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The experimental results to the effect of irradiating conditions by intense pulsed electron beams on texture and residual stresses formation in the surface layer of targets from VT8 titanium alloy are analyzed. These data have great practical significance because the blades and disks of VK-2500 helicopter engine compressors are produced from this material. The information on texture formation and residual stresses in the surface layer allows to determine service properties (fatigue resistance and heat-resistance) of parts from this material. It is shown that intense pulsed electron beam of microsecond duration is high effective tool for modification of compressor and turbine blades from VT8 alloy. It allow to realize high speed heat treatment (hardening), recrystallization of material in the surface layer with thicknesses of 20...30 µm, purification and burnishing of surface. It is possible to form in the surface layer tensile or compressive residual stresses and compressive or tensile textures depending upon energy density in pulse in the surface layer of VT8 targets. Compressive residual stresses are formed during irradiation at low energy density in pulse (lesser 20 J/cm2 ). Microdefects with craters form are not formed at these irradiation regimes that is absence of stress concentrates.

In this work the formation of strong recrystallization cube texture in heavily rolled Ni–9.3 at % W has been studied. During the cold rolling (also known as recovery-rolling) process the deformation texture of Ni–9.3 at % W alloy (further notated as Ni9W) transforms to Copper-type rolling texture, and after annealing, a sharp cube texture is generated. It is remarkably strong recrystallization cube texture, as high as 93 vol %, in metallic materials with low stacking fault energy. The formation mechanism of the cube texture is adopted for the rapid recovery of cube nuclei at the early stage of recrystallization as well as fast migration rate of high angle boundaries between cube grains and deformed microstructure at high temperature. Considering the cold rolling texture of Ni9W, oriented nucleation seems to play more important role in the cube texture formation process. In this article, the relationship between the deformation texture and recrystallization cube texture is discussed.

An investigation into the recovery and recrystallization of the two major texture fibres during annealing, namely α and γ, yielded subtle differences between the two. It is reported that with thermal activation static recovery occurs, where dislocation free sub-grains are formed and tend to grow, coalesce, or bulge out. This can form new strain-free recrystallisation nuclei, with the coalesce or bulging phenomenon depending on stored energy and geometrically dislocation density (GND). Due to low lattice curvature or otherwise, it was found α-fiber has low stored energy and GND values which favours bulging into neighbouring deformed grains as opposed to subgrain coalescement. In contrast, γ-fiber tends to undergo rapid subgrain coalescement due to high lattice curvature, i.e., GND and stored energy. The newly formed grains from both texture fibers were also found to typically differ in size, as γ-fiber has a much higher nucleation rate with rapid subgrain coalescence. Furthermore, it was discovered that Cube texture component though nucleating in higher rates within α-fiber, nucleates in all regions of high dislocation densities but will only survive in regions with a low recovery and nucleation rates, typically as in α-fiber state condition. Moreover, Goss texture component was found to preferentially nucleate from γ-fiber.

In this paper, the boriding of low-carbon steel was studied. We found that FeB phase forms on the surface of low-carbon steel at the initial stage, and then Fe2B nucleates on the FeB, with a crystallographic relation between the two phases. In the third stage, Fe2B further grows on the FeB phase, and FeB starts to diminish. A model is proposed to explain the formation of the textured FeB and Fe2B phases. It is found that the strong anisotropy of the FeB lattice structure and the lattice matching between FeB and Fe2B are the reasons for the preferred crystallographic development in the boride coating.

The shear deformation texture of bcc metals is characterized by the Goss orientation, or {110}〈001〉, which is a highly useful orientation for grain-oriented silicon steels because it gives rise to high magnetic permeability along the 〈100〉 direction. To obtain the Goss texture, or {110}〈001〉, in silicon steel sheets, a silicon steel sheet was subjected to an 89 pct reduction in thickness via asymmetric rolling at 750 °C. This step resulted in the well-developed Goss texture. When multiple asymmetrically rolled steel sheets were subsequently annealed, one at 900 °C for 1 hour and the other at 1200 °C for a short period of 5 minutes in a box furnace with air atmosphere, a strong Goss texture was developed in the silicon steel sheets. The texture was measured via X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The magnetization curve of each specimen was measured by the vibrating sample magnetometer and the measured magnetization curve showed the typical soft magnetic characteristics.

