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Mn0.55Fe1.25Cu2Ni2.2O4+δ glass-free thick films with negative temperature coefficient (NTC) character were fabricated on Al2O3 substrate by screen printing technology. The microstructural, electrical parameters, and cation distribution of materials varied with the slight change in sintering temperature (1000 °C, 1025 °C, 1050 °C) were investigated. All the thick film samples showed spinel structure of its main phase. CuAl2O4 phase was found when the sintering temperature was above 1025 °C, which is of practical importance for copper-containing thermal-sensitive materials bonding Al2O3 substrate. Both the room-temperature resistance R25 and material constant B value increased as temperature increased, R25 in the range of 17.3–125 kΩ, and B lying in the range of 2824–3074 K. Such feature was attributed to the redistribution of the multivalent state Mn, bivalence Fe and Cu cations with increasing sintering temperature. The optimal sintering temperature was 1000 °C due to its pure phase, best crystallinity, and lowest B value (2824 K), which was a good candidate for temperature monitoring and control in a relative widen temperature range.

[EN] In this work, we obtained chirped Bragg gratings by post-coating uniform poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microstructured polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings (POFBGs) with an UV cure adhesive. The main advantage of the proposed method consists on being a cost-effective and simple solution, since no special phase mask, addi tional etching or gradient thermal annealing are required. A comparison between the fabricated chirped Bragg grating¿s performance and previous reported methods in the literature is presented. As a compact sensor with two different active areas (adhesive coated and uncoated sections of the POFBG), the developed sensing device can be used for multiparameter sensing, namely for strain, humidity and temperature monitoring. Allying the proposed flexible and low-cost fabrication technique with the intrinsic characteristics of POFs, one may conclude that the developed sensor has high potential for multiparameter sensing in possible future engineering and biomedical applications., National Natural Science Foundation of China (62003046) ; The Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades RTI2018-101658-B-I00 FOCAL Project; Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515011997) ; Guangdong Recruitment Program of Foreign Experts (2020A1414010393) ; C. Marques ac-knowledges Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the CEECIND/00034/2018 (iFish project) and this work was developed within the scope of the project i3N, UIDB/50025/2020 &UIDP/50025/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC. Luis Pereira and Tiago Paixao also acknowledge FCT for the grant with references SFRH/BD/146295/2019 and PD/BD/128265/2016, respectively.

Suhu dan kelembapan sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan tanaman padi. Untuk itu sangatlah penting untuk selalu dilakukan monitoring kedua aspek tersebut sehingga produksi tanaman padi dapat meningkat. Dan untuk melakukan monitoring diperlukan peralatan yang fleksibel, mudah dan murah dalam pengimplementasiannya. Oleh sebab itu dalam penelitian ini dibuatlah sebuah peralatan monitoring suhu dan pH yang berbasis embedded sistem dan wireless mesh. Penggunaan embedded system dikarekan bentuknya yang kecil namun power full untuk fungsi tertentu, dan wireless mesh memiliki fleksibilitas tinggi untuk diterapkan di area rurel seperti persawahan. Di dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahapan yakni studi literatur, analisa dan perancangan sensor berbasis embedded, pembuatan sistem, pengujian sistem dan diakhiri dengan pelaporan serta publikasi. Pada tahapan pengujian akan dilakukan di dua lokasi berbeda yakni di LAB Teknik Informatika dan di lokasi pertanian. Disamping itu parameter-parameter yang di analisa pada saat pengujian adalah stabilitas pembacaan suhu dan pH, pengaruh jarak jangkau wireless mesh terhadap kualitas pembacaan, pengaruh banyaknya hop dan pengaruh routing protokol wireless mesh. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dan analisa pada akhirnya akan didapatkan sebuah peralatan monitoring suhu dan pH yang handal, stabil, dengan karakteristik jarak, hop count serta routing protokol yang optimum. Penelitian ini akan memberikan manfaat yang besar bagi dunia pertanian oleh sebab itu sangatlah penting untuk dilakukan penelitian ini dan akan memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat umum.

