Search

Lifelines such as drinking water and sewage systems provide the means and conveyance for daily critical services, and they are essential systems for recovery operations after a damaging earthquake. Therefore, earthquake damage to lifeline components needs to be reliably assessed for a possible future seismic scenario. This study presents an earthquake damage assessment of buried pipeline networks in the Lima Metropolitan Area (LMA). It includes seismic hazard analysis, a review of pipeline network datasets, and the selection of empirical fragility functions. Deterministic seismic hazard analysis was performed for an inter-plate earthquake scenario using ground motion prediction equations and site conditions to compute the distribution of the peak ground velocity (PGV). Recommendations are offered for an adequate selection of fragility functions developed in other regions, and a logic tree of fragility functions is proposed to be used in pipelines of LMA according to the data of pipeline damage after the 2007 Pisco Earthquake. Finally, the pipeline repair ratios and the total number of repairs are estimated for the earthquake scenario, and the results are geographically presented for each pipeline network.

Non-engineered confined masonry dwellings are characterized by having different masonry units. One of the most common cases in the Lima Metropolitan Area is that this type of dwelling has its first floors with handmade solid units and upper floors are composed of industrial horizontal hollowed (tubular) bricks. Nonlinear static analysis by the incrementally increasing loading pattern is inadequate to estimating earthquake response of structures with height irregularity, such as non-engineered confined masonry dwellings, because the loading pattern changes during the history of reversal loads due to damaging earthquakes. This paper presents the effect of nonlinear static analysis using adaptive loading patterns in confined masonry dwellings when the type of masonry units changes drastically. Nonlinear static analyses are applied using non-adaptive and adaptive displacement-based pushover procedures. A series of nonlinear time history analyses are also conducted to measure the error in the estimation of the seismic response. The adaptive loading pattern is based on displacement approximation by the modal analysis at each step of incremental-increasing loads. The load pattern is updated considering the modal analysis of an equivalent linear model using the equivalent stiffness of the structure at the secant of the maximum previous response. The application of the adaptive loading pattern in nonlinear static analysis significantly approximates the earthquake response of confined masonry dwellings with height irregularity provided by the change of masonry bricks.

During big earthquakes, one of the challenges for the decision maker is the estimation of the resources for the attention of the disaster which is computed based on the casualties and injured people, which is generated by damaging earthquake. In this investigation, two criteria for the estimation of casualties during damaging earthquake were presented for Mw>6.5 in one target area, namely, Chorrillos district in the Lima metropolitan. First criterion considers the compilation of existing data that reports the casualties on damaged cities with a population density involved, considering the lifestyle, the time of occurrence, the season of the year, that could influence in the number of victims, which is normalized to avoid temporary effects in the estimation. The second criterion considers the output generated prior computed process such earthquake hazard, microzoning and risk analysis of the target area. Here a series of identification of parameters has been computed such as location of the source of earthquake, depth and epicentral distance, distribution of population, social levels, and others, to estimate the risk. For the computing of the number of casualties in the affected area, a relation between the magnitude and risk is developed. Both criteria provided results which with an uncertain measure, but not so far from each other. That gives us confidence in this approach. Also, we evaluate the estimation with the major earthquake’s scenarios for the region especially in Peru, with reasonable results.

The Lima metropolitan area is in a prone earthquake zone, which is exposed to a seismic gap; this can result in Mw 8.9 megathrust earthquake in the central Peru. After the Pisco earthquake in 2007, risk management policies changed in Peru and are improving annually. Thus, more resources are destinated to assessing earthquake hazard, vulnerability, and risk in districts of the Lima metropolitan area mainly; nevertheless, they are limited to cover in detailed the whole extension of probable affected area after this potential megathrust earthquake. Data of buildings in the Lima metropolitan area were analyzed in this paper, to provide useful information in the development of rapid methodologies of identification of buildings. The Japan Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID) gathered these data from 2010 to 2021 in field surveys to conduct vulnerability and risk studies; the survey of building characteristics consisted of obtain mainly the number of stories, predominant material, structural systems, type of occupancy, and state of conservation. Vulnerability and risk studies for districts of the Lima metropolitan area were conducted by considering one representative building in one block. Results showed that the predominant material in the Lima metropolitan area is masonry, used in different structural systems, such as confined masonry and other which are nonengineered structures. Also, two-story buildings are predominant in the target area, followed by one and three-stories buildings. Risk assessment for the Lima metropolitan area and the study area were conducted using the data from the characterization of structural typologies obtained in this study. Approximately, 47.72% and 58.67% of buildings presented a very high-risk level in the Lima metropolitan area and the study area, respectively, under the expected earthquake scenario due to the seismic gap in the central Peru.

