estimate internal target tissue dose. To evaluate the system, field tests were conducted at two locations: (1) at an incinerator in Tennessee monitoring benzene and toluene exposures; and (2) a waste repackaging facility in Washington State where hexane, trimethylbenzene, and methylene chloride was monitored. Exhaled breath was sampled and analyzed before and after each specific job task, which ranged from 15 min to 8 hours in duration. In both field studies several volunteers had posttask breath levels higher than pretask levels. The greatest increase corresponded to 573 ppb for methylene chloride and 60 ppb for toluene. Compared with breath analysis, the chemical dosimeters underpredicted the dosimetry, particularly for longer sampling intervals when the volume of air sampled may have diluted exposures. The results of the field studies illustrate the utility of monitoring workers for exposures throughout the day, particularly when job-specific tasks may indicate a potential for exposure.

The paper aim is the integrated monitoring system of the complex metallurgical device quality operation. presented on the metallurgical overhead travelling crane example. Its results industry needs. The paper objectives are method and tools supporting the oyerhead cranes diagnostics

Developments in sensor technology which have taken place, and which are in progress or can be foreseen, will make available increasing amounts of information relevant to monitoring animals and their environment, and hence their production, growth and health. Systems are already available for identifying and weighing animals and it is reasonable to expect that systems will become available for tracking animals; for monitoring basic physiological factors such as body temperature and heart rate; and for assessing body conformation, and some limited aspects of composition. The application of integrated monitoring system techniques. in which information from sensors, databases, mathematical models and knowledge bases are combined and interpreted, will enable the maximum potential of this information to be realised. Several systems containing some of the elements of an integrated monitoring system are already available commercially for pig, broiler and milk production. Q 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Needs for a new technologies of infrastructure systems arose, following the development of next generation EMU(Electric Multiple Unit) train with maximum speed over 400km/h. For high-speed operation tests of the new EMU, a high-speed railway infrastructure test-bed was constructed in a 28km long section of the Honam High-speed Railway. Diverse sensors and monitoring system was installed for continuous monitoring of the railway. Due to such effort, further demands and needs of the integrated monitoring system was derived in a more comprehensive and long-term perspective.

This paper describes that a strong monitoring system of road safety in a city is necessary to ensure that the strategies implemented will meet stated targets at city and national levels. Although road safety performance is a result of many key indicators, only a few of these indicators are generally considered in monitoring the performance of road safety in a city and in comparison to other cities. A number of monitoring systems are already being developed and used in road safety and they range from relatively simple models to highly complex ones depending on the number of indicators involved, details of data and complexity of methods used in the calculations and analysis. There are three main types of monitoring that are generally used in road safety which are: Process Monitoring, Outcome Monitoring and Target Monitoring. The objective of this paper is to provide the importance and usefulness of having a fourth type of monitoring, Integrated Monitoring, that links process, outcome and targets together. The paper also provides a conceptual overview and illustrations that are used in the construction of the integrated monitoring system.

During the past, nuclear power plants personnel has established a list of parameters that need permanent monitoring due to the fact that they directly influence the decisional process in avoiding alarming states or reducing the outcome of potential incidents. All this have lead to the need for an integrated monitoring, processing and alarming system. A potential beneficiary would have great interest in the good functioning parameters specific for the rotating units and the housing compounds by using mechanical vibrations measurements. The presented paper details the part responsible for data collecting in such a system.

Geological storage and sequestration of carbon dioxide, in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields or unminable coal seams, represents one of the most important processes for reducing humankind’s emissions of greenhouse gases. Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) reviews the techniques and wider implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Part one provides an overview of the fundamentals of the geological storage of CO2. Chapters discuss anthropogenic climate change and the role of CCS, the modelling of storage capacity, injectivity, migration and trapping of CO2, the monitoring of geological storage of CO2, and the role of pressure in CCS. Chapters in part two move on to explore the environmental, social and regulatory aspects of CCS including CO2 leakage from geological storage facilities, risk assessment of CO2 storage complexes and public engagement in projects, and the legal framework for CCS. Finally, part three focuses on a variety of different projects and includes case studies of offshore CO2 storage at Sleipner natural gas field beneath the North Sea, the CO2CRC Otway Project in Australia, on-shore CO2 storage at the Ketzin pilot site in Germany, and the K12-B CO2 injection project in the Netherlands.

The Sydney Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP) measured the environmental performance of Sydney's new deepwater sewage outfalls against a wide range of criteria related to impacts on marine ecosystems and on human use of marine resources. It consisted of a number of interacting studies conducted during the period 1989 to 1993. Given that all the studies have now been finalized and the data analysed and presented (see papers in this volume), it is appropriate to review the program as a whole and identify, with the benefit of hindsight, where things could have been done better. This paper focuses mainly on the experimental design and statistical treatment of the studies conducted, although management problems are also briefly addressed. Overall it is concluded that the studies making up the EMP contributed greatly to enhancing our understanding of the marine environment of the coastal shelf off Sydney, an area which had previously received only limited attention. Most of the studies, however, suffered from deficiencies in experimental design, which was difficult to overcome when analysing the data. It will be important, in designing future integrated monitoring studies, to draw on the experience of programs such as this to avoid some of the pitfalls which appear to be inherent in these types of large programs.

This paper discusses a machine fault diagnostic system which integrates three techniques: 1. An autoregressive model, which compresses digitised vibration signals and preserves the information carried in the original signal. 2. A supervised artificial neural network for fault classification. 3. A fuzzy logic-based “hypothesis and test” program, which, when the artificial neural network fails to provide any suggestion, is able to provide the human diagnostician with some initial “educated” guesses of machine conditions.

The study developed and implemented an Integrated Monitoring and Requisition System for Agricultural Training Institute. The system sought to provide a clear, accurate, and organized inventory report. The developed computer-based system can monitor stocks inventories and track property issuances and disposals of waste materials. The database used for the system is ATIIntegratedMonSystem, a warehouse of data used to store information inputted by the personnel. The Integrated Monitoring system offers several advantages. It helps the Administrator and the Technical User to easily monitor, update, and manage their transactions. It also makes the performance of their job faster and more efficient than the current system. Lastly, the system generates accurate reports in no time. Keywords - Algorithm, Inventory, Integrated, Data Structure and Database Management Structure