Textured growth of Co-Fe-Ga (CFG) alloy films by co-precipitation, low-temperature heat treatment (LTHT) at 333 K for 3 days, spin-coating, and post-annealing at 973 K for 30 min has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction measurements show that the CFG films made with LTHT are highly (1 1 0)-oriented bcc alloys, while those grown without LTHT are not oriented in a specific direction. The observed texture formation in the bcc alloy films results from topotactic transformation as indicated by the similarity of the ionic and atomic arrangements among the precursor, spinel oxide, and bcc alloy. The stabilization of the precursor by Ga3+ inclusion presumably plays an important role in the transformation process leading to the highly orientated spinel and CFG bcc alloy films.

The Ni9.3W alloy with no ferromagnetism and high yield strength is one of the most promising textured substrate materials for coated conductors, but its low stacking fault energy makes it difficult to obtain a strong cube texture by traditional rolling methods and recrystallization anneals. This paper introduces four-time static recoveries during the rolling process. Rolled tapes with 80 μm in thickness were obtained by applying various deformation sequences between static recoveries to study their effects on the cube texture formation in Ni9.3W alloy substrates. The results show that rising gradient deformation sequence is an advantageous way to obtain a higher amount of cube texture, its content increases by 29.2% compared to that of traditional deformation sequence. The effect of the new recrystallization annealing process on the cube texture formation was analyzed. It is shown that the cube texture content increases with anneal temperature increasing in one-step anneal, but decreases again at higher anneal temperature. Two-step anneal could effectively improve the cube texture content, which could be further enhanced by extending holding time during the first-step anneal. However, too long holding time leads to the decrease in cube texture content. Finally, Ni9.3W alloy substrates with a cube texture content of ~90.0 vol% (

The effect of intensifying Goss texture and refining Goss grains on the enhancement of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy was systematically investigated. The way to improve fatigue performance mainly includes two steps: intensifying Goss texture component and then refining these Goss grains. Hot rolling at elevated temperature and pre-solution treatment are capable of Goss texture formation. Then large cold rolling reduction can refine grains and obtain more these Goss grains, which increases the twist angle boundary components with their adjacent grains to enhance fatigue crack deflection and FCP resistance. By contrast, refining Brass etc. rolling-oriented grains can increase the tilt angle boundary components and promote fatigue crack growth. And the reason why grain refinement cannot always improve fatigue properties in alloys with micrometer grains can depend mainly on grain orientations and the relative boundary components in this Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Besides, coarse Fe-, Si- and Mn-rich inclusions are detrimental to fatigue properties, but the fine, globular and homogeneous distribution of these particles can improve fatigue properties to some extent.

The present study investigates the effect of cryo-rolling process, i.e. cold-rolling at liquid-nitrogen temperature followed by heat treatment, on tensile properties of pure copper and precipitation-hardened CuCrZr alloy. The cryo-rolling process resulted in a simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility of pure copper. On the other hand, a cryo-rolled CuCrZr alloy showed higher tensile strength but comparable ductility with a conventional cold-rolled CuCrZr alloy. Microstructural analysis indicates that the drastically-beneficial effect of cryo-rolling on pure copper may be due to its heterogeneous size distribution of grains which consist of cryo-rolled fine grains, residual cryo-rolled grains and recrystallized coarse grains. The modest but certain benefit of cryo-rolling on CuCrZr alloy can be explained by different texture formation compared with conventional cold-rolling. Effect of neutron irradiation on tensile properties of cryo-rolled CuCrZr alloy is also examined.

The paper presents the results of structure and texture formation study in Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples, obtained by Direct Metal Deposition technology of additive manufacturing. The effect of annealing on the formation of the structure and texture in 3D-samples was investigated. It is shown that the samples have a two-phase structure of “basket weaving” in the initial state and after annealing. It is established that the samples have significant anisotropy of properties in two mutually perpendicular directions that could be explained by the presence of the crystallographic texture.

The texture evolution in grade-8011 aluminum alloy has been investigated during cold rolling and intermediate annealing. The main textural components of a hot-rolled blank have been determined using X-ray diffraction analysis and their evolution during subsequent cold rolling and intermediate annealing has been studied. The effects of the textural components on the dimensions and the arrangement of ears have been estimated at every step of producing a cold-rolled strip.