A new device was developed and tested in a series of diving experiments investigating the physiological effects of immersion on military divers for long periods (8 h to 12 h). During these experiments, the body temperature (core and skin) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of the divers were recorded and monitored in real time. The system developed for this purpose comprised a modified VitalSense temperature monitoring device from Philips Respironics and a one-channel ECG housed in a pressure-proof case. Recorded data were transmitted wirelessly to a PC. The recording and visualisation software was developed under National Instruments LabWindows.

To have an impermeable and integrate foundation, a slab requires the continuous pouring of concrete without any joint. However, it challenges the engineers in practice because the huge volume of fresh concrete should be prepared in a plant, be transported via buggy, and be pumped on site. Thermal cracking after massive concreting is another critical issue to be considered in advance. This paper presents the monolithic pouring of 60,000 m3 concrete for the foundation raft of the Shanghai Tower. Selection of raw materials was introduced in the orientation of hydration heat reduction. Trial pouring of a block verified the workability and feasibility of the proposed concrete matrix composition. To organize monolithic concreting, a huge slab installation of concrete pumps and the facilitation of placing chutes was introduced as well to achieve continuous pouring from the core region toward the outside ring. Temperature monitoring after monolithic placement of concrete indicated that the prediction with numerical simulation was successful in assisting construction organization.

Overheating of electrical equipment due to poor contact of bus bar or aging of the connector material may cause faults. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the temperature of contacts at various locations inside electrical equipment. An online cycling temperature monitoring system for electrical equipment which uses infrared technology is proposed in this paper. The system uses a single-channel infrared sensor and two digital servos in the horizontal and vertical directions to realize the positioning and temperature measuring of the various contact locations inside the equipment. The cycling path is optimized by the Branch and Bound method in order to reduce traversal time, and the real-time performance of key location monitoring is improved by setting higher priority level. The system developed in this paper is experimentally verified, and test results show that the system can achieve high accuracy and efficiency.

The aim of this paper is to study and compare the temperature profile and energy performance of traditional and Vegetative Roofs (VRs) during winter season in Lebanon, a country in the Middle East. Three roof mockups were installed on the rooftop of the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Balamand: a Traditional Gravel Ballasted Roof (TGBR) and two Extensive Green Roofs (EGRs) with different substrate depth and composition. Each minute, the temperature of air, on TGBR surface, and at different depths of EGR was recorded. The daily cooling and heating demands were also calculated. Results confirmed that VRs protect the roof membrane from high temperature fluctuations and decrease air temperature by a factor of one and a half during sunny winter days (Tairmax = 32 °C). Findings of this study also showed that the total cooling demand of EGR decreased by 90% compared to TGBR.

In this study the temperatures on 22 balconies (17 glazed) and adjacent flats were monitored with an aim to determine the key factors affecting the ability of a glazed balcony to warm up and remain warm without a heater. Considered were glazed balconies in different locations, the amount of glazing and building heat loss, the tightness of balcony vertical structures, and balcony ability to capture solar radiation. Temperature monitoring showed that over a year the air temperature of both glazed and unglazed balconies remained almost without an exception above the outdoor air temperature. On average, the temperatures of unglazed balconies were 2.0 °C and those of glazed balconies 5.0 °C higher than the outdoor air temperature. The three key factors affecting the glazed balcony temperatures seemed to be the level of air leakage in the balcony vertical structures, the balcony's ability to capture solar radiation, and the heat gain from an adjacent flat, in that order. The air tightness of the glazing was the most crucial factor, since it affected the results all the year round. Solar radiation was important from spring to autumn and heat gain in midwinter. acceptedVersion

The Sensor Optimization Unit (SOU) is a tool, meant to be used by HVAC engineer, for the optimization of temperature sensors placement in large sports spaces, where the HVAC system usually maintains climate conditions actuating control rules based on one temperature sensor, installed in the return air duct or in a single point of the space, without taking into account the indoor air temperature distribution. The SOU characterizes the indoor horizontal air temperature distribution which can be retrieved with a simulation model or field measurement. A dedicated measurement performance index is calculated to determine the optimal sensors location that provides the maximum accuracy with the minimum number of sensors to be deployed. The application and validation of the tool in a real indoor swimming pool outlined that the measurement uncertainty due to the incorrect location of the existing thermostat was higher than ± 0.5 °C (thermostat uncertainty datasheet) for the 42% of the period considered. The optimized placement determined with the SOU decreased that period to 1.5% of the overall time.