The conjunction of seismic records and site effect parameters can lead to the adequate estimation of seismic indexes in urban areas. In this regard, this study uses the map of soil amplification factors obtained in previous studies and the availability of time history waveforms at different locations throughout Metropolitan Lima and Callao to estimate the geospatial distribution of maximum values of horizontal acceleration after the occurrence of earthquakes. Results for three earthquakes of intermediate magnitude and distinct epicenter locations are publicly available in an online system created within the framework of this study (Amaru Peru) and showed that amplified motions could be mainly observed in the lowlands of populated slopes as well as in the eolian sandy deposits.

Structural health monitoring based on vibration measurements is a process that implements the instrumentation of sensors and methodologies to provide information regarding the condition of a structure, which allows the evaluation of the safety and integrity of structural systems. Because of this, in the past decades, several algorithms have been developed; among them, the wavelet transform is considered an efficient method for the elimination of the error contained in the acceleration recorded by the sensors. However, due to the complex nature of earthquakes and the particularity of the structural systems, the parameters used by the wavelet transform for error elimination in the seismic response are frequently variable. This paper proposes a method to get the seismic response of a base-isolated building subjected to ground-strong motions through numerical simulations of a mathematical model of the structure, using synthetic records based on historical seismic events occurring in Peru. In this way, the research found that the optimal intrinsic parameters of the building correspond to an approximate frequency interval of 0.20 to 6.25 Hz. Finally, the results show that this method is valid and can be reliably applied in structural health monitoring systems.

s of presentations at TIEMS 2014 Annual Conference, 21th to 23th, October 2014, Niigata, Japan

In Peru, the most commonly used structural system for housing construction is based on confined masonry walls. Solid engineered walls are regulated by the NTE-E070 standard, which lays down a required degree of earthquake resilience. However, around 60% of the population lives in non-engineered houses that use tubular blocks for their walls. This paper presents a comparison of the behaviors of non-engineered tubular block walls and solid engineered walls. Tests were performed on a tubular brick wall by subjecting it to horizontal cyclic loading to examine the effects under a constant axial load of 20 tf. Then, the test results were compared with those for walls in the CISMID Structural Lab database. The resistance of the tubular brick wall in terms of shear stress was found to be relatively low, having an average value of 4 kg/cm2, while the solid walls can withstand a shear stress in excess of 5.5 kg/cm2.

The Japanese and Peruvian experimental databases on confined brick masonry walls are put together as one database, and the strength and deformation of the walls are reviewed. First, the applicability of existing equations for the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry walls to the estimation of the maximum strength of confined brick masonry walls which failed in shear, flexural-shear, or flexure when subjected to lateral forces, is discussed. Then, empirical equations for the maximum strength, displacement at maximum strength, and ultimate state of the walls are proposed based on multiple regression analysis, and the accuracy of the proposed equations is discussed. It is concluded that the maximum strength can be estimated using the existing equations or the proposed empirical equations with good accuracy. The deformations at maximum strength and the ultimate state can be estimated using the proposed empirical equations, although there is a large amount of scatter.

Confined masonry walls represent one of the most widely used construction systems for dwellings in Peru and other Latin countries. This study describes the procedure for implementing a database with a web interface of results collected from the experiments conducted over the years by the Japan Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation. This paper attempts to contribute to the seismic design procedure of this type of structure, and parameters such as stiffness ratios and the deformation (drift) for the characteristic stages of confined masonry walls under different limit states or performance levels are proposed. Also, a semi-empirical equation for estimating the shear capacity using the database is proposed.