Multilayer films [Cu( d A)/Fe(9 A)/Pd(11 A)] 5 were deposited at room temperature on Si(001)/SiO 2 (400 nm) substrates. In order to induce chemical L1 0 ordering, the as-deposited samples were post-annealed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 600 °C for 90 s followed additionally by heating in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) at 700 °C up to several hours. In this study the impact of post-annealing on the structural and magnetic properties of FePdCu alloy films in dependence on the Cu content was investigated. It was found that the addition of Cu to the FePd alloy has a strong influence on the chemical ordering process and the (001) texture formation. After the RTA treatment only an isotropic distribution of the easy axis of magnetization with coercive fields in the range of a few hundred mT was observed. In contrast, samples which were additionally heated for 1 h at 700 °C revealed an out-of-plane easy axis of magnetization with an effective magnetic anisotropy of about 2×10 5 J/m 3 for the sample containing 10 at% of Cu.

The uniaxial compression test was used to assess an influence of the precipitate nature on the flow stress, work hardening and texture of the Al–7%Si–1%Cu–0.5%Mg alloy, modified with micro-additions of V, Zr and Ti. A semi-empirical model, adopted to interpret the work-hardening rate during plastic deformation, was capable to predicting the contribution of shearable and non-shearable precipitates to the dislocation-induced hardening during compression. A development of the crystallographic texture was also measured and correlated with deformation behavior of the alloy. The weak texture of {0 1 1}〈2 1 1〉 and {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 components, detected after casting, transformed to nearly randomized texture after heat treatment. A room-temperature compression deformation of the as-cast, solution treated and T6 aged alloys resulted in a texture consisting of a mixture of {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 and {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 components with varying intensities depending on the state of precipitation. An additional {1 1 2}〈1 1 0〉 component was also present but its intensity was substantially lower. It is concluded that while work hardening of the alloy during compression deformation at room temperature is affected mainly by non-shearable, coarse precipitates, the texture formation is controlled by both the shearable and non-shearable precipitates.

Ni8W alloy ingots were prepared by SPS technic, followed by homogenizing, cold rolling and recrystallization annealing. The influence of ball milling on cold rolling and cube texture formation of Ni8W alloy substrates was investigated during the course of preparation. Finally, high quality cube-textured Ni8W alloy substrates were successfully obtained using this powder metallurgy process, and characterized by electron backscatter diffraction technic. It indicated that the cube texture fraction was as high as 90% (o) when it annealed at 1350°C for 2 h.

Behavior of cold-rolled fcc Ni88.4Cr9.2W2.4 alloy during heating has been studied. Two consecutive exothermic processes were detected using differential scanning calorimetry, high-temperature X-ray diffraction, and dilatometry. The processes were identified as polygonization and recrystallization, which lead to cube texture formation, as was shown by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The heat effects of these processes were determined.

We have studied the formation of sharp cube texture in Cu-Ni alloy tapes with nickel content 10, 20, 30, and 40 at %, manufactured by cold rolling to 98.6–99% and subsequent recrystallization annealing. Optimum regimes of annealing are determined for all these alloys, which allow a sharp cube texture with ∼95% cubic grains to be obtained.

Microstructure and texture formation were investigated in an intermetallic Ti–43.4Al–4.2Nb–1.1Mo–0.1B (in at.%) alloy after near conventional forging in the (α + β) phase field region and subsequent isothermal annealing treatments at 1150 °C for different holding times. During forging and the following cooling process a fine grained microstructure is formed consisting of lamellar α2/γ colonies and elongated grains of the βo phase situated at the colony boundaries. The isothermal annealing treatment leads to a significant change of the forged microstructure. After hot-forging, all phases show typical fiber textures as it is expected for uniaxial deformation. In the as-forged state the α2(α) phase exhibits a 〈11-20〉 fiber, the βo(β) phase has a strong and sharp fiber and the γ phase shows a and a weaker fiber. After additional annealing at 1150 °C for 8 h, the textures are almost unchanged in contrast to the microstructure.