PURPOSES: The behavior of a concrete pavement in a tunnel was investigated, based on temperature data obtained from the field and FEM analysis. METHODS: The concrete pavement in a tunnel was evaluated via two methods. First, temperature data was collected in air and inside the concrete pavement both outside and inside the tunnel. Second, FEM analysis was used to evaluate the stress condition associated with the slab thickness, joint spacing, dowel, and rock foundation, based on temperature data from the field. RESULTS : Temperature monitoring revealed that the temperature change in the tunnel was lower and more stable than that outside the tunnel. Furthermore, the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the slab was lower inside the tunnel than outside. FEM analysis showed that, in many cases, the stress in the concrete pavement in the tunnel was lower than that outside the tunnel. CONCLUSIONS : Temperature monitoring and the behavior of the concrete pavement in the tunnel revealed that, from an environmental point of view, the condition in the tunnel is advantageous to that outside the tunnel. The behavior in the tunnel was significantly less extreme, and therefore the concrete pavement in the tunnel could be designed more economically, than that outside the tunnel.

In recent years, formerly depleted domestic oil fields have become producers once again through tertiary oil recovery. In tertiary oil recovery, water and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) are alternatively injected into reservoirs through injection wells. This raises the field pressure and forces oil to producing wells where it is then pumped to a storage tank referred to as a battery. This paper is focused on an operating division in the Permian Basin (USA). The CO 2 is acquired from underground domes in Colorado and then transferred through pipelines to oil fields in West Texas and New Mexico. The compressors are used to move CO 2 and boost the gas to the required field pressure, usually around 2,200 psig. Reciprocating compressors are flexible and able to handle wide capacity and condition swings, offer an efficient method of compressing almost any gas composition in a wide range of pressures and have numerous applications and wide power ratings. This makes them a vital component in various industrial facilities. Condition monitoring of critical rotating machinery is widely accepted by operators of centrifugal compressors. However, condition monitoring of reciprocating machinery such as compressors and internal combustion engines has not received the same degree of acceptance. This paper examines the reliability impact as a result of upgrading the temperature monitoring devices on the connecting rods of electric driven reciprocating compressors. A cost analysis is also presented to demonstrate that the upgrade in hardware and software will eventually yield a saving in the operating cost.

In this paper an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a Takagi-Sugeno observer (TSO) are presented under the impact of parameter errors as an observer for temperature monitoring, like a virtual sensor, of a embroidered metal-polymer hybrid heater structure. An implementation of the temperature estimator for health monitoring is important to guarantee a gentle, fault-free operation of the heater. It can be used to control the resulting temperature without a direct measurement or to guarantee the users' safety by reacting to overheating. Simulations justify the different observation strategies.

This contribution provides an approach for emulating the behaviour of an ASIC temperature monitoring system (TMon) during run-time for a tightly-coupled processor array (TCPA) of a heterogeneous invasive multi-tile architecture to be used for FPGA prototyping. It is based on a thermal RC modeling approach. Also different usage scenarios of TCPA are analyzed and compared.

The Moorgate shaft at Crossrail Liverpool Street station is one of the deepest in London, UK. Construction of the base slab to the 42 m deep shaft required close collaboration between the client, designer, contractor and suppliers to give assurance that the slab was watertight. Dense reinforcement was detailed to ensure ease of fixing within the tight confines of the shaft and allow for the tolerance on the diaphragm walls. The concrete design was developed to ensure that it met the requirements for placing and structural strength while achieving good control on the temperature developed. The concrete mix was trialled for temperature development and initial set to allow relaxation of the original specification. The pour plan was developed with the co-operation of all the site teams to ensure appropriate contingency measures were in place. Temperature monitoring was carried out to ensure that mitigation measures could be applied to control placed concrete temperature against predetermined trigger levels.