Low ductility wall buildings became part of the Peruvian construction boom of the first decade of the 21st century. Government promote under the Program named "Mi Vivienda" (My house in English), the construction of low rise buildings of 5 stories using walls with wire mesh reinforcement, provide part of a solution of an apartment, with reasonable cost. However, the height of the buildings started to grow and grow, reaching 12 to 16 stories. In the design of this walls, provisions recommend the confinement of the corners of the walls, due the action of the walls ensemble will provide a limited ductility under seismic behavior. In this paper the comparison of the action of perpendicular wall with a one plane wall is presented. Here experimental test has been performed by a cyclic loading test considering the action of a constant axial load of 40 kN, where the elastic stiffness of H shape wall is higher than one plane wall. Also resistant of the H shape wall increase, however ductility remains almost similar in both walls.

Design codes prescribe equations for the ultimate state design of RC walls with flange walls as boundary elements. These codes consider part of the length of the flange wall as a width that will effectively resist lateral loads. However, wall damage and the accuracy of the effective width used in the calculations have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, a loading test is carried out at Yokohama National University on two 1/3 scale specimens in order to evaluate the strength, damage, energy dissipation, and behavior of RC structural walls in flexure. One specimen without flange walls and one with flange walls are tested. The strength and response of each specimen are described, and the prediction accuracy of the design flexural strengths given by design codes ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ are examined. Experimental strain data are used to describe the behavior of the flange wall in order to understand the mechanism and to confirm the accuracy of the effective width prescribed by the design codes in terms of tension and compression. The result of the experimental study reveals that design prescriptions given by ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ guidelines can conservatively estimate the flexural strength for RC walls without flanges, but they underestimate the flexural strength for flanged walls. This underestimation is due to a lack of knowledge of the mechanism that develops at the flange. It is not possible to determine a specific value for flexural effective width. However, according to the results of calculations, a portion larger than the width proposed by the aforementioned design codes serves to resist the stresses imposed by lateral loads. Therefore, it is confirmed that the flange width is underestimated by the design codes, and it increases with the imposed drift level. The stress distribution at the flange in the out-of-plane direction is found not to be uniform, a fact that is at odds with design assumptions.

s presented at the International Symposium on GCOE-ARS at Uji Campus, Kyoto University, Japan, held on August 3-5, 2012

We are most honored to have been selected as winners of the First JDR Award – an unexpected surprise because we did not realize that we had contributed so much to the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR). The JDR provided us with a fine opportunity to present our results on a project of the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS), making our work known to the world-wide scientific community. SATREPS is sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). From 2010 to 2015, Japanese and Peruvian researchers conducted a SATREPS project, Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru. To announce our research output, we chose the JDR and had our work published in 36 articles in two special issues, in 2013 and 2014. The JDR’s prompt peer reviews and publication processes are really helpful to projects such as SATREPS, which have time limits. Our results would otherwise have been published much later. Congratulations on the JDR’s first-decade anniversary! We believe the JDR is an important journal in the natural hazard and disaster management field as it has been recognized as a Scopus indexed journal. The JDR’s open access and the fact that it enables papers to be downloaded free of charge from the web site is very helpful and convenient to readers and helps authors become known to broader audiences. We hope the JDR will get the Impact Factor of Thomson Reuters, becoming a major source of information in the disaster sciences field. Fumio Yamazaki and Carlos Zavala October 26, 2015

With the greatest pleasure, we present the second special issue of the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR), entitled Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru. This follows the first special issue on the same theme. These special issues contain 36 articles, 15 in the first and 21 in the second. They summarize research output from the SATREPS Peru project. SATREPS is an international research program sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). As a SATREPS project on natural disaster mitigation, our 5-year Peru project began in March 2010 with the purpose of enhancing and implementing earthquake and tsunami disaster-mitigation technology in Peru. The joint research project provides good opportunities for Peruvian and Japanese researchers and engineers to work together exchanging opinions on their common goal of reducing loss from earthquakes and tsunamis. Within the project period, CISMID was designated as a government agency in charge of disaster-mitigation activities. Project outcomes have been introduced in national design codes and in guidelines on earthquake and tsunami risk evaluation in Peru. Our project has drawn great attention among members of Peruvian society. It has attracted hundreds of participants and scores of mass media through public seminars and symposia. We expect the project to be sustained through public awareness and dissemination activities by Peruvian organizations. We hope this special issue will provide useful information to seismic-prone Asia-Pacific countries, especially Latin America. In closing, we sincerely thank the contributors and reviewers who have done so much to make the articles in this special issue both interesting and valuable.