In order to elucidate the predominance of near-Goss grains after Strain-Induced Boundary Migration (SIBM) in electrical steel sheets, the microstructures of grains of orientations close to Goss, D-Cube, and {111}〈112〉 were observed by TEM after temper rolling of 5 % (which is the optimal strain for the development of a strong Goss-type texture) and 9 % reduction (selected to emphasize the differences between orientations and facilitate their analysis). After 5 % strain, the dislocation density seems to be the smallest in the Goss grains. After 9 % strain, this difference in dislocation density is still present but also accompanied by a difference in dislocation arrangement between the Goss grains and the others. These microstructural features are put in regards to some calculations of rotation rates of individual orientations and analyses of slip system activities performed with the Taylor model. The analysis of all these data allow us to establish a strong link between dislocation microstructure and stability of orientation and to conclude that this correlation may be responsible for the favored growth of the near-Goss grains by SIBM during annealing after 5 % temper rolling.

The texture formation in the single crystals of the Ti-48 at % Ni-2 at % Fe alloy rolled at a temperature of 350°C up to a strain of 80% in eleven different initial orientations is examined. There are three stable initial orientations that remain unchanged in rolling: {011}〈011〉, {111}〈011〉, and {111}〈112〉. The TiNi single crystals are shown to be deformed by means of a combined action of slip in systems {011}〈001〉 and twinning in systems {114}〈221〉 and {118}〈441〉. The types of formed rolling texture in the single crystals depend on their initial orientation and strain.

In a flat single crystal of Fe–3%Si alloy with (1 1 0)[0 0 1] orientation, regions with (0 0 1)[1.–1.0] orientation (deformation twins) were created by rolling at a low temperature. After cold rolling at 80% at an angle of 45o to the [0 0 1] direction, a (1 1 2) [1.–1.0] deformation texture was formed. In the recrystallization process during annealing of such a sample, a polycrystalline structure having a nearly cubic texture (0 0 1) [1–1.0] is formed. It is demonstrated that annealing under a high DC magnetic field enhances the cubic texture sharpness as compared to annealing carried out under similar conditions without a magnetic field.

The influence of hot deformation temperature on microstructure and texture of CGO silicon steel under the condition of a high deformation rate (100 s-1) was studied by SEM and EBSD techniques. The results indicate that the typical microstructures at room temperature consist of ferrite and pearlite under different hot deformation temperatures. The higher deformation temperature is beneficial to obtain a more uniform recrystallization microstructure and lower pearlite content. Cubic texture{100}001and rotated cubic texture{100}011are dominant texture components in the tested steels, and{111}112texture inγfiber is also strong, the intensity of which is higher than that of{111}110texture. Goss texture{110}001is weak. With the rising of the hot deformation temperature,{100}011texture decreases firstly and then increases at 1100°C. When the hot deformation temperature raises from 800°C to 900°C,{111}112texture shows an increasing trend, while{111}110texture content is stable. When the temperature further increases to 1100°C and 1150°C,{111}112and{111}110textures are slightly weakened.

Texture formation of AA5182 for compressive deformation with a range of temperatures from 673K to 823K and strain rates from 5.0×10-4to 5.0×10-2s-1is experimentally investigated by EBSD technique and X-ray diffraction. Fiber textures are observed in all deformation conditions. Stress regions are divided into a low stress region (10~55MPa) and a high stress region (above 55MPa) on the basis of the relationship between stress and grain size. In the low stress region, it is found that the main component of the fiber texture is {001}(compression plane). In this case, the pole density at {001} is increased with increasing temperature at the same stress level. It is concluded that development of {001} component is attributed to grain boundary migration. For the high stress region, the main component of the fiber texture is {011}. It is considered that the formation of {011} component is attributed to the slip deformation by {111} system.

The effect of cold rolling reduction on shear band formation and crystal orientation within shear bands and annealing texture were investigated in Fe-3%Si {111} single crystals. Several types of shear bands were observed with different angles to rolling direction, dependent on rolling reduction. As for shear band formation, those with smaller angles were formed earlier and those with larger angles were formed later. Regarding crystal orientation along shear bands after rolling reduction, orientation distribution from the initial became large in accordance with reduction and even exceeded Goss orientation when rolling reduction became larger than 40%. After annealing, however, recrystallized grains along shear bands were mainly Goss grains regardless of reduction. The speculated reason for the dominance of Goss after annealing is that Goss subgrains with less density of dislocations were surrounded by largely deformed areas.

