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Purpose: Raoultella spp. is a genus of bacteria that is known to be closely related to Klebsiella . It has been debated whether Raoultella should be reclassified as a subgroup of Klebsiella . The aim of this study is to compare clinical aspects of Raoultella and Klebsiella oxytoca , a species of Klebsiella that is known to be bacteriologically similar to Raoultella spp., Methods: Using data collected at a tertiary care hospital in the United States, we identified 43 patients with Raoultella infection and 1173 patients with Klebsiella oxytoca infection. We compared patient demographics (age and sex), hospitalization status, isolation sites and antibiotic resistance profiles between the two species., Results: There was no significant difference in patient demographics between the two bacteria species. The proportions of intensive care unit (ICU) admission were higher among patients with Raoultella infection (p=0.008). The most common site of isolation was urine for both species (39.5% of all patients with Raoultella spp. vs. 59.3% for K. oxytoca ). The second most common site of isolation was blood stream for Raoultella spp. (23.3%) and respiratory tract for K. oxytoca (10.8%). Except for the high proportion of resistant isolates of Raoultella spp. for Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles were similar between the two bacteria species. Both were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and meropenem., Conclusion: While there are no significant differences in the patient demographics and antibiotic susceptibility profiles between Raoultella spp. and K. oxytoca , Raoultella may cause more serious infection requiring ICU admissions. Also, Raoultella may cause blood stream infection more frequently than K. oxytoca ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Mettler, Charoenngam and Colgrove.)

Objectives: mcr-9.1 is a newly described mobile colistin resistance gene. We have noted its presence in multiple species of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) from our institution. We aimed to determine the clinical features, genomic context and phenotypic impact of mcr-9.1 carriage in a series of patients between 2010 and 2019., Methods: We identified 32 patients with mcr-9.1-carrying CRE isolates (mCRE) and collected demographic, antimicrobial exposure and infection data. Whole-genome sequencing (including short and long reads) was performed on 32 isolates. We assessed sequence similarity of mcr-9.1-harbouring plasmids, then compared our findings with plasmids for which sequence data were publicly available., Results: There was no colistin exposure in patients prior to isolation of mCRE. mcr-9.1 was identified on IncHI2 plasmids across four different bacterial species and was co-located with bla IMP-4 in 23/30 plasmids studied. mCRE isolates did not demonstrate phenotypic colistin resistance, either at baseline or following sublethal colistin exposure, thus showing that mcr-9.1 alone is not sufficient for resistance. Publicly available sequence data indicated the presence of carbapenemase genes in 236/619 mcr-9.1-carrying genomes (38%). IncHI2 plasmids carrying mcr-9.1 and carbapenemase genes were detected in genomes from North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia and Oceania., Conclusions: Spread of mcr-9.1 in CRE from our institution was driven by IncHI2 'superplasmids', so termed because of their large size and their prolific carriage of resistance determinants. These were also detected in global CRE genomes. Phenotypic colistin resistance was not detected in our isolates but remains to be determined from global mCRE., (Copyright © 2021 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To study the clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae., Methods: A case-control study at a large university hospital in Japan, comparing patients who were infected or colonized with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 212) and non-ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 2089) in 2010-2013. Data were collected from medical charts, retrospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore risk factors of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis) infection or colonization for each pathogen, respectively., Results: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae [E. coli (n = 113), K. oxytoca (n = 46), K. pneumoniae (n = 41), P. mirabilis (n = 12)] were taken from patients were identified in 1409 outpatient and 892 inpatients. Infection or colonization caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was considered to be hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated and community-acquired in 60.4%, 17.9% and 21.7% patients, respectively. Independent risk factors for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection or colonization were male sex, cerebrovascular disease, intubation/tracheostomy, major surgery within 60 days (p < 0.001). Moreover, antimicrobial usage (more than 4 days) during preceding 60 days, especially aminoglycoside, oxazolidinone, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and second- and fourth-generation cephalosporin were risk factors (p < 0.001). However, acquisition location of infection (hospital-acquired and community-onset) was not a risk factor (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: The problem of ESBL production is no longer limited to hospital-acquired infections. The presence of chronic illness, such as cerebrovascular disease, and recent antimicrobial use were independent risk factors for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection or colonization., (Copyright © 2016 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) considered a main income and food source for local individuals in producing countries. However, palm offshoot decline and bud rot disease was observed in some palm groves in Khuzestan province as a major date producer in Iran. Thirty‐five samples with rot and decline were collected from diseased offshoot from palm groves of six cities of Khuzestan during 2019–2021. Yellowing in outer leaves, black, brown or reddish brown spots were observed on petioles at the early stage, which gradually continues to rot. Seventy‐nine were isolated from symptomatic samples among which 38 strains caused rotting in the inoculated site and emission of a foul odour 3 weeks after inoculation on petioles and rachises of young offshoots. Based on the phenotypic characters, pathogenic strains categorised in three groups including Klebsiella oxytoca with 15, Kosakonia radicincitans with 12 and Citrobacter koseri with 11 strains. The phylogenic tree based on analysis of the concatenated partial sequences of two housekeeping genes, gyrB and infB, revealed that six representative strains clustered with the type strains of K. oxytoca and K. radicincitans. Furthermore, two strains were clustered with the type