We present an EPCIS based real-time and online temperature monitoring system.This system can lead to reduction of food loss during transportation.The system provides better control over the supply chain and food quality. Temperature monitoring is the most critical requirement in the management of a cold products chain. A real-time temperature monitoring system can be useful in reducing losses in a cold food chain that occur due to product deterioration caused by fluctuating temperatures. A pilot test was conducted to evaluate the functionality of an EPCIS based online system for time-temperature monitoring and documenting traceability in a cold meat chain. The test was performed during transportation of chilled lamb products. The RFID based temperature sensors were used to record temperature of the product and ambient temperature inside the container at 10min time intervals during transportation between processing plant and a distribution terminal 800km away. The sensors communicated with the main unit installed in the truck and transmitted the data to an EPCIS based system which was accessible through a web interface. The temperature information was recorded as EPCIS events. The results of the application of EPCIS for online temperature monitoring are presented in this paper. Implementing a systematic EPCIS based cold chain monitoring tool can optimize the performance of the whole food supply chain by reducing losses caused by quality deterioration due to temperature variations.

HIRFL-CSRm is a heavy ion synchrotron, named the main Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility of Lanzhou. Its role is to cool and accumulate the injected low energy ion beam, and then accelerate to high energy and extract. So, requirements for performance and safety of the magnet which directly affect the intensity and stability of ion beam is very high. This paper mainly state temperature monitoring and interlocking protection for the dipole magnets of HIRFL-CSRm to protect magnets, reduce the economic loss, and ultimately ensure safe running of HIRFL.

Wine storage building should be designed to maintain specific indoor temperature conditions to ensure wine preservation. With this purpose, the goal of this study is the identification of an effective and efficient modeling approach suitable for common typologies of wine storage buildings. The specific aim is the assessment of the reliability and precision of different solutions for the discretization in thermal zones of the internal volume through horizontal “airwalls”, based on the comparison between digital simulation outputs with real recorded thermal data. Two different modeling approaches are analyzed through EnergyPlus thermal simulation software, by considering internal space consisting of one or two thermal zones. Simulation results are compared with data monitored for three years over a significant study case, and undergo a validation and acceptability procedure. The method proved to be a valid tool to assess results reliability in aboveground building modeling. The correctness of the use of “airwall” as horizontal partition was also verified. Results could help designers to optimize the building energy modeling.

This research was done to develop a duct-dedicated intelligent fire detection system to prevent fires and minimize fire damage of the industrial duct having a high fire risk. To understand the fire hazards of the ducts, the analysis was centered on the Daegu Textile Industrial Complex, where industrial ducts are used frequently. With this in the background, dedicated fire detectors and fire alarm control panel, which can prevent fires and to minimize fire damages to the ducts, were designed and produced, after which the performance was confirmed. As a result of performance experiments, it was shown that a duct-dedicated intelligent fire detection system had excellent adaptability and temperature accuracy. Through real-time temperature monitoring of the inside of the ducts, it was confirmed that duct fires could be efficiently extinguished by stepwise control of linkage facilities according to the setting temperature.

Time temperature indicators (TTIs) are devices used for recording thermal history and indicating the remaining shelf life of perishable products throughout their storage, distribution and consumption. This is achieved by the irreversible change of colour resulting from the cumulative effects of time and temperature. When applied in intelligent packaging, TTI can provide visual information that is easily accessible, and thus, consumers can judge from the visual information whether the food has deteriorated, which helps to assure the quality and safety of food. TTI can be classified into several different groups including chemical TTI, physical TTI, biological TTI, and other new types of TTI based upon different principles of colour change. Although these kinds of TTI can basically provide effective information about food quality, there are still a number of problems with them in the food supply chain, such as migration of toxic substances, the inaccuracy of temperature monitoring and the high cost in the area of commercial application. However, there are also some scientific methods to solve the aforementioned problems of TTI. In this paper, the latest research of TTI is summarized, its status and its main problems are elaborated and the prospect of its development is envisaged, aiming to provide reference and support for researchers in this realm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To fulfil the temperature requirements of the cold chain, the fresh fish are usually packed, stored and transported to fish markets with ice in open styrofoam boxes. Some companies offer a more flexible service and they deliver the fish directly to private consumers. In these cases the fish are packed with artificial ice – hydrated and frozen gel pads in specially designed completely closed styrofoam boxes. This study presents the results of the comparison of seven packing methods with the aim to potentially improve them. The temperature outside and inside of the closed box and temperatures in the abdominal cavity of gutted sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were measured during the logistics process using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The aim of the presented study is to define the optimal cooling materials and methods for different handling options. As an important result, a new efficient, time and energy saving method of packing the fish with the combination of dry non-hydrated gel pads and wet ice instead of the use of frozen gel pads alone is proposed. This method ensures recommended storage temperatures between 0 C and 4 C and stable conditions inside the box at room temperatures (or higher) for a longer period of time under the same time-ambient conditions after delivery to the consumer. Furthermore it was established that the part of the ice that melted inside the box, due to higher ambient temperatures, was absorbed by the dry gel pad and only a small quantity of water remained on the bottom of the box.