Features of the deformation process by cold radial forging of tube billets from Zr-1%Nb alloy were reconstructed on the basis of X-ray texture data. The cold radial forging intensifies grain fragmentation in the bulk of billet and increases significantly the latent hardening of potentially active slip systems, so that operation only of the single slip system becomes possible. As a result, in radially-forged billets unusual deformation and recrystallization textures arise, differing from usual textures of a-Zr by the mutual inversion of crystallographic axes, aligned along the axis of tube.

Single crystals of the alloy Ti-48%Ni-2%Fe, consisting of the phase B2, were rolled at 350°C with deformation degrees up to ~80% in 11 different initial orientations. Texture development in single crystals under rolling was analyzed to determine the active mechanisms of their plastic deformation. There are three stable initial orientations, which remain unchanged during rolling of Ti-Ni single crystals: {011}, {111} and {111}. It was shown, that Ti-Ni single crystals deform by means of combined action of slip in systems {011} and twinning in systems {114} and {118}. Variants of rolling texture formation in single crystals are very diverse and depend on their initial orientations and deformation degrees.

The precipitation behavior of inhibitors and their influence on final Goss texture formation in grain-oriented electrical steels produced by compact strip processing technology with a reheating temperature lower than 1200 °C were investigated under two distinct intermediate annealing methods: conventional intermediate recrystallization annealing and a new intermediate decarburizing and recrystallization annealing method without final decarburizing after the second cold rolling. The initiation of secondary recrystallization, the distributions of second phase particles, the final Goss texture, and the grain structure were observed. The new technology could maintain higher inhibitor densities because the deformed matrix could provide higher site densities for inhibitor nucleation before secondary recrystallization, resulting in a relatively higher inhibition effect of the second phase particles. The new technology could also compensate for the disadvantages of fewer inhibitors induced by fewer dissolved Mn and S elements in the matrix during lower reheating temperature for hot rolling. The final sheet produced after the secondary recrystallization annealing obtained stronger Goss texture, larger grain size, and better magnetic properties.

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are suitable materials for weight reduction in vehicles because of their low densities and high specific strengths. However, rolled Mg alloy sheets generally exhibit a poor formability at room temperature and thus their applications are restricted. This poor formability is originated from basal slip dominated deformation as well as strong basal texture. It is known that the formability can be improved by suppression of basal texture formation. Thus, large efforts have been devoted to texture control for the purpose of enhancing the room temperature formability. In this paper, our recent researches for texture control of rolled Mg alloy sheets are reviewed.

The crystallographic texture formation in low carbon steel during asymmetric rolling was studied experimentally and analysed numerically. Modelling of plastic deformation was done in two scales: in the macro-scale using the finite element method ( FEM) and in crystallographic scale using the polycrystalline deformation model (LW model). The stress distribution in the rolling gap was calculated using FEM and next these stresses were applied in LW model of polycrystalline plastic deformation. In general, the predicted textures agree very well with experimental ones.

The stretch formability of a rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.1Ca alloy sheet was investigated at room temperature. The Mg alloy showed a large Erichsen value of 8.2. This is due to a reduction in intensity of basal plane texture and a spreading of the basal poles towards the transverse direction. It is suggested that solid solution of Ca atoms into Mg plays a critical role in the unique texture formation. Activation of non-basal slips by dilute Ca addition was hypothesized to be related to the unique texture formation.

Precipitation in IFHS steels affects texture formation during annealing, which in turn determines the formability. The single most important type of precipitates in IFHS steels is FeTiP. Precipitation of FeTiP leads to the decrement in the intensity of the favourable {111} texture, which causes a degradation of the formability properties. The batch annealed steels are particularly susceptible to this. Since formation of FeTiP as well as of the other types of precipitates in IFHS steels is dependent on steel composition and processing parameters, a detailed and systematic investigation is urgently needed to look into the various aspects of precipitation in IFHS steels. Proper scientific investigation is expected to provide necessary processing windows that will not allow formation of unwanted precipitates. This will help in maximising the strengthening effects of P, without any degradation of the deep drawability of the steels.

The present paper presents an overview of present and future tools which can be used by the steel manufacturer in order to control the texture of the finished sheet product. The major solidstate- transformation processes (phase transformation, plastic deformation and recrystallisation) playing a role during thermo-mechanical processing will be addressed. The physical mechanisms that give rise to the appearance of specific texture components will be discussed in detail. In addition to current state-of-the-art process technology the potential of innovative processes will be described such as accumulative roll bonding (ARB). The present paper will also pay attention to the particular role of surface textures as an additional degree of freedom allowing to control the sheet texture with the potential to enhance the {001} or {110} fibre textures for magnetic applications.