strain of C. koseri based on concatenated partial sequences of gyrB, fusA and pyrG genes. This is the first report of K. oxytoca, K. radicincitans and C. koseri, as agents of date palm offshoot decline and bud rot. The inundation of palm groves due to massive flood during 2019 and 2020 in Khuzestan province may intensify the outbreak of decline and offshoot rot disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are significant reasons for nitrate contamination in groundwater (Delhi, India): sewage, runoff from landfill sites, nitrogenous chemical fertilisers, and pesticides from agricultural lands. The highest recorded concentration of nitrate in Delhi's groundwater is reported to be 1500 mg/l. Consumption of high nitrate through water may pose serious health problems in humans, especially children (below five years). The study's primary objective was to isolate and identify nitrate-remediating microbes from the nitratecontaminated site Okhla Barrage, located on the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. A total of 11 different strains were isolated from this site. Among these four strains exhibited 40%-50% remediation efficiency at a nitrate concentration of 1000 mg/l. Molecular characterisation revealed that these four strains, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli K12, Klebsiella oxytoca and Lelliottia amnigena, belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This study assessed the nitrate remediation potential of isolated microbes in groundwater with 1000 and 1500 mg/l nitrate concentrations. By using a 2% inoculum, the microbes were incubated anaerobically at room temperature for ten days. Nitrate concentrations were monitored every 48 hours. Lelliottia, E. coli, and Enterobacter reduced nitrate (1500 mg/l) by approximately 42%, 24%, and 29%, respectively, while K. oxytoca showed minimal reduction. L. amnigena exhibited superior nitrate removal efficiency compared to other strains. According to the reported data, these strains are known to reduce nitrate concentrations of 620 mg/l. However, our findings demonstrate a remarkable nitrate remediation capacity of 1500 mg/l, showcasing a novel contribution to this study. Further detailed analysis for condition optimisation and association of microbe-microbe could be more helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter amalonaticus carrying blaNDM-5 were isolated from a single patient. Methods: The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated by using E-test and agar dilution methods, and blaNDM-5 was identified in genomic and plasmid DNA by using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly were used for species characterization, resistance gene identification, and plasmid analysis. Results: All three species had identical plasmids, which were similar to pEC463-NDM5, a plasmid harboring blaNDM-5. Transconjugation experiments confirmed the horizontal gene transfer of blaNDM-5, highlighting the need for a close monitoring of Enterobacteriaceae species harboring this gene. Conclusions: This study conclusively demonstrates the propensity for horizontal gene transfer of blaNDM-5 among Enterobacteriaceae species, underlining the importance of vigilant monitoring to combat antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to show presence of Quorum Sensing (QS) signals of Gramnegative and Gram-positive biofilm producing bacteria isolated from real dairy process lines. Defining the profile and chemical composition of QS-signals is an important factor in control of microbial resistance and biofilm production. We especially focused on unusual behaviour of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Long-chain acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) signals (C14-HSL, C16-HSL and C18-HSL) and DFD (4,5-dihidroksi-2,3-pentanedione)-AI2 signals of the isolates were studied by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) methods. All Gram-positive isolates were defined as AHL-producers. All Gram-negative isolates, formerly defined as non-AHL producers by both biosensors and HPLC methods, were identified as AHL-producers. DFD signal was only detected from Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. The results demonstrated that the QSsystem is a complex system and biosensor microorganism may not be the best method for QS-signal identification. The results also provided new insights in defining the profile and chemical composition of QS-signals importance for interrupting the chemical communication completely to reduce biofilm formation and prevent resistance gain of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat resistance of bacteria is a factor potentially limiting the production of safety foods. We focused on five Enterobacteriaceae strains related to cheese stretching and sub-pasteurisation experimental temperatures of 50-59 °C. Heat resistance was screened and obtained data were fitted to a classical log-linear model with D-values indicating highly heat-resistant strains used. For example in Klebsiella oxytoca S525, D(50)-value was 96.1 min and D(59)-value 5.1 min. In subsequent detailed measurements, the shape of inactivation curves was sigmoid with defined lag, log-linear and stationary phase. We suggest calculating refined D-values (Dr-values) using only data obtained in log-linear phases, namely Dr(temperature; lag phase). In K. oxytoca S525, the obtained results were: Dr(50; 80.9) = 61.7 min, Dr(53; 12.4) = 36.8 min, Dr(56; < 10) = 10.6 min, and Dr(59; < 3) = 4.3 min. The research of particular inactivation phases can provide interesting findings both in science and industrial practice, especially concerning the passage or persistence of hazardous strains in food processing plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from various samples and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed. The strains were screened by PCR for class 1 integron, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 genes positive samples were cloned into the pGEM-T vector and the plasmids were sent for DNA sequence analysis. The isolates were showed resistance to quinolone, cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, carbapenem and penicillin group antibiotics. Virulence factor genes were identified in 121 strain. The most common virulence gene was determined to be aer (29.78%), followed by sfa (28.19%), afa (27.12%), cnf (21.27%), pap (12.76%) and hly (12.76%). In addition, 34 different virulence patterns were observed. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected 15 of67 quinolone-resistant isolates. Among carbapenem resistant strains, blaOXA-23 gene was detected in 16 and blaOXA-51 gene in 19 isolates. The strains producing OXA-23 and OXA-51 were Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumannii, E.coli and P.mirabilis. In this study, clinical isolate K. oxytoca carrying both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 genes were identified first time from Türkiye. A high predominance (88.82%) of class 1 integron was detected. In addition, determined that 46.27% of the isolates had the ability to form biofilms. In conclusion since the limited treatment options of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens that cause serious infections are an important problem in terms of public health it is important to investigate antibiotic resistance, virulence factor genes and biofilm formation in these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to identify which Enterobacteriaceae species are present in cakes from confectionery establishments and whether these are species that can be considered pathogenic for humans and what their harmful impact on human health could be. The sampling of confectionery cakes was carried out in the area of the City of Zagreb, and the samples were analysed for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in accordance with the HRN ISO 21528-2:2017 standard. In cases where the samples contained the number of Enterobacteriaceae greater than 102 CFU/g, the MALDI-TOF method was used to identify individual species of enterobacteria. The results of the analyses determined the presence of 10 Enterobacteriaceae species: Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter asburiae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Buttiauxella gaviniae, Buttiauxella warmboldiae, Raoultella and Cedecea neteri. All species of Enterobacteriaceae determined in this research, according to the literature, were previously isolated from food or water, and all species except Buttiauxella warmboldiae were isolated from humans and the environment. However, for none of the species of Enterobacteriaceae determined in this research a literature reference to support food as a vehicle in case of human illness was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the microbiological evaluation of environmental contamination of mostly consumed fruits and vegetables by intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in three major markets (Waaso, Aarada and Akande) Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. A total of 5 fruits and 5 vegetables commonly consumed by dwellers of these communities were randomly purchased from the three markets. They were washed, and examined for microbial and parasitic organisms. Of the 150 samples of fruits and vegetables that were collected, processed and examined, 83 (55.3%) of them were contaminated with intestinal parasites, results was generated by determining the frequency distribution in which values was obtained by the Mean±SD and the significance of differences was also obtained using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The intestinal parasites observed included: Ascaris lumbricoides, Balantidium coli, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia saginata, Trichuris trichuira and Ancyclostoma duodenale. The predominant bacteria isolated from both fruits and vegetables included: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus species, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Klebsiella species. The parasites recovered from fruits and vegetables sold in Waaso market were more than those recovered from Aarada and Akande market which are 34(41.0%), 27(32.5%) and 22(26.5%) parasites respectively. Results show that 83(55.3%) out of the 150 fruits and vegetable samples in total examined had intestinal parasites. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in these fruits and vegetables was found to be 4.0% in Banana, 8.7% in Cabbage, 2.7% in Carrot, 3.3% in Cucumber, 6.7% in Jute mallow, 4.0% in Orange, 6.0% in Pineapple, 5.3% in Spinach, 8.6% in Tomato and 6.0% in Water melon. Findings from this study revealed that raw fruits and vegetables could be potential sources of microbial and parasitic infections, it is therefore essential to educate the populace on the need to inculcate the habit of thorough washing of these products with clean water before consumption to avoid potential health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is a major polyphagous pest widespread in Australia and several Pacific Islands. Bacteria present on the host plant phyllosphere supply proteins, essential for egg development and female sexual maturity. We investigated the role of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) emitted by Enterobacteriaceae commonly found on the host plant and in the fly gut in attracting virgin females. Bacteria were cultured on artificial media and natural fruits, at various pH, and MVOCs were collected using different headspace volatile absorbent materials. The olfactory responses of virgin females to bacterial MVOCs were assessed via electrophysiology and behavioral assays. The production of MVOCs was strongly influenced qualitatively by the bacterial strain and the type of media, and it semi-quantitatively varied with pH and time. MVOCs emitted by Klebsiella oxytoca invoked the strongest antennal response and were the most attractive. Among the identified compounds triggering an olfactory response, D-limonene and 2-nonanone were both significantly behaviorally attractive, whereas phenol, nonanal, isoamyl alcohol, and some pyrazines appeared to be repulsive. This study deepens our understanding of the chemical ecology between fruit flies and their bacterial symbionts and paves the way for novel synthetic lures based on specifically MVOCs targeting virgin females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, the majority of the food poisoning crisis from seafood comes out due to shellfish consumption, mainly gandofflibecause ofits filter feeders pattern. Many microbes are used as an indicator of the hygienic status of several foods, one of them is Escherichia coli which is used to detect fecal pollution in water and shellfish. Therefore, twenty gandoffli samples were randomly collected from local markets in Ismailia city, Egypt, for evaluation of Enterobacteriaceae counts, and identification of Escherichia coli and detection of phoA and Shiga toxin genes. The obtained results revealed that the total Enterobacteriaceae count of the gandoffli ranged from 7x10² to 7x105 cfu/g with an average of 5x104±3.5x104cfu/g. The occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae members in gandoffli was represented by E. coli (99%), Acinetobacter lwoffii (99%), Enterobacter hormaechei (85%), Klebsiella oxytoca (95%), Stentrophomonas maltophilia (85%), Moraxella lacunata (85%), Achromobacter xylosoxidans (93%), and ESBL E. coli (100%). In addition, E. coli isolated from gandoffli were subsequently serologically typed into O103, O55, O 128, O 126, and O157 then confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction by the presence of alkaline phosphatase gene. Upon checking virulence genes in E. coli: stx2 was absent in O157 and O103. Also, stx1 was present in O157 and absent in O103. Its should be concluded that gandoffli were exposed to