In order to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breakerand find outthermal fault in time. This paper puts forward a new method with radio frequency and magnetic saturation power supply technology to make on-line monitoring on the temperature of high voltage switch circuit breaker, it designs the high voltage switch circuit breaker contact temperature online monitoring device. The device mainly includes monolithic temperature collector and data receiver, they transmit data wirelessly, and this makes high temperature monitoring terminal and the data receiving terminal completely electrical isolated. Integrated temperature collector doesn’t need external power supply, it uses small CT saturation technology for continuous power. The experiment shows that the temperature error is ±2°C, it can meet online temperature monitoring requirements of high voltage switch circuit breaker contact.

In the process of coal-mine production, the self-ignition of left coal in goaf area has always been major disasters, and spawns amount of economic loss. As a consequence, it is necessary and essential to monitor the self-ignition of left coal in goaf. In consideration of the complex and poor environment of the goaf area, this thesis adopts ZigBee wireless sensor network instead of traditional fixed cable sensor network to monitor the self-ignition of coal goaf area. It has the advantages of wild covering, convenient layout and easy adapting to environment. In addition, counting on the revised routing algorithm, the whole wireless sensor network has obvious advantages of its network performance and low consumption, which makes the whole system monitor the self-ignition of left coal steadily and permanently.

The purpose of this project is to measure the temperature through a thermistor inserted into a properly sized circuit.This implementation was designed to be possible, given the characteristics of the used sensor, a measurement in the range of -5 to 270 oC, although the temperatures of interest of this application are between 18 and 35 oC.For the analysis of this measure, as well as for the control, an application was developed in MatLab. This software allows, not only programming and processing the acquired signal, but also serves as a graphical interface where it is possible to monitor the entire process in real time. For the acquisition of the analog signal, was uses an Arduino UNO board.Inside of the MatLab environment, a screen has been developed that allows visualizing the temperature evolution in real time, as well as verifying if it is inside the stipulated limit. The developed application also allows the system to stop and store test data in a file for later calculations.For a better framing, this circuit can be considered as a system developed for temperature control of a typical classroom.That being said, the is then to control the temperature, stipulating limit values, to visualize its evolution in real time through an indicator and a graph and to collect data for later calculations.

The paper deals with a problem of a remote prolonged temperature monitoring of biological objects. It presents an algorithm for automatic analysis and processing of video recording from a thermographic camera. Special attention is paid to the limitation of the method taking into account the possibility of its utilizing in laboratory conditions. The proposed algorithm of video analysis has three looped stages: animal location tracking, detecting specific points in the region of interest, and estimation of temperature in these points. The presented method for measuring temperature of the biological object has the following advantage: it minimizes influence on the object of the interest, and thus allows clearer understanding of animal reaction to medication or treatment.

This paper addresses the development of electro-thermal models able to accurately predict the thermal behaviour of power modules in AC drives. The model would be implemented in the digital signal processor used to control the drive, operating therefore on line. FEM will be used for the design and calibration of the models. The performance of the proposed methods will be validated experimentally.