The effect of niobium (Nb) addition on recrystallization texture formation in cold-rolled low carbon steel sheets containing 2% manganese (Mn) was investigated. The microstructures of hot-bands were significantly refined by Nb addition, which led to the development of the cold-rolling texture in both the γ-fiber (//ND-fiber) and the α-fiber (//RD-fiber). Recrystallization was retarded by Nb addition, in particular, the growth of //ND grains was retarded. However, the γ-fiber and {112} grains developed during annealing even in the intercritical (α-γ) region. Consequently, the r-value increased as the content of Nb was increased due to the development of the intensity ratio of the //ND texture to the //ND texture, which is desirable for deep-drawable high strength steel sheets.

Quantitative texture analysis is used to study texture formation in an MA2-1 magnesium alloy subjected to axisymmetric upsetting at temperatures of 250–450°C and strain rates of 10−4–100−1. The deformed structure is examined by optical microscopy, and the results obtained are used to plot the structural-state diagram of the alloy after 50% upsetting. The experimental textures are compared with the textures calculated in terms of a thermoactivation model.

Five Mg–Li–Zn alloys namely Mg-11%Li-1%Zn, Mg-9%Li-1%Zn, Mg-9%Li-1%Zn-0.2%Mn, Mg-9%Li-1%Zn-1%Al-0.2%Mn, and Mg-9%Li-3%Al-1%Zn-0.2%Mn were prepared. These alloys have been processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), and the subsequent mechanical properties and microstructures were studied. After ECAE process, the room temperature strength was significantly enhanced at a modest cost of elongation reduction. From the results of five Mg–Li–Zn alloys as processed by ECAE, Mg–9Li–1Zn alloy has the greatest increase in tensile strength and the least decrease in elongation. The high temperature superplasticity was demonstrated. However, the testing conditions were selective. As for texture formation, the weak to medium extent was produced after four passes of ECAE process at 373 and 423 K. The density and elastic modulus properties of these alloys were analyzed, and showed the highest specific value as compared with other popular alloys, not to mention plastics.

It has been found that the thermocycling of the Fe-3 wt % Si commercial alloy with a bcc lattice considerably changes its microstructure even in the absence of a temperature gradient over the cross section of the sample. This phenomenon is ascribed to the difference in the properties of grains and intergranular layers. These changes in the microstructure have been found to exert considerable influence on the structure and texture formation upon subsequent annealing.

The influence of a heating rate up to 1000 � C/s on recrystallization behavior and texture formation of an extralow carbon steel sheet was investigated. To discuss the experimental results of this investigation, a mathematical model for predicting recrystallization behavior was developed. An analysis using the model shows that the heating rate influences the apparent thermal activation energy of recrystallization. At a higher heating rate, C dissolved from cementite and AlN precipitated during heating decreases and as a consequence the apparent thermal activation energy is lower. This can also be a valid explanation for the fact that recrystallization of a steel sheet coiled at low temperature is retarded. The main orientations of the recrystallization texture are weakened if the heating rate is increased. This tendency has already been observed at the initial stage of recrystallization. If the specimen is heated slowly up to the initial stage of recrystallization, the decrease in the intensity of the main orientations is reduced even though the heating rate subsequently increases. This result indicates that, concerning formation of the recrystallization texture, the heating rate mainly influences the nucleation process. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.47.1769]

The influence of Mn on the surface texture formation through a®g®a transformation was investigated. After the a®g®a transformation, a weak texture was formed at the surface of ultra low carbon cold-rolled sheet steel without Mn. In contrast, a sharp //ND cube texture was observed in Mn alloyed ultra low carbon steel. In order to interpret the effect of Mn two alternative mechanisms were considered : (i) one assumption attributes the occurrence of the specific surface texture to the effect of outer-surface energy (ii) and according to an alternative hypothesis the release of elastic work parallel to ND in the surface area is responsible for the observed //ND surface texture.

Pure Ni, Ni-5at.%Mo and Ni-5at.%W prepared through P/M route have been severely cold deformed (~95%) and given different heat treatments to develop sharp cube component ({001}) for coated superconductor applications. It was found that amongst the three materials studied, Ni-5at%W develops the most sharp cube texture. This is in contrary to the observation in similar materials produced by the melting and casting route.