Enterobacteriaceae contamination from different sources during handling, storage and distribution. Gandoffli had E. coli and their toxin that can pose serious public health hazards to consumers. Strick hygienic measures must be applied through the chain of gandoffli production to ensure their safety for consumer consumptions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the frequency of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Klebsiella spp. isolated from animals in Croatia and the presence of blaCTX-M genes. A total of 711 enteric bacteria were isolated from clinical samples, and Klebsiella spp. isolates accounted for 6.9% (n = 49). Thirteen Klebsiella isolates (26.5%) were ESBL producers, nine isolates from the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (69.2%), and four (30.8%) Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. All carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed them as multidrug resistant. All were resistant to all tested cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and aztreonam, 92.3% showed resistance to tetracycline, 84.6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 69.2% to nitrofurantoin. No isolate showed resistance to imipenem and meropenem. It can be concluded that ESBL-producing Klebsiella expressing the blaCTX-M gene are not rare among Klebsiella isolates from animals in Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this study, carbapenem resistance genes were declared for the first time in Enterobacteriaceae isolates isolated from dairy cows' mastitis infection in Türkiye. In the bacteriological examination of 212 milk samples, 14 (6.60%) E. coli, three (1.41%) Klebsiella oxytoca, and two (0.94%) Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated. At least two E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to all of the antibiotics used in the antibiogram test. The highest resistance was found against cefotaxime and amoxicillin in K. oxytoca isolates. According to the results of PCR targeting blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes, the blaCTX-M gene was detected in one K. oxytoca and four E. coli isolates, which were found ESBL positive. According to the results of PCR targeting carbapenem and colistin resistance genes, the IMP gene was detected in four E.coli, one K. oxytoca, and one K. pneumonia isolates. OXA-48-like gene was detected in two E. coli isolates. This two E. coli isolates were also IMP gene positive. While NDM gene was detected in two E. coli, KPC gene was detected in one E. coli isolate. One of the colistin resistance genes, mcr-1 was detected in two E.coli strains with PCR. This study showed that ESBL production and carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae family strains to become prevalent and increasing, especially among E. coli isolates. Furthermore, identification of multiple antibiotic resistance in the isolates indicated that antibiotic resistance also spread rapidly and increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Carbapenems are considered the last resort to treat several infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). However, increasing carbapenem resistance is problematic because it leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to determine the rate of carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative bacteria collected from patients in ICUs and to identify their resistance mechanisms using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method among 180 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Productions of carbapenemases, metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) and the harboring of carbapenemase-encoding genes, were detected in 40 selected carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). Results: Of 40 selected CR-GNB isolates, 28 (70%), and 20 (50%) isolates were phenotypically positive for carbapenemase, and MBL production, respectively. Furthermore, 22 (55%) showed amplification of one or more of the carbapenemase-encoding genes, including blaNDM-1, blaVIM-2, and blaOXA-48 . This study described the first emergence of NDM-1 producing Klebsiella oxytoca in Egyptian ICUs. Conclusion: High incidence of CR-GNB detected in the ICUs in our study area may be attributed to the overuse of antibiotics, including carbapenems, and improper application of infection control measures. These findings confirm the need for the application of a strict antibiotic stewardship program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial infections are the commonest in both community and healthcare settings. Emergency of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae has contributed to poor clinical outcomes. More efforts regarding antibiotic resistance have been dedicated to clinical settings and we do not know the extent of the catastrophe in community settings. We aimed at determining the burden, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecular characteristics of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in agro-pastoral communities of Mbarara district, South Western Uganda. Methods: A laboratory based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from outpatients presenting with signs and symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections. Urine samples were delivered to Microbiology Laboratory of Mbarara University of Science and Technology for culture, identification, testing for ESBL production and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Molecular characterization of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae was carried out at Medical and Molecular Laboratories Limited of Makerere University. Results: A total of 88 Enterobacteriaceae fulfilling the inclusion criteria were considered into the study. Escherichia coli 70.45% and Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.64% were the most isolated followed by Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter aerogenes at 10.23%, 3.41% and 2.27% respectively. The production of ESBL was observed at 23.86%. Generally, high resistance rates were observed against Ampicillin 100%, Cefepime 100%, Aztreonam 95.24%, Nalidixic acid 90.48%, Ciprofloxacin 85.71% and Amoxicillin/clavulanate 80.95%. High rates of sensitivity were observed to Meropenem 95.24%, Imipenem 95.24%, Amikacin 95.24%, Gentamycin 90.48%, Cefoxitin 76.19% Piperacillin/tazobactam 80.95% and Nitrofurantoin 66. 67%. Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) was observed at 85.71%. The most prevalent genes in ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae were CTX-MU (Cefotaxime-Munich) 46.7%, TEM 30.00% and SHV (Sulfhydryl Reagent Variable) 23.3%. Conclusion: We demonstrated high prevalence, antibiotic resistance rates among Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in the community. We recommend more community ESBL related studies and a One Health Approach to guide public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG) are beginning to be recognized as contaminants of aquatic environments worldwide since they can be released through human activities and animal waste. Carbapenems are antibiotics used as a last resort in treating serious infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. These bacteria produce enzymes that break down various antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, rendering them ineffective. In the United States (U.S.), the most commonly found carbapenemase is the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). The purpose of this pilot study was to analyze water samples, selected at three sites, from a segment of the Rio Grande River between El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, for the presence of KPCs using three different methods: first, chromogenic agar to screen for carbapenemase production and then polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and isothermal loop mediated amplification (LAMP) to confirm the presence of the KPC gene. Out of 28 bacterial isolates cultured in CHROMagar™ KPC, approximately a third (11/28) were positive for KPC production. Bacterial isolates included Citrobacter freundii complex (1 isolate), Klebsiella oxytoca (2 isolates), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8 isolates). All 11 isolates that were screened through ChroMagar™ KPC also demonstrated the presence of KPC genes through PCR and LAMP. Most of the carbapenem resistant organisms were obtained from Site 3, where recreational activities occur during the summer months. The Rio Grande River runs between the border of the U.S. and Mexico. In the U.S., water from the river is used for irrigation and drinking water, whereas on the Mexican side, families use the river for recreational purposes. The presence of resistant bacteria in this segment of the river may represent a health concern. Public health programs need to be developed to prevent ARG transfer to humans and assess antibiotic resistance (AR) contamination in the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisanal cheeses are produced in small-scale production plants, where the lack of full automation and control of environmental and processing parameters suggests a potential risk of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal survey in an Italian artisanal factory producing a spreadable soft cheese with no rind to evaluate the inter- and intra-batch variability of physicochemical and microbial parameters on a total of 720 environmental and cheese samples. Specifically on cheese samples, the evaluation was additionally performed on physicochemical parameters. Cheese samples were additionally collected during 15 days of storage at constant temperatures of 2 and 8 °C, as well as a dynamic profile of 2 °C for 5 days and 8 °C for 10 days. Furthermore, Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified at species level to have a better knowledge of the environmental and cheese microbiota potentially harboring human pathogens. High interbatch variability was observed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total bacteria count (TBC) in cheese at the end of production but not for pH and water activity. A temperature of 8 °C was associated with a significantly higher load of Enterobacteriaceae in cheeses belonging to batch 6 at the end of storage, and this temperature also corresponded with the highest increase in LAB and TBC loads over cheese shelf life. Results from generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) indicated that drains in the warm room and the packaging area were associated with higher levels of TBC and Enterobacteriaceae in cheese. Regarding foodborne pathogens, no sample was positive for verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) or Listeria monocytogenes, whereas six Staphylococcus aureus and one Salmonella pullorum isolates were collected in cheese samples during storage and processing, respectively. Regarding Enterobacteriaceae, 166 isolates were identified at species level from all batches, with most isolates belonging to Klebsiella oxytoca and pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, and Citrobacter freundii evidencing the need to focus on standardizing the microbial quality of cow milk and on hygienic procedures for cleaning and disinfection especially in warm and maturation rooms. Further studies should be performed to investigate the potential pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of the identified Enterobacteriaceae species in artisanal cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobials in wastewater promote the emergence of antibiotic resistance, facilitated by selective pressure and transfer of resistant genes. Enteric bacteria belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter species (n = 126) from hospital effluents and proximate wastewater treatment plant were assayed for susceptibility to four antimicrobial classes. The β-lactamase encoding genes harbored in plasmids were genotyped and the plasmids were sequenced. A multidrug resistance phenotype was found in 72% (n = 58) of E. coli isolates, 70% (n = 43) of Klebsiella species isolates, and 40% (n = 25) of Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. Moreover, 86% (n = 50) of E. coli, 77% (n = 33) of Klebsiella species, and 25% (n = 4) of Citrobacter species isolates phenotypically expressed extended spectrum β-lactamase. Regarding ESBL genes, blaCTX-M-27 and blaTEM-1 were found in E. coli, while Klebsiella species harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-30, or blaSHV-12. Genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, adenylyltransferases (aadA1, aadA5), phosphotransferases (aph(6)-1d, aph(3″)-Ib), acetyltransferases (aac(3)-IIa), (aac(6)-Ib), sulfonamide/trimethoprim resistant dihydropteroate synthase (sul), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA), and quinolone resistance protein (qnrB1) were also identified. Monitoring wastewater from human sources for acquired resistance in clinically important bacteria may provide a cheaper alternative in regions facing challenges that limit clinical surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dairy products have been reported as a source of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing bacteria. The aim of this study is to determine the potential transfer of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae to humans due to the consumption of buttermilk made from raw, unpasteurized milk collected in Batna province (Northeast of Algeria) as well as to identify isolates and genes encoding resistance in these isolates. Two hundred and forty‐three samples of buttermilk made from raw, unpasteurized milk were collected and screened for the presence of ceftazidime‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The suspected isolates were identified by molecular methods. Enterobacteriaceae isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and were examined phenotypically for ESBL production and confirmed by using PCR assay and DNA sequencing. Thirteen ceftazidime‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae were observed at a rate of 5.76% including Escherichia coli (n = 4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 4), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 1), Hafnia paralvei (n = 3), and Citrobacter freundii (n = 1). Eight Enterobacteriaceae (61.53%, 8) revealed multidrug resistance, while (61.53%, 8) were confirmed as ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae. Polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that blaTEM (87.5%, 7) was the most common gene, followed by the blaCTX‐M gene (75%, 6) and finally the blaSHV gene (50%, 4). The sequencing of genes identified blaTEM‐1D, blaSHV‐1, and blaSHV‐11. Our findings signified that buttermilk made from raw, unpasteurized milk could be the reservoir for the prevalence of ESBL‐producing Enterobacteriaceae and the potential source of transmission for the consumer. Pasteurization of buttermilk is critical to reduce the risk associated with ESBL‐producing isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class D β-lactamases OXA-232 and OXA-48 hydrolyze penicillin, cephalosporins and carbapenems, limiting the pharmacological therapeutics in bacteraemia. OXA producer microorganisms are considered a great emergent threat, especially in nosocomial environments. To determine the resistance profile and genomic characterization of two isolates initially identified as potential carbapenemase-producer Klebsiella oxytoca in a third level hospital. Automated platform BD Phoenix-100 System was used to identify and to biochemically characterize both isolates. Furthermore, the resistance profile was determined through CLSI methods and the whole genome sequences were obtained using Next-Generation Sequencing. Resistance genes were analyzed, and the virtual fingerprinting was determined to corroborate the similarity with related bacteria. Both strains correspond to Raoultella ornithinolytica carrying OXA 232 and OXA-48 genes, confirming the class D β-lactamases assay results. Here, we present the genetic and phenotypic analysis of multidrug resistance R. ornithinolytica, representing the first report in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in African wildlife are still relatively limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of phenotypic intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance of enterobacteria from several species of terrestrial wild mammals in national parks of Gabon. Colony culture and isolation were done using MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified using the VITEK 2 and MALDI-TOF methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was analysed and interpreted according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. The preliminary test for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was performed by replicating enterobacterial colonies on MacConkey agar supplemented with 2 mg/L cefotaxime (MCA+CTX). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was confirmed with the double-disc synergy test (DDST). The inhibition zone diameters were read with SirScan. Among the 130 bacterial colonies isolated from 125 fecal samples, 90 enterobacterial isolates were identified. Escherichia coli (61%) was the most prevalent, followed by Enterobacter cloacae (8%), Proteus mirabilis (8%), Klebsiella variicola (7%), Klebsiella aerogenes (7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (4%), Citrobacter freundii (3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1%) and Serratia marcescens (1%). Acquired resistance was carried by E. coli (11% of all E. coli isolates) and E. cloacae (3% of all E. cloacae) isolates, while intrinsic resistance was detected in all the other resistant isolates (n = 31); K. variicola, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, K. aerogenes, S. marcescens and P. mirabilis). Our data show that most strains isolated in protected areas in Gabon are wild type isolates and carry intrinsic resistance rather than acquired resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, the rapid spread in anthropized ecosystems of pathogens which are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics has raised great concern. In this study, KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was found in the River Lambro in June 2019, whereas KPC-producing Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter braakii were identified in untreated wastewaters. Susceptibility profiles indicated resistance to imipenem, ertapenem and meropenem. Different carbapenamase genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaOXA-48) were also found in the River Lambro, although not associated to living bacteria. The presence of a wide set of carbapenemase genes and resistant pathogens show that river sediments could act as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance potentially threatening human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle and can be manifested in clinical and subclinical forms. The overuse of antimicrobials in the treatment and prevention of mastitis favours antimicrobial resistance and milk can be a potential route of dissemination. This study aimed to evaluate the biological quality of bulk tank milk (BTM) and the microbiological quality and signs of mastitis of freshly milked raw milk. In addition, to evaluate antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from freshly milked raw milk. None of the farms were within the official Brazilian biological quality limits for BTM. Freshly milked raw milk with signs of clinical (CMM), subclinical (SCMM) and no signs (MFM) of mastitis were detected in 6.67%, 27.62% and 65.71% samples, respectively. Most samples of freshly milked raw milk showed acceptable microbiological quality, when evaluating the indicators total coliforms (78.10%), Escherichia coli (88.57%) and Staphylococcus aureus (100%). Klebsiella oxytoca and S. aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms in SCMM and MFM samples. Antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in 65.12% and 13.95% of Enterobacteriaceae and 84.31% and 5.88% of Staphylococcus spp., respectively, isolated from both SCMM and MFM samples. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin (3GCR) (6.98%) and carbapenems (CRE) (6.98%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (4.88%) were observed. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can spread resistance genes to previously susceptible bacteria. This is a problem that affects animal, human and environmental health and should be evaluated within the one-health concept. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there is an increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases in clinical and environmental settings of significant concern. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC genetic determinants, and some essential non-β-lactam genetic determinants in the MDR phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from hospital wastewater. We collected samples from two hospitals in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, within October and November 2017. Using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), we identified a total of 44 presumptive Enterobacteriaceae isolates. From this, 31 were identified as the targeted Enterobacteriaceae members. Thirty-six percent of these belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca, while 29% were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The other identified isolates included Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli (10%), Enterobacter asburiae (6%), Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter kobei (3%). We established the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these identified bacterial isolates against a panel of 18 selected antibiotics belonging to 11 classes were established following established guidelines by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. All the bacterial species exhibited resistance phenotypically against at least four antibiotic classes and were classified as MDR. Notably, all the bacterial species displayed resistance against cefotaxime, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The generated multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged between 0.5 to 1.0, with the highest value seen in one K. oxytoca isolated. Molecular characterization via the Polymerase Chain Reaction uncovered various ESBLs, pAmpCs, and other non-β-lactam encoding genes. Of the phenotypically resistant isolates screened for each class of antibiotics, the ESBLs detected were blaCTX-M group (including groups 1, 2, and 9) [51.6% (16/31)], blaTEM [32.3% (10/31)], blaOXA-1-like [19.4% (6/31)], blaSHV [12.9% (4/31)], blaPER [6.5% (2/31)], blaVEB [3.2% (1/31)], blaOXA-48-like and blaVIM [15.4% (2/13)], and blaIMP [7.7% (1/13)]. The pAmpC resistance determinants detected were blaCIT [12.9% (4/31)], blaFOX [9.7% (3/31)], blaEBC [6.5% (2/31)], and blaDHA [3.2% (1/31)]. The frequencies of the non-β-lactam genes detected were catII [79.2% (19/24)], tetA [46.7% (14/30)], sulI and sulII [35.5% (11/31)], tetB [23.3% (7/30)], aadA [12.9% (4/31)], tetC [10% (3/30)], and tetD [3.3% (1/30)]. These results indicate that hospital wastewater is laden with potentially pathogenic MDR Enterobacteriaceae with various antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread to humans throughout the food chain, provided the wastewaters are not properly treated before eventual discharge into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ESBLs hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of antibiotics and are not affected by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation antibiotics. There are over 400 ESBL enzymes that have already been investigated globally are present in Enterobacteriaceae species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca strains. Prevalence of ESBLs is slowly increased, from 10 to 40% in E. coli and K. pneumonia strains. Microorganisms producing ESBLs are challenging to physicians, clinical microbiologists, and antibiotic researchers. Results: In this study, ESBL-producing strains of E. coli were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity screening. The efficacy of myco BR-AgNPs on growth in E. coli ATCC (25922) and clinical isolates of E. coli was determined by well diffusion method. Myco BR-AgNPs reduced the growth as well as inhibited the biofilm formation in ESBL-producing strains of E. coli. MIC and MBC were determined by using serial microdilution and surface drop method. The MICs were 0.078–0.625 µg/ml and MBCs were 0.312–1.25 µg/ml. The biofilm formation was effectively inhibited by myco BR-AgNPs when compared with control. The expression of CTX-M-15 gene was studied in clinical isolates of E. coli treated with antibiotic (positive control), mycosilver nanoparticles (test) and compared with the other positive control (untreated strains). Interestingly, the expression of CTX-M-15 was downregulated in the samples treated with myco BR-AgNPs. Conclusion: The use of myco BR-AgNPs and their growth inhibitory effect on ESBL-positive strains were the main focus of this research. ATCC and ESBL strains used in this study were effectively inhibited by myco BR-AgNPs. The effect of myco BR-AgNPs on the expression of a gene encoding CTX-M-15 was tested on a molecular level, and the observed results showed that the gene expression was reduced when compared with control and antibiotic treatment. According to the current research, myco BR-AgNPs synthesized with the aid of endophytic fungal extract could be used to suppress the growth of ESBL-positive strains of E. coli. Myco BR-AgNPs may be an important alternative to various antibiotics in preventing bacterial resistance if optimized and tested for toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance and the production status of ESBL, carbapenemase in community-acquired Enterobacterales members obtained from food industry workers. Methods: Hand swab samples of food workers (n: 300) working in hospitals (n: 9) and food businesses (n: 17) in Çanakkale city center and districts were taken into Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) medium. Inoculum was inoculated into EMB medium after 24 hours of incubation at 37oC. Classical identification and MALDI-TOF MS method were used to identify bacteria. Disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were applied to measure resistance against cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem and ertapenem antibiotics and were evaluated according to EUCAST 2020. ESBL and carbapenemase phenotypic confirmation tests were performed according to the screening test results. The CTX-M gene was investigated in ESBL positive isolates using the PCR method. Results: Distribution of 222 gram-negative bacteria on the basis of species; 129 (%58.1) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32 (14.4%) Enterobacter cloacae, 31 (13.9%) Acinetobacter baumannii, 11 (4.9%) Escherichia coli, 8 (3.6%) Enterobacter asburiae, 4 (1.8%) Escherichia hermanni, 3 (1.4%) Enterobacter aerogenes 2 (0.9%) Klebsiella oxytoca, 2 (0.9%) Enterobacter cancerogenus. It was determined that 7 (3.7%) of the Enterobacterales members (n: 191) were resistant to cefotaxime (<17 mm) according to clinical limit values. According to the combined disc and double disc synergy test results of 13 isolates whose cefotaxime inhibition diameter was detected below the ESBL screening limit value, 2 bacteria (K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae) were found to be ESBL positive. According to the PCR method, it was determined that the K. pneumoniae isolate carried the CTX-M gene and was isolated from a food worker in the hospital. No carbapenem resistance was found in any of the Enterobacterales strains and A. baumannii isolates. Meropenem MIC values of 46 Enterobacterales species with a meropenem inhibition zone diameter smaller than 28 mm were found between 8 mg/l and 0.125 mg/l. Combination disc test was applied to 2 isolates whose diameter was below the carbapenemase screening limit (< 25mm) and accordingly it was found that they were carbapenemase negative. Conclusion: The low rate of resistant bacteria hand carriers in the community (3.7%), the very low ESBL positivity of the community-acquired isolates (1.04%), and the absence of carbapenemase positivity suggest that antibiotic resistant isolates are low in food workers. The detection of gram-negative bacteria in this number of food workers made us think that hygiene training should be given importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh is a plant that belongs to the lamiaceae family. It is widely used in traditional medicine because of its various therapeutic properties. The main objective of this study is to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of M. suaveolens Ehrh, and to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The EO of the aerial parts of M.suaveolens Ehrh, is extracted by hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger type apparatus, The percentage yield of this EO is 4.32 % ± 0.21 (W/W or V/V) of the dry weight. The activity of the EO was evaluated against nine bacterial strains, which are responsible for digestive infections including: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli (Resistant and Susceptible), Staphylococcus aureus BLACT, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia fonticola, Acinetobacter baumannii, klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter-aerogenes. Two yeasts which are Candidas albicans, Candidas glabrata, and a mold Aspergillus niger. The GC/MS analyses made it possible to identify, from the EO of M. suaveolens Ehrh, 30 chemical compounds among which the main compounds are piperitenone oxide (71.50 %) and 4aα,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (4.21 %). The obtained results revealed that the essential oil of M. Suaveolens showed a strong activity against K. pneumoniae, E. coli (Resistant and Susceptible), E. faecalis, S. fonticola, A.baumannii and K. oxytoca. However, it is inactive against S. aureus BLACT, E. aerogenes and P. aeuroginosa. Moreover, this EO has a strong activity against both Candidas species and A. niger. In addition, the essential oil of M. Suaveolens Ehrh has a very important antioxidant power, its free radical inhibitory concentration IC50 is of 90 μL/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and evolution of antibiotic resistance has been accelerated due to the widespread use of antibiotics and a lack of timely diagnostic tests that guide therapeutic treatment with adequate sensitivity, specificity, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) accuracy. Automated AST instruments are extensively used in clinical microbiology labs and provide a streamlined workflow, simplifying susceptibility testing for pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples. Although currently used commercial systems such as the Vitek2 and BD Phoenix can deliver results in substantially less time than conventional methods, their dependence on traditional AST inoculum concentrations and optical detection limit their speed somewhat. Herein, we describe the GeneFluidics ProMax lab automation system intended for a rapid 3.5-hour molecular AST from clinical isolates. The detection method described utilizes a higher starting inoculum concentration and automated molecular quantification of species-specific 16S rRNA through the use of an electrochemical sensor to assess microbiological responses to antibiotic exposure. A panel of clinical isolates consisting of species of gram-negative rods from the CDC AR bank and two hospitals, New York-Presbyterian Queens and Medical College of Wisconsin, were evaluated against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and meropenem in a series of reproducibility and clinical studies. The categorical agreement and reproducibility for Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 100% and 100% for ciprofloxacin, 98.7% and 100% for gentamicin and 98.5% and 98.5% for meropenem, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide occurrence of antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria in various environments is of great concern. Here, we examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 88 wild arthropods, collected in Gifu city, Japan. In total, 168 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were obtained from 61 arthropods. All isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobial agents tested, except colistin (31 isolates) and kanamycin (one isolate). The aph(3′)‐Ia gene, responsible for kanamycin resistance, was detected in Klebsiella oxytoca. Although synanthropic arthropods (houseflies and cockroaches) serve as vectors for AMR Enterobacteriaceae, other wild arthropods are not crucial carriers of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a common problem in intensive care medicine and the patient outcome depends on the fast beginning of adequate antibiotic therapy. Until today pathogen identification is performed using conventional microbiological methods with turnaround times of at least 24 h for the first results. It was the aim of this study to investigate the potential of headspace analyses detecting bacterial species-specific patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the rapid differentiation of HAP-relevant bacteria. Methods: Eleven HAP-relevant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanii, Acinetobacter pittii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens) were each grown for 6 hours in Lysogeny Broth and the headspace over the grown cultures was investigated using multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) to detect differences in the VOC composition between the bacteria in the panel. Peak areas with changing signal intensities were statistically analysed, including significance testing using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). Results: 30 VOC signals (23 in the positive ion mode and 7 in the negative ion mode of the MCC-IMS) showed statistically significant differences in at least one of the investigated bacteria. The VOC patterns of the bacteria within the HAP panel differed substantially and allowed species differentiation. Conclusions: MCC-IMS headspace analyses allow differentiation of bacteria within HAP-relevant panel after 6 h of incubation in a complex fluid growth medium. The method has the potential to be developed towards a feasible point-of-care diagnostic tool for pathogen differentiation on HAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]