An ultra-high frequency (UHF) passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag consisting of flexible antenna and built-in temperature sensor chip is utilized for temperature monitoring of human body. A series of experiments were performed to study the body effects on temperature measurements. The tags were mounted at different positions of the body and in the different tag orientations as well. The experimental study of sensor integrated RFID tag shows that performance of the tag is more stable, yielding good signal strength and more consistent temperature measurement given the small form factor and form attachment. Minimizing the deteriorating effect of human body on tag's performance and the accuracy of measurements in different scenerios gives the perspective for implementation in realtime physiological monitoring as per the medical requirements.

In this paper an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used as an observer for temperature monitoring, like a virtual sensor, of a metal-polymer fibre based heater structure. Metal-coated polymers are relevant for the realisation of smart systems (capable of both sensing and actuating). A real-time implementation of the temperature estimator is important to guarantee a gentle, fault-free operation of the heater and to reject disturbances. It can be used to control the resulting temperature without a direct measurement or to guarantee the users' safety by reacting to overheating. An estimation strategy is necessary because for normal operation in the real world, measurements of the temperature are usually not available, but it is important to know it in order to implement health monitoring algorithms or to do a safe shutdown if necessary. Simulations justify the observation strategy while measurements validate the utilized model.

In this paper, we design a switchgear comprehensive on-line monitoring device based on IoT. Monitoring device mainly consists of monitoring unit, control unit and recognition unit. Monitoring unit mainly to access the circuit breaker, bus and contactor temperature monitoring, and sends the monitor data to the switchgear IED. Control unit monitor inside state, and display Switchgear status through the LCD screen, at the same time it realize the control of the switchgear electric operation. Recognition unit using the RFID technology embedded in an equipment of the electronic tag information, for accurate positioning and tracking device. Switchgear IED receiving information of the above units, communicate with service center of the station control layer, realize remote monitoring function.

This paper describes development of flexible RFID smart tag for temperature monitoring. The system is based on a single chip solution working at 13.56 MHz according to ISO 15693. This standard is supported by Android API and Android smartphones with NFC periphery. The developed prototype of the smart tag was realized by hybrid technology combining printed RFID antenna with the SMD chip and flexible battery assembled using conductive adhesive. The size of the smart tag complies with the ISO/IEC 7810 Card size ID-1 (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm). Measurement settings and data read­out is realized by software developed for NFC-equipped mobile devices with Android operating system. The whole system represents a cost effective solution to the cold chain temperature monitoring of sensitive commodities within the logistic chain.

In this paper, we will discuss how we built, programmed and designed a system to monitor the temperature of a person's home to make sure that if the temperature of the house falls below a threshold, a notification will be sent to a smart phone, tablet or PC to warn the person of the situation. An additional notification will be sent to let the person know that the house is back above the threshold if it had fallen below it.

This paper presents an intelligent IGBT module for a quasi-resonant converter, widely used topology in induction heating (IH) applications. The proposed module is composed of an IGBT and the integrated gate drive circuit which provides dedicated protective and control functions to IH applications: soft start during load detection, long turn-on prevention, hard turn-on disabling, retention of minimum turn-off duration, and overvoltage protection for the IGBT. Conventional functions of under and over supply voltage protection, over temperature protection, temperature monitoring, and fault indication are implemented as well. Hence, the proposed module enables easy and compact design of the converter improving robustness and reliability. The design consideration and performance of the proposed functions are described in detail. The module is evaluated in the practical IH cooker to show its effectiveness.

Outdoor SVG is the SVG that is derived from conventional SVG, and can be used on sites of limited space. After repeated technical upgrading, this kind of SVG is functioning more and more stably, and is well received by clients. However, since the internal space of outdoor SVG is greatly compressed, and overheat trip still occurs in “extreme environment”. Because the “extreme environment” is just occasional, increase in number or power of fans will greatly increase equipment cost and failure points, most SVG manufacturers are not willing to adopt this strategy. In this paper, the outdoor SVG “overheat capacity reduction” control strategy based on wireless bluetooth humidity and temperature monitoring system is proposed, which ensures that the equipment can run safely in “extreme environment”, saving labor and materials remarkably.