The formation of the Goss texture in electrical steels is one of the most distinct phenomena of texture research. Nevertheless, disregarding 60 years of research the mechanisms which let only Goss-oriented grains grow abnormally during a secondary recrystallisation annealing are still not completely understood. The present paper reviews some of the mechanisms of growth selection and oriented nucleation and discusses them in the light of observations made by the authors. We conclude that no mechanism proposed so far is able to explain all experimental observations. This points out the need for the search for a different mechanism.

In order to demonstrate the effect of deformation temperature on texture formation in silver alloy sheet for superconducting types, the deformation and annealing textures of Ag-10 at% Pd alloy rolled at the temperatures from -1960C to 1600C and subsequently annealed were examined. A single Copper type texture with high intensity in ODFs has been realized in this study. Based on the experimental results, a metallurgical processing to get a sharp single orientation type texture in Ag-Pd alloy has been presented for manufacturing highly oriented superconducting substrate tapes.

Texture formation through strain induced boundary migration (SIBM) was investigated. Temper rolling reduction before final annealing for SIBM was varied between 0 and 26% and grain sizes and textures were measured using EBSD. In the specimen which was temper rolled to 5%, in which grain growth by SIBM occurred most efficiently, a strong Goss component (which was a minor component after rolling), developed during annealing. From the EBSD image quality analysis, it was found that stored energy increased significantly in the Goss component with strain (from 5 to 9 %), whereas it was always relatively small in the D-Cube component ({001}), compared to Goss and g-fibre components. Based on these results, a mechanism of grain growth by SIBM was suggested. Texture evolution during annealing could thus be explained by the hypothesis, speculated from the analysis of orientation stability, that D-Cube grains are associated with more homogeneous dislocations distributions than Goss grains, in which the co-existence of high and low dislocation density zones could favour grain growth by SIBM.

A comprehensive understanding was developed on the evolution of microstructure and texture during annealing of Nb bearing microalloyed drawing quality high strength cold rolled (HSCR) sheet with specific reference to cold rolling and annealing practices. Further, this study aimed at establishing the best combination of these processing parameters to achieve an YET value of 1.4 min. For a hot rolled microstructure of moderately coarse ferrite grain of size 16 µm, it was observed that 70% cold reduction guaranteed high intensity of (222) component accompanied with minimum intensity of (200) component. Further, investigation was carried out to understand the influence of annealing time on recrystallization behavior and texture development during intermediate annealing of 60% and 70% cold reduced specimens at 550 °C. It was found that recrystallization ceased after 12 h of intermediate annealing at 550 °C. The textures and microstructures produced during final annealing of 70% cold rolled specimens at various temperatures like 670, 690, 710, and 730 °C with varied duration of soaking (12–18 h) were critically examined. An YET value of ∼1.5 was achieved in HSCR microalloyed steel when 70% cold rolled specimens were intermediately annealed at 550 °C for 12 h followed by final annealing at 710 °C for 12 h.

The microstructure and texture of cold rolled low carbon steel produced by compact strip production (CSP) after batch and continuous annealing have been investigated. Optical microscopy, bulk X-ray texture analysis and micro-orientation analysis with electron backscattered diffraction were conducted to investigate the general microstructure and texture in correlation with the mechanical properties as well as formability under the two annealing procedures. The results indicate that the microstructure of the cold rolled steel after batch annealing exhibits a special orientation relationship with the matrix in comparison to continuous annealing. As an explanation of the oval shaped grain character, the recrystallisation microstructure and texture evolution are discussed. It is concluded that annealing has a significant effect on the special orientation and texture formation of the CSP strip and thus to the formability and mechanical behaviour of the final products.

The texture formation of TiN, TiCN and TiC films at the incipient stage during plasma coating on (011) [100] single crystals of silicon steel was investigated using the electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) method.The orientation of very thin TiN film parallel to the normal direction (ND) exhibited separate (111) and (100) colonies of about 20-30 μm areas with low angles, whereas that to the rolling direction (RD) also exhibited separate and colonies.In contrast, the orientation of very thin TiCN and TiC films parallel to the ND and the RD was random.It should be noted that the smaller misfits of ceramic films and single crystals of silicon steel makes colonies coherent to the ND or the RD orientation at the incipient stage during plasma coating.