Natural disasters are major threats worldwide, with earthquakes and tsunamis presenting major obstacles to sustainable development, especially in Asia-Pacific countries. Natural hazards must be understood and social resilience improved to reduce the risks of disaster. Because earthquakes and tsunamis are rare but devastating events, data must be collected on a global scale, making international collaboration is inevitable for reducing loss due to these events. A new international research program called the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) started in 2008 jointly sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Our proposal, entitled Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Technology in Peru, was designated as one of the projects in the field of natural disaster prevention in April 2009. Since this project officially started in March 2010, the research program has been promoted by five groups – seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunami, buildings, spatial information database and damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning – through the strong collaboration of Peruvian and Japanese researchers and stakeholders. Midway through the project, we decided to publish our research results in the form of English technical papers so that a wide and global range of researchers and practitioners could take advantage of our findings. This special issue of the Journal of Disaster Research contains 15 articles – an overview of the project and its progress and 14 peer-reviewed papers covering aspects ranging from earthquake and tsunami hazards to risk reduction. We extend our sincere thanks to all of the contributors and reviewers involved with these articles. We would further deeply appreciate feedback from readers on these papers to prepare for a second special JDR volume on this project within the next two years.

One of the SATREPS projects on earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation technology in Peru has been promoted since March 2010 for a five-year period. The project focuses on five research fields, i.e., seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunamis, buildings, damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning. Collaborative research has been carried out through joint experiments, observations, field surveys, computer simulations, seminars and workshops. With the Lima metropolitan area and the city of Tacna set as case study sites, two mega-thrust earthquakes have been simulated and their effects and countermeasures investigated. The simulation results have been validated by observation data and have been implemented in government policy. Young Peruvian engineers and scientists have also received training and education. This paper summarizes the progress and outcomes of the SATREPS project for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation in Peru.

The city of Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded on January 18, 1535, and played a leading role in the history of the Americas from 1542, when king Carlos V established the vice royalty of Peru, until the middle of the 18th century. In 1988, UNESCO declared the historic center of Lima a World Heritage Site for its originality and high concentration of historic monuments constructed at the time of the Spanish presence and at the beginning of the Republican era. The architecture of buildings corresponds in general to typical Hispano-American baroque of the 17th and 18th centuries. Since its founding, the city has suffered many earthquakes that have severely and adversely affected historic buildings. Reconstruction work has been done keeping the originality of buildings. This study starts first with a general diagnosis of problems concerning the city and its buildings. A survey for preliminary evaluation of the structural condition of buildings is then planned. This evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of historic buildings at the historic center of Lima represents the basic study that is necessary to initiate detailed investigation for the preservation and conservation of these historic buildings. The study intends to establish a general guideline for vulnerability evaluation of historic buildings that could be applied to the evaluation of other historic cities of Peru.

The seismic vulnerability of buildings located in Pisco, Peru, was studied using damage survey data and seismic ground motion simulation. Inventory and damage information for more than 10,000 buildings was registered in survey data compiled by CISMID at Peru’s National University of Engineering. The soil classes in the Pisco district were classified into three zones based on the predominant periods of microtremors at 85 sites, and damage ratios were calculated for each zone. Surface ground motions in each zone were estimated on the basis of base-rock motion simulation and shallow soil-column response analysis. Finally, fragility curves for adobe and brickmasonry buildings were derived in terms of PGA and PGV. The results were compared with fragility functions developed in other studies.

This project conducts comprehensive research on earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation in Peru in the framework of “Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS),” sponsored by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The project focuses on five research fields, i.e., seismic motion and geotechnical, tsunami, buildings, damage assessment, and disaster mitigation planning. Almost three years have passed since the five-year project started inMarch 2010. During this period, researchers in different fields from Japan and Peru collaborate to achieve the overall objectives of the project. This paper summarizes the research framework and progress of the JST-JICA project on earthquake and tsunami disastermitigation technology in Peru.