Using the flat steel-box girder of China’s Sutong Cable-stayed Bridge as a research object, its temperature field is long-term monitored and analyzed based on bridge’s structural health mon...

Virtual instrument refers to the personal computer instrument which has the virtual instrument front panel, plus a set of hardware or software on general-purpose computers. The traditional testing technology of temperature and humidity has been unable to meet the needs of the market in terms of stability, accuracy, but the humidity and temperature monitoring system based on virtual instrument LabVIEW can meet the requirements. The paper presents development of temperature and humidity measurement and control system based on virtual instrument LabVIEW Technology. Experiments show that the system realizes the accurate temperature and humidity monitoring and alarm.

Modern tunnel structures are presently implemented primarily by conventional excavation, using the New Austrian Tunneling Method. Two linings are usually used to support the excavated area. The primary tunnel lining serves for consolidation of the extracting during tunneling and the secondary tunnel lining ensures the safe use of the structure during its life time. The design and evaluation of the tunnel lining is a comprehensive process that involves a lot of input conditions. We are not always able to define these inputs exactly. In order to specify the amount of secondary lining load, we must know not only the load by the rock but also e.g. the hydrostatic load and deformation behavior of concrete during its aging. The lining is also influenced by local climatic conditions. It is necessary to include effects of various temperatures on the lining in our design. The measurements carried out in the already completed structures serve us for a more exact determination of these temperatures. Based on the results from these measurements, we can determine the distribution of temperatures in the profile and the behavior of the construction versus the climate change more exactly. Monitoring the temperature development takes a long time. The specification of this behavior should lead to a material saving when new constructions are designed.

with the substation construction and retrofit, gradually achieve the unattended substation operation, long-term high temperature operation is the main cause of equipment wear and tear, fault, in view of the continuously monitor equipment operation temperature, helps to discover the hidden trouble of equipment operation, master the equipment running status, improve the operating life of equipment. Temperature measuring technology as the main technical means, through continuous improvement to upgrade, there are so many ways to achieve, but the lack of standards and specifications. Through the comparison and analysis of the principle of the existing equipment temperature monitoring technology, concludes the key points of equipment temperature measurement technology, discusses the development trend of substation equipment temperature measurement technology, formation of substation equipment should have the characteristics of temperature monitoring technology. In substation operations management and equipment maintenance as the goal, combined with the Internet of things, the sensing technology, the realization of intelligent substation temperature measuring technology application.

The new generation of smart substation puts forward higher requirements to sensing technology. Based on the needs of these requirements, four kinds of special optical fiber sensing technology in power systems were researched: all-optical current transformer, distributed temperature sensing technology, fiber grating vibration sensing technology and fiber Bragg grating sensing technology. These kinds of optical fiber sensing technology for the new generation of smart substation to enhance its performance were analyzed. Finally, based on the fiber Bragg grating sensing technology, the online oil and winding temperature monitoring system was constructed for the new generation of smart substation.

An online temperature monitoring system for flue gas based on acoustic pyrometry was developed and installed in a boiler of 200 MW. Hot-state experimental research of acoustic source signals included linear sweeping frequency signal and pseudo random binary sequence were tested, and the temperature was measured by K ceramic thermocouples which were specially made for verification. Research indicates that those signals can be used as sound source signals due to the treatment. The error of temperature in the measurement used acoustic pyrometry which is stable and reliable can be less than 1%, and it provides important consultation for this technology popularizing application.

In order to achieve comprehensive vehicle fuel economy, dynamic performance and safety, a novel hydraulic hybrid vehicle with supervisory control system is proposed. The hierarchical structure control system integrates driving intention recognition, power distribution, regenerative braking intensity regulation and temperature monitoring modules. The high speed CAN bus is used to communicate for different modules in the supervisory control system. Supervisory control system recognizes the driver’s intention and the vehicle status through the feedback signals of sensor system, and reasonably distributes power output of all power sources. Finally, the experimental efforts have been performed to assess the performance for the proposed supervisory control system.

According to the need of the real-time monitoring and displaying of the environment in many areas,to put forward a method of temperature monitoring and displaying, using STC11F32XE microcontroller as the core controller, DS18B20 as temperature acquisition chip, 32X64LED dot matrix screen as a display screen,using the mothod of multi point detection method,real-time monitoring of swimming pool water temperature and room temperature, real-time displaying of Multipoint collecting information, Real time processing the detected temperature, the page display to multipoint temperature display through the wireless remote control module,the system will alarm When the water temperature is too high or too low, to remind managers of real-time processing.To design a clear temperature display for the swimming pool,real time monitoring and controlling is very convenient,after the experimental verification, the system reaches the anticipative goal,the system is an ideal and effective.

Mass concrete is widely being used in the construction field, especially for the foundation of super high-rise building. In the initial stage of pouring completion of mass concrete, lots of heat generated from the cement hydration will lead to a high temperature inside of concrete. When the temperature difference between the inner and outer of concrete exceeds the limited value, thermal stress will be greater than the tensile strength of concrete, which may cause hazardous penetrating cracks of the structure. To ensure the safety and durability of concrete structure, necessary measures should be taken to control the temperature rise and construction quality of concrete. Taking a super high-rise building project as an example, this paper introduces several effective solutions to resolve above problems. The technical measures such as enhancing the concrete quality, controlling temperature rise, strengthening temperature monitoring would be detailed illustrated. Meanwhile, valuable suggestions achieved from this practical project are proposed in order to guide the structural design and on-site construction of similar projects.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are two wireless technologies that are being used for cold chain monitoring and tracking. Several applications in this field have been reported in the last few years. However, there are no studies about the the dynamic behavior of this hardware and how this affects the measurements. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the sensors. A series of trials were designed and performed, covering temperature steps between cold chamber (5°C), room temperature (23°C) and heated environment (35°C). Three WSN motes, with different sensor configurations, and four RFID tags (with and without housing), were compared. In order to assess the dynamic behavior two alternative methods have been applied for adjusting experimental data to a first order dynamic response that allows extracting the time response (τ) and corresponding determination coefficient (r2). The shortest response time (10.4s) is found for one of the RFID semi-passive tags. Its encapsulated version provides a significantly higher response (60.0s), both times are obtained with the same method. The longest τ corresponds to one of the sensors embedded in a WSN mote (308.2s). We found that the dynamic response of temperature sensors within wireless and RFID nodes is dramatically influenced by the way they are housed (to protect them from the environment); its characterization is basically to allow monitoring of high rate temperature changes and to certify the cold chain. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

The compound-structure permanent-magnet synchronous machine (CS-PMSM) is a power-split device which can enable the internal combustion engine (ICE) to operate at optimum efficiency during all driving conditions by controlling its torque and speed. However, the CS-PMSM has more serious temperature rise and heat dissipation problems than conventional permanent-magnet (PM) machines, especially when the CS-PMSM is running at low speed and under full load conditions. As the thermal resistance of double-layer air gaps is quite big, the hot spot proves to be in the inner winding rotor. To ensure the safe operation of the CS-PMSM, the use of forced-air and water cooling in the inner winding rotor are investigated. The study shows that the water cooling can provide a better cooling effect, but require a complicated mechanical structure. Considering the complexity of the high efficiency cooling system, a real-time temperature monitoring method is proposed and a temperature measuring system which can accurately measure the real-time temperature of multiple key points in the machine is developed to promptly adjust the operating and cooling conditions based on the measured temperature results. Finally, the temperature rise experiment of the CS-PMSM prototype is done and the simulation results are partly validated by the experimental data.

In the Inner Mongolia beef cattle feeding, barn temperature is an important parameter. Barn temperature has an important impact on cattle breeding and beef production. In order to ensure that there is appropriate temperatures barn, data recorded in the barn a month temperature monitoring points, the acquisition time for each temperature monitoring point for the one-hour time interval. Using MATLAB software barn temperature data were analyzed, the data fit (least squares) and plotted, and finally get a barn temperature prediction formula. And use this formula to predict the temperature of the barn, forecasting results show that the design is reasonable, the error is small, can be applied in practice.