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Wetlands are the ecotone with rich ground for the aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. Wetlands are considered to be a natural ecosystem solution to extreme climate change. Climate resilience reflects as one of the prominent regulating services of wetlands. These are the unique ecosystems providing the unique services to the mankind. Water and its quality are the main factors for regulating the environment of wetlands. Unfortunately, wetlands like any other ecosystems are facing the threat from the increasing population and pollution. Over one such factor responsible for the deterioration is the impact of climate change. The changing climate due to the rise in the greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide has also impacted the functioning of the wetlands. Coastal wetlands likewise mangroves are the meeting points of fresh and marine aquatic environment. We know the water bodies around the globe are the worst-hit areas due to climate change and wetlands are no exception to this. On the other hand, the droughts affect the water level of these wetlands leading to their shrinkage and in turn the biodiversity of wetland ecosystem are the worst hit. The wetland ecosystem is significant for various functions such as food storage, water resource, pollution abatement, and the aquatic life, etc. It provides habitat for different species of flora and fauna along with various ecosystem services like environmental protection, pollution mitigation, and protection from cyclones, floods as well as local community livelihood. As the condition of wetland ecosystem of any particular region can give a glimpse of its conservation and management trend. Thus, the significance of the wetlands has been explained through one of the case studies from northeastern part of India. This case study highlights the understanding of climate change aspects related to the lake “Son Beel, wetland, the most significant wetland of Assam in particular and North East India in general with a great potential as Ramsar site designation for its great resource value and by ecosystem services. Son Beel offers a diversity of ecosystem services, which can be directly interlinked with the livelihood. Son Beel wetland is an essential natural infrastructure of disaster risk reduction offering flood mitigation and ensuring water security by recharging under-ground water Communities” access benefits in various ways viz. water, erosion check system, potable water, waste management, climate change policy, and Disaster Risk Reduction. Local inhabitants and communities have deep sacred beliefs in Son Beel because it protects them from the terrible risk of frequent floods and drought every year. People access nonmaterial benefits by spiritual, cognitive developmental, reflectional, recreational, and esthetic values. There is a need to ensure that wetland conservation, judicious use, and restoration are an integral part of sustainable development goals (SDGs) planning and implementation. Integrating wetlands services and benefits in Nationally Determined Contributions for the Paris Agreement on Climate change is critical for achieving SDGs. Rise in population, growing unplanned settlements, low rainfall; unsustainable agricultural practices are the primary cause of this wetland decline. This chapter highlights the significance of wetlands, factors responsible for their degradation with major focus on the climate change as one significant factor, and recommendations.

There's a growing concern in the influence of climate change with temperatures worldwide affecting public health and well-being. Over 50 years of aggregated research data show that human activities mainly led to global warming caused via the greenhouse effect of the high carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air. Such impact rises in the ambient temperature and creates massive climatic disruptions like eroding land from raised sea levels because of the melting of the Antarctic and Arctic ice, droughts, spike the extent of storms and hurricanes, and floods in several regions. Universally, such unfavorable outcomes have ongoing damaging influences on almost all nations, however higher on low-middle-income countries, with adverse effects on sustainability and development, including the health and well-being of millions of individuals. Lately, the effect of climate change on waterborne infectious diseases has become clearer. Intense climatic events like storms might contaminate the recreational coastline waters, raising the danger of diarrhea and other waterborne infectious diseases. Polluting drinking water is an obvious reason for transmitting waterborne infectious diseases in intense water-associated climatic conditions. The plant system for treating water might become diminished because of massive rains. Climatic events affect insect vectors’ life cycle by influencing the reproduction and survival rates, habitat, prosperity, and transmission; similarly, it affects the proliferating and survival rates of the infectious agent inside the vector. This chapter explores climate change, effects on public health, and well-being, involving an expected rise of waterborne infectious diseases.

Waste is a major problem for the countries and cities of developing country like India. This present study is carried out to understand the present scenario of waste management status of three major towns of Assam state namely Jorhat, Tezpur and Dibrugarh. A comparative analysis is carried out on the basis of municipal solid waste generation in these three prominent municipalities of Upper Assam. During the present study it is estimated that Tezpur town produces around 28 MT of waste, Jorhat Town produces 35 MT of waste and Dibrugarh Town produces 75 MT of waste respectively. All the three Municipalities are facing problem for disposal of waste as the open dumping ground is affecting the people and environment around the site. Dibrugarh town waste management is more critical compare to others as because of the open air dumping system since 25 years as well as proximity to river Brahmaputra dike area which is unsuitable and unscientific for dumping process. The intermixing of waste with riparian ecosystem leads to further complications and far-reaching consequences. There is a good scope of Biogas production and vermicompost generation from waste dumping areas because in average almost 90% waste is bio-degradable. There is immediate need of advanced technical measures to handle the waste management